This study aimed to investigate the effect of Liriope platyphylla and organic acids on enteric methane mitigation in goats using an open-circuit simplified respiration chamber system. Methane recovery was evaluated by injecting 3% standard methane gas for 30 min at 3 L/min. The percentage of methane recovery from the four chambers was 99±5.4%. Following the recovery test, an animal experiment was conducted using eight castrated Boer goats (body weight 46.6±7.77 kg) using a 2×2 crossover design. Experimental diets were as follows: 1) Control (CON), commercial concentrate and tall fescue, and 2) Treatment (MIX), concentrate supplemented with L. platyphylla and organic acids and tall fescue. Goats were offered feed at 2% of body weight (dry matter basis) in equal portions twice daily at 8:00 and 15:30. The goats were adapted to the feed and methane chamber for 10 and 3 days, respectively. Methane emission was measured one day per goat using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy, and temperature and airflow measurements were used to estimate methane emissions. Dry matter intake (DMI), body weight, and methane emission were measured during each period. Methane production with CON and MIX was 24.48 and 22.68 g/d, respectively, and 26.81 and 24.83 g/kg DMI, respectively. Although the differences were not significant, the use of supplements resulted in a numerical reduction in methane in MIX compared with CON. Collaboration with experts in other areas, including various engineering departments, is imperative to measure methane emissions using a chamber system accurately.

This study was conducted to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activity of goat meat hot water extracts and the changes in apoptosis-related protein expression levels in the cancer cells treated with these extracts. Goat meat hot water extracts were prepared using different cuts of goat meat, including foreleg, hindleg, loin, and rib. Among these extracts, the foreleg and hindleg extracts displayed higher (P<0.05) ABTS radical scavenging activity than the other two extracts. Protein expression levels of BAX, p53, and p21 were not different in the cells treated with the extracts from different cuts, regardless of the cell type. Only p53 expression in HT-29 cells was elevated (P<0.05) after loin extract treatment. These results suggest that antioxidant activity and apoptosis-related effects of goat meat hot water extract varied with cut of meat under in vitro conditions. Because all data was obtained from the in vitro experiment, the ability to generalize conclusions is limited. Additional in vivo studies are necessary.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of Centella asiatica powder on the quality characteristics and storage stability of goat meat Tteokgalbi. The goat meat Tteokgalbi samples were prepared with four different quantities (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5%) of Centella asiatica powder. The moisture content of the samples containing Centella asiatica powder was significantly lower than that of the control (p<0.05). The protein content of the samples containing Centella asiatica powder was significantly higher than that of the control (p<0.05). As the proportion of Centella asiatica powder increased, the pH, L*, and a* values of the uncooked and cooked samples decreased (p<0.05). The water holding capacity and the cooking yield of the uncooked and cooked samples were higher in the samples containing Centella asiatica powder than in the control (p<0.05). Also, with the increasing amounts of the Centella asiatica powder, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels decreased. The 1-1.5% Centella asiatica powder group showed lower levels of volatile basic nitrogen (VBN) than the other groups as per the assay (p<0.05). The results indicate that Centella asiatica powder could enhance the quality characteristics and storage stability of goat meat Tteokgabi.

본 연구는 집단급식소에서 제공되는 빈도수가 높은 비 가열 및 가열조리 엽경채류에 사용되는 차아염소산나트륨 수에 대하여 미생물적 안전성을 평가하고자 수행되었다. 비병원성 대장균과 장출혈성 대장균의 칵테일(E. coli O157:H7)을 엽경채류(초기 균수 7-8 log CFU/g)에 인위적 으로 오염시킨 후 차아염소산나트륨을 5분간 침지 후 흐 르는 물에 3번 씻어서 생균수를 측정하였다. 실험 결과 초 기 오염물질에 비해 살균효과가 1-2 log CFU/g 저감화하 여 대조군에 대해 유의적인 차이가 있었다(P<0.05). 잎채 소의 특성에 따라 약간의 차이가 있었는데 표면적이 클수 록, 덜 거칠고 잎이 부드러울수록 살균효과가 높았다. 200 mg/kg으로 처리하였을 때 100 mg/kg에 비해 0.1-0.3 log CFU/g만큼 효과가 더 감소하였으나 농도 증가에 따 른 유의적 차이는 없었다(P>0.05). 그러므로 학교급식위생 관리지침에서 제시한 기준 이상으로 차아염소산나트륨 농 도를 높이는 것은 불필요하다고 판단된다. 그러나 잎채소 는 일반적으로 미생물의 초기 오염도가 높기 때문에 차아 염소산나트륨 처리만으로는 안전한 수준의 저감을 달성하 기 어려워 생물학적 위험이 잔존한다. 따라서 여름철에 가 열하지 않은 잎채소의 대체 조리방법을 개발하는 것이 안 전성에 보다 효과적인 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 장미 ‘Bubble Gum’의 절화수명을 연장시키기 위하여 미산성 차아염소산수(Slightly acidic hypochlorous water, HOCl, pH 6.26)의 처리효과와 절화수명 연장제로써 의 가능성을 구명하고자 수행되었다. 침지처리는 30μL･L-1의 미산성 차아염소산수를 0분, 0.5분, 1분, 3분, 5분간 침지처 리 후 수돗물(Tap water, control)에 꽂아 두었다. 대조구의 절화수명은 8.7일인데 비해 5분 침치처리 시 10.8일로 대조 구보다 2.1일 수명을 연장시켰다. 상대생체중은 모든 처리구 에서 2일까지 증가하였고, 수분흡수율은 모든 처리구에서 6일 까지 증가하다가 감소하는 추세를 보였다. 화색 변화율인 ΔE 값은 3분(5.25), 5분(6.48), 30초(6.65), 1분(6.79) 침지처리 에서 대조구보다 낮았으며, 상대 화폭 증가율은 5분 침지 처 리구가 145%로 화폭의 증가율이 가장 컸고, 엽록소함량은 처 리 간 차이가 없었다. 결론적으로 절화장미 ‘Bubble Gum’의 절화수명은 미산성 차아염소산수의 5분 침지 처리가 효과적 으로 연장시켰다.

The effect of permanganate oxidation was investigated as water treatment strategy with a focus on comparing the reaction characteristics of NaOCl and sodium permanganate (NaMnO4) in algae (Monoraphidium sp., Micractinium inermum, Microcystis aeruginosa)-contained water. Flow cytometry explained that chlorine exposure easily damaged algae cells. Damaged algae cells release intracellular organic matter, which increases the concentration of organic matter in the water, which is higher than by NaMnO4. The oxidation reaction resulted in the release of toxin (microcystin-LR, MC-LR) in water, and the reaction of algal organic matter with NaOCl resulted in trihalomethanes (THMs) concentration increase. The oxidation results by NaMnO4 significantly improved the concentration reduction of THMs and MC-LR. Therefore, this study suggests that NaMnO4 is effective as a pre-oxidant for reducing algae damage and byproducts in water treatment process.

To improve the shelf-life of Centella asiatica, Centella asiatica was treated with gel packs containing slow-released chlorine dioxide (ClO2) gas at 3-5 ppm for 20 days at 4℃. The weight loss rate, as well as the changes in pH, color, and texture of the treated samples, were investigated. The weight of the control and ClO2 gas-treated samples was decreased during the storage period. The change in weight of the control was slightly faster than that of the samples treated with 3 and 4 ppm ClO2 gas. The pH of the control and the ClO2 gas treated samples were decreased during the storage period and there was no significant difference between the control and ClO2 gas treated samples. Concerning color (lightness, redness, and yellowness) changes of Centella asiatica during the storage period, there was no significant difference between the control and ClO2 gas treated samples. The change in shear force in the leaf and stem of Centella asiatica during the storage period was slightly lower in the 4 ppm ClO2 gas treated samples (in the leaf) compared to the control and 3 and 4 ppm ClO2 gas treated samples (in the stem) compared to the control and 5 ppm ClO2 gas treated sample.

본 연구에서는 병원균인 Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella Typhimurium 그리고 Escherichia coli O157:H7을 이산화염소수와 전해수에 0분, 2분, 4분, 6분, 8분 및 10분간 반응시켜 이산화염소수와 전해수의 살균 효과를 확인하고, 그람 양성균(B. cereus, S. aureus)과 그 람 음성균(S. Typhimurium, E. coli O157:H7)의 민감성 비 교를 실시하였다. B. cereus, S. aureus, S. Typhimurium 그 리고 E. coli O157:H7의 이산화염소수에서의 D값은 1.85±0.64, 2.06±0.85, 2.26±0.89 그리고 2.59±0.40분으로 나 타났고 전해수의 경우 각각 2.13±0.32, 1.64±0.64, 1.71±0.32 그리고 1.86±0.36분으로 나타났다. 각 용액에 처리한 10분 간 모든 균주에서 꾸준한 감소 추세를 나타내었으며 각 용액에서 각 균주의 D값은 서로 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다 (P>0.05). 이산화염소수와 전해수의 살균력을 비교 한 결과 D값은 유의적인 차이가 나타나지 않았으나, pH 와 유효염소농도 모두 이산화염소가 전해수보다 낮은 값 을 보였다. 살균·소독을 실시할 대상의 pH에 대한 민감성 과 같은 특성을 고려하여 최적의 살균제를 선택하고, 최 적의 농도를 결정하여 식품 산업에 적용하기 위한 자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

The nutrient balances originated from livestock manure in Korea has not being include minor livestock species (e.g., horse, deer, and goat) since their manure excretion unit (MEU), nutrient excretion unit (NEU), and nutrient loading coefficient (NLC) are not known yet. In the present research work, the primary focus had laid therefore on securing domestic MEU for the specified minor livestock species which provides the basis for the computation of NEU and NLC. Moreover, the nutrient potential and economic value of composted manure from minor livestock was assessed on the basis of contents in the inorganic fertilizers such as Urea, (46% N) and Fused superphosphate (20% phosphorus pentoxide). The obtained MEU was found to be 10.52±5.48, 4.07±1.69, and 0.843±0.1 kg/head/day for horse, deer, and goat, respectively. In addition, the measured NLCs of horse, deer, and goat were [N, 0.7; P, 0.9], [N, 0.7; P, 0.6] (Both deer and goat were the same.), respectively. Consequently, the horse, deer, and goat manure have a potential of 3,840.1 ton N/year and 9,390.2 ton P/year as an inorganic fertilizer of urea and fused superphosphate. These findings may facilitate the development of more accurate nutrient budget taking into account both major and minor livestock and improve the manure management measures for land application.

In this study, a model to optimize residual chlorine concentrations in a water supply system was developed using a multi-objective genetic algorithm. Moreover, to quantify the effects of optimized residual chlorine concentration management and to consider customer service requirements, this study developed indices to quantify the spatial and temporal distributions of residual chlorine concentration. Based on the results, the most economical operational method to manage booster chlorination was derived, which would supply water that satisfies the service level required by consumers, as well as the cost-effectiveness and operation requirements relevant to the service providers. A simulation model was then created based on an actual water supply system (i.e., the Multi-regional Water Supply W in Korea). Simulated optimizations were successful, evidencing that it is possible to meet the residual chlorine concentration demanded by consumers at a low cost.

알칼리 금속 이온과 염소 이온이 포함된 용액으로부터 이온교환수지를 이용한 이온 제거에 대한 연구를 진행하였다. 양이온인 금속이온(Na+와 K+)의 제거에는 양이온교환수지를, 음이온인 염소 이온(Cl-)의 제거에는 음이온교환수지를 사용하였다. 용액 A (Na+를 36,633 ppm, Cl-를 57,921 ppm 함유)의 경우, Na+ 이온과 Cl- 이온은 20분 이내에 99% 이상 제거되었다. 용액 B (K+를 1,638 ppm 함유)의 경우, K+ 이온은 3분 이내에 99% 이상 제거되었다.

This study was conducted to determine the maintenance energy requirements of growing goats in order to establish an appropriate energy benefit system, to reduce feed costs and improve livestock productivity of goat farmers, and to present basic data for detailed specifications afterwards. This experiment was conducted as a group specification test for a total of 3 months, with 32 goats of three months age and conducted by four treatments with different energy levels (T1: NRC+0%, T2: NRC+10%, T3: NRC+20%, and T4: NRC+ 30%). The average daily gain was the highest in the treated with NRC + 10% of the energy level of the experimental diet, and the feed conversion ratio was in the range of 6.3 g to 7.3 g in the group feeding experiment. Although there was no significant difference in digestibility between treatments, the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, and crude fat was higher in T2 treated with NRC + 10% than the other treatments. Through the regression equation of the values of MEI and ADG obtained through the experiment (Y=0.5439X+ 111.51, R2=0.712), the maintenance energy requirement of the goat in the growing period was estimated to be 111.51 kcal/kgBW0.75.

Chlorination and UV illumination are being widely applied to inactivate a number of pathogenic microbials in the environment. Here, we evaluated the inactivation efficiency of individual and combined treatments of chlorination and UV under various aqueous conditions. UV dosage was required higher in waste water than in phosphate buffer to achieve the similar disinfecting efficiency. Free chlorine generated by electrolysis of waste water was abundant enough to inactivate microbials. Based on these, hybrid system composed of sequential treatment of electrolysis-mediated chlorination and UV treatment was developed under waste water conditions. Compared to individual treatments, hybrid system inactivated bacteria (i.e., E. coli and S. typhimurium) and viruses (i.e., MS-2 bacteriophage, rotavirus, and norovirus) more efficiently. The hybrid system also mitigated the photo re-pair of UV-driven DNA damages of target bacteria. The combined results suggested the hybrid system would achieve high inactivation efficiency and safety on various pathogenic microbials in wastewater.

To extend the shelf-life of chicken breast meat, samples were treated with gel-packs containing slow-released ClO2 gas at 7-15 ppm for 8 days at 4℃. And the changes in lipid oxidation and taste compounds of the samples were investigated. TBARS value of the chicken breast was slightly increased during storage. TBARS value of gas treatments was similar to the control during storage. There were 14 fatty acids in the chicken breast. And there was no change in the fatty acid composition during storage, and there was no significant difference between the control and gas treatments. The content of free amino acids was gradually increased during storage. The content of free amino acids were not significantly different between the control and gas treatments during storage. The content of GMP in the control and gas treatments were decreased during storage. However, gas treatments showed slightly higher content than that of control. AMP was not significantly different between the control and gas treatments. IMP gradually decreased during storage and the content of inosine and hypoxanthine was increased. IMP, inosine and hypoxanthine contents of gas treatment were similar to control, but the control tended to change more rapidly than those of gas treatments.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of chlorine water and plasma gas treatment on the quality and microbial control of Latuca indica L. baby Leaf during storage. Latuca indica L. baby leaves were harvested from a plant height of 10cm. They were sterilized with 100μL·L-1 chlorine water and plasma-gas (1, 3, and 6hours), and packaged with 1,300cc·m-2·day-1·atm-1 films and then stored at 8±1?and RH 85±5% for 25days. During storage, the fresh weight loss of all treatments were less than 1.0%, and the carbon dioxide and oxygen concentrations in packages were 6-8% and 16-17%, respectively for all treatments in the final storage day. The concentration of ethylene in the packages fluctuated between 1-3μL·L-1 during the storage and the highest concentration of ethylene was observed at 6 hours plasma treatment in the final storage day. The off-odor of all treatments were almost odorless, the treatments of chlorine water and 1 hour plasma maintained the marketable visual quality until the end of storage. Chlorophyll content and Hue angle value measured at the final storage day were similar to those measured before storage in chlorine water and 1 hour of plasma treatments. E. coli was not detected immediately after sterilization in all sterilization treatments. After 6 hours of plasma treatment, the total bacteria fungus counts were lower than the domestic microbial standard for agricultural product in all sterilization treatments. The total aerobic counts in the end storage day increased compared to before storage, whereas E. coli was not detected in all sterilization treatments. The sterilization effect against bacteria and fungi was the best in chlorine water treatment. Plasma treatment showed sterilization effects, but within a prolonged period of time. In addition, the sterilization effect decreased gradually. These results suggest that chlorine water and plasma treatment were effective in maintaining Latuca indica L. baby Leaf commerciality and controlling microorganisms during postharvest storage.

본 연구에서는 농산물 시료 중 GC-ECD/MS 분석법을 이용 하여 국내에서 사용금지된 잔류성 유기염소계 살충제 19종 (aldrin, α-BHC, β-BHC, γ-BHC, δ-BHC, cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, p,p'-DDT, o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, dieldrin, endrin, δ-keto-endrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan 및 endosulfan sulfate)에 대해 동시분석법을 확립하였다. 농산물 시료에 acetone을 가하여 추출된 대상농약 19종의 잔류분은 n-hexane 분배법과 florisil 흡착 크로마토그래피법으로 정제하여 분석대상 시료로 하였다. DB- 5 capillary column을 이용한 GC-ECD 분석 시 불순물의 간섭은 없었으며, 사과, 고추, 배추, 현미 및 콩을 포함한 5종의 대표 농산물 중 대상농약 19종 각각의 정량한계(LOQ)는 각 0.003~0.01 mg/kg 수준이었다. 5종의 대표 농산물에 대한 대상농약 전체의 회수율은 76.5~116.0%를 나타내었으며, 농산물 시료 및 처리수준에 관계없이 10% 미만의 분석오차를 나타내어 잔류분석기준 이내를 만족하였다. 본 연구에서 확립된 국내 사용금지 잔류성 유기염소계 살충제 19종의 동시분석법은 검출한계, 회수율 및 분석오차 면에서 국제적 분석기준을 만족할 뿐만 아니라, GC/MS SIM을 이용한 잔류분의 재확인 과정의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 분석과정의 편이성 및 신뢰성이 확보된 동시분석법으로 국내·외 수출입 및 유통 농산물의 잔류농약 검사에 사용 가능할 것이다.