In this research, the concrete breakout strength in tension of cast-in-place anchors (CIP) is experimentally investigated to be used as fundamental data for the seismic fragility analysis of equipment in nuclear power plants. Experimental variables are chosen, such as the embedment depth of the anchor, single/group anchor configurations, diameter of the head plate, and crack width. Monotonic and cyclic loading are applied to all types of specimens. As measured from the experiments, concrete breakout strength in tension is 1.5 to 2 times higher than the expected strengths from concrete capacity design (CCD) method-based model equations. In alignment with the model’s predictions, concrete breakout strength increases with deeper embedment depth, and the strength of group anchors also increases based on the expansion of the projected concrete failure area. This study also explores the effects of head plate diameter and crack width, which are not considered in the model equation. Experimental results show that the diameter of the head plate is not directly correlated to the concrete breakout strength, whereas the crack width is. The presence of cracks, with widths of 0.3 mm and 0.5 mm, leads to reductions of approximately 7% and 17%, respectively, compared to single anchors in non-cracked concrete.

탄소섬유보강근을 철근 대체재로 사용하기 위해서 단기 역학적 특성뿐 아니라 장기간 역학적특성에 대한 연구가 필히 수행 되어야 하고 현재도 진행 중이다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 CFRP bar의 지속하중에 대한 저항성을 평가하기 위해 ASTM 기준에 따라 약 1,000시간 동안 탄소섬유보강근 인장강도의 40%를 재하하는 크리프 시험을 진행 후 잔류 인장강도 확인을 위한 추가 인장시험을 진행하였다. 크리프 시험 결과, 탄소섬유보강근의 변형률은 지속하중 하에서 1,000시간 경과 후 하중재하 초기 변형률보다 약 4.9% 상 승하였고 크리프 파괴는 발생하지 않았다. 잔류 인장강도는 일반 인장강도의 95% 수준으로 측정되었고 잔류 탄성계수는 일반 탄성계 수의 85 % 수준이었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 진행한 인장강도의 40 %가 1,000시간 동안 재하되었을 때 탄소섬유보강근은 안전한 것으 로 확인되었다.

강재를 대처할 수 있는 다양한 복합재료 중 CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer)를 사용하여 인장 물성 실험을 실시한다. KS F ISO 10406 (콘크리트용 섬유강화 폴리며(FRP 보강재 - 시험방법) 에서 FRP의 측정길이는 지름 (D)의 40 배를 기준으로 제시되어진다. 그러나 25 mm 이상의 시험체는 양단 보강부를 포함하게 된다면 대략 2 m 이상으로 제작되어지게 되고 시험이 상당히 번거롭게 됨으 로써 시험법 개선을 위해서 측정 길이별로 설정하여 성능평가 후 비교분석 한다.

미세구조 특성의 불확실성은 재료 특성에 많은 영향을 준다. 시멘트 기반 재료의 공극 분포 특성은 재료의 역학적 특성에 큰 영향을 미치며, 재료에 랜덤하게 분포되어 있는 많은 공극은 재료의 물성 예측을 어렵게 한다. 공극의 특성 분석과 재료 응답 간의 상관관계 규명에 대한 기존 연구는 통계적 관계 분석에 국한되어 있으며, 그 상관관계가 아직 명확히 규명되어 있지 않다. 본 연구에서는 합성곱 신경망(CNN, convolutional neural network)을 활용한 이미지 기반 데이터 접근법을 통해 시멘트 기반 재료의 역학적 응답을 예측하 고, 공극분포와 재료 응답의 상관관계를 분석하였다. 머신러닝을 위한 데이터는 고해상도 마이크로-CT 이미지와 시멘트 기반 재료의 물성(인장강도)로 구성하였다. 재료의 메시 구조 특성을 분석하였으며, 재료의 응답은 상장균열모델(phase-field fracture model)에 기 반을 둔 2D 직접 인장(direct tension) 유한요소해석 시뮬레이션을 활용하여 평가하였다. 입력 이미지 영역의 기여도를 분석하여 시편 에서 재료 응답 예측에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 영역을 CNN을 통하여 식별하였다. CNN 과정 중 활성 영역과 공극분포를 비교 분석하 여 공극분포특성과 재료 응답의 상관관계를 분석하여 제시하였다.

The use of hanging scaffolding for exterior wall painting and cleaning in building construction and maintenance carries the inherent risk of fall accidents. While periodic rope replacement is crucial for preventing accidents resulting from rope breakage, current regulations lack specificity in determining appropriate disposal period for fiber ropes. This study analyzed the tensile strength of the most commonly used PP fiber ropes with different diameters (16 mm, 20 mm) in the domestic construction industry. Additionally, the effect of outdoor exposure was examined by measuring the tensile strength of new ropes and ropes exposing to outdoor conditions for 30 days and 90 days. The results showed that the new ropes and those exposed to outdoor for 30 days met the KS (Korean Standards) criteria for tensile strength. However, a significant decrease in tensile strength was observed in ropes exposed to outdoor for 90 days compared to both the new ropes and those exposed for 30 days. Furthermore, the ropes exposed for 90 days did not meet the KS criteria. These findings indicate the degradation of PP fiber ropes due to UV (Ultra Violet) radiation, highlighting the importance of considering this factor when determining the replacement period for fiber ropes used in scaffolding work.

Recently, it has been applied and used in various fields using 3D printing. Since it is closely connected to our lives, the mechanical properties of the output are actively studied. Therefore, in this study, tensile specimens were manufactured using the FDM lamination method using PLA materials, and the changes in tensile properties were compared and evaluated. First, 120 tensile specimens were manufactured using the spacing angle and lamination density of the lamination angle as control factors. After that, a tensile test was conducted at the same tensile speed of 5mm/s to compare and evaluate the tensile strength and elastic modulus. As a result, it was found that the tensile strength and elastic modulus increased linearly with density than the lamination angle. In addition, when the laminating angle was 0°, the tensile strength and elastic modulus were the largest. When the laminating angle was 108°, the lowest tensile strength and elastic modulus were confirmed.

In this paper, the CFRP(Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic) parts were printed and cut in a large-scale additive and subtractive hybrid manufacturing system. A method to increase the strength and durability of a product by identifying the interlayer adhesion during the printing process of a large-scale additive manufacturing hybrid system was investigated. According to the printing conditions(CF content, deposition temperature, compaction process), the specimen was printed and cut to determine the tensile strength in the printing direction. As a result of the experiment, the highest tensile strength was shown when ABS-CF 20wt.% Compound was printed at 230℃ extrusion temperature, and the higher the CF content of the material, the lower the tensile strength. As a result of observing the inside of the test piece through an optical microscope, a large number of voids were kept inside the test piece. To remove voids generated inside the test piece, a compaction process was applied to the additive manufacturing hybrid system to prepare a test piece. As a result, void size decreased, and the strength of the part showed a tendency to increase. It is thought that additive manufacturing with high tensile strength can be obtained through studies on the optimization of deposition conditions in additive manufacturing hybrid systems.

PURPOSES : The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of air voids, binder content, and aggregate gradation on the indirect tensile strength (IDT) and cracking tolerance index (CTindex) of cored asphalt pavements. METHODS : Cored samples were obtained from roads in Incheon city, and several laboratory experiments were performed. First, the cored samples were first to cut into a size appropriate for the IDT test. Subsequently, the air voids of the samples were measured. The damaged sample from the IDT test was loose mixed at 150 ℃ before the binder content was determined, which was conducted via an asphalt extraction test. Finally, the clean aggregates obtained from asphalt extraction process were analyzed in the aggregate gradation test. RESULTS : The result shows that an increase in air voids from 4% to 8% decreases the IDT and cracking tolerance index (CTindex) by 30% and 28%, respectively. Incorporating a binder enhances the ductile behavior of the asphalt mixture, resulting in a higher CTindex. Finally, the contribution of the aggregate grade on the IDT and CTindex is negligible. CONCLUSIONS : The IDT and CTindex are primarily affected by the air voids and binder content. A higher percentage of air voids results in a lower IDT. In addition, a higher amount of binder increases the IDT and CTindex of the cored samples. Meanwhile, the aggregate grade does not affect the IDT.

콘크리트 경화 시 발생하는 수분증발로 인한 건조수축은 콘크리트의 균열을 발생시킨다. 콘크리트에 발생하는 균열 은 콘크리트의 내구성을 저하하여 안정성과 사용성에 문제를 발생시킨다. 이러한 문제점을 보안하기 위해 콘크리트에 강섬유를 혼입하여 건조수축으로 인한 균열을 방지하는 강섬유 보강 콘크리트 (SFRC)에 관한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 강섬유는 콘크리트 의 균열단면에서 가교역할, 부착작용을 통해 건조수축으로 인한 균열발생을 억제하고 균열 폭을 감소시키는 효과가 있다. 본 논 문에서는 강섬유의 인장강도에 따른 강섬유 보강 콘크리트의 건조수축 제어성능을 평가하였다. 자유건조수축 실험과 구속건조 수축 실험을 진행하였으며 실험 결과를 콘크리트의 인장응력으로 변환하여 콘크리트 직접인장실험 결과와 비교하였다. 강섬유 의 자유건조수축 저감 효과는 미미하지만 강섬유의 인장강도가 증가할수록 구속건조수축으로 인한 균열제어에 효과적임을 확인 하였다. 또한 강섬유의 인장강도가 증가할수록 콘크리트의 인장응력이 증가함을 확인하였다.

We fabricate the non-equiatomic high-entropy alloy (NE-HEA) Fe49.5Mn30Co10Cr10C0.5 (at.%) using spark plasma sintering under various sintering conditions. Each elemental pure powder is milled by high-energy ball milling to prepare NE-HEA powder. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the sintered samples are investigated using various methods. We use the X-ray diffraction (XRD) method to investigate the microstructural characteristics. Quantitative phase analysis is performed by direct comparison of the XRD results. A tensile test is used to compare the mechanical properties of small samples. Next, electron backscatter diffraction analysis is performed to analyze the phase fraction, and the results are compared to those of XRD analysis. By combining different sintering durations and temperature conditions, we attempt to identify suitable spark plasma sintering conditions that yield mechanical properties comparable with previously reported values. The samples sintered at 900 and 1000oC with no holding time have a tensile strength of over 1000 MPa.

The damage to non-structural elements in buildings has been increasing due to earthquakes. In Korea, post-installed anchors produced overseas have been mainly used for seismic anchorage of non-structural components to structures. Recently, a new cast-in-place concrete insert anchor installed in concrete without drilling has been developed in Korea. In this paper, an experimental study was conducted to evaluate the tensile and shear strengths of the newly developed anchor under monotonic load. The failure modes of the tension specimens were divided into concrete breakout failure and steel failure, and all shear specimens showed steel failure. In both tension and shear, the maximum loads of specimens were greater than the nominal strengths predicted by the concrete design code (KDS 14 20 54). As a result, it is expected that the current code can also be used to calculate the strength of the developed cast-in anchor.

Commercial carbon fiber is sized with Bisphenol A type epoxy, a thermosetting resin, to prevent fiber damage due to friction during weaving and manufacturing processes. When the thermoplastic resin is used as the base material, the interface between the carbon fiber and the thermoplastic resin is very weak because the bonding force with the thermosetting resin is not good, which greatly affects the mechanical properties of the composite material. Therefore, in order to improve the mechanical properties of the thermoplastic composite material, a process of removing the epoxy sizing layer on the surface of the carbon fiber in a furnace is required. In this process, the physical properties of the carbon fiber are changed according to the change of carbon fiber heat treatment conditions. In this paper, the study was carried out to evaluate the tensile strength required for automobile parts by extrusion and injection of thermoplastic resin based carbon fiber composites. Depending on the heat treatment temperature and time of the carbon fiber was a slightly tensile strength of the carbon composite material occurs, the tensile strength of the carbon composite material with a 6 hour heat-treated carbon fiber was measured at 550 ℃ the highest to 93 MPa. When the heat treatment holding time is more than 6 hours or the heat treatment temperature is more than 600 ℃, it may be the damage to the carbon fiber, which can cause a decrease in the tensile strength of the carbon fiber composite material.

Tensile load tests were conducted on High-Shear Ring Anchors (HRAs) after shear load had been applied to the HRAs, which had been developed to reduce the number of the anchors. Test variables include the embedment length of the rod and the width of the specimens and a total of 12 specimens were tested. Test results show that the HRAs pulled out due to bond failure or steel failure occurred in case that the HRAs were installed to the members with 300mm or greater width and the embedment length of 160mm (the actual embedment of rod is 140mm) or deeper. Except 4 HRAs showing steel failure of rod, the minimum and average of test-to-prediction by ACI 318-14 ratios are 1.18 and 1.79, respectively. The tensile strength of HRAs, after shear load was applied to the HRAs, can be safely evaluated by the minimum among the concrete breakout strength and bond strength with the actual embedment length of the rod.

This study deals with the microstructure and tensile properties of 700 MPa-grade high-strength and seismic reinforced steel bars. The high-strength reinforced steel bars (600 D13, 600 D16 and 700 D13 specimens) are fabricated by a TempCore process, while the seismic reinforced steel bar (600S D16 specimen) is fabricated by air cooling after hot rolling. For specimens fabricated by the TempCore process, the 600 D13 and 600 D16 specimens have a microstructure of tempered martensite in the surface region and ferrite-pearlite in the center region, while the 700 D13 specimen has a microstructure of tempered martensite in the surface region and bainite in the center region. Therefore, their hardness is the highest in the surface region and shows a tendency to decrease from the surface region to the center region because tempered martensite has a higher hardness than ferrite-pearlite or bainite. However, the hardness of the 600S D16 specimen, which is composed of fully ferritepearlite, increases from the surface region to the center region because the pearlite volume fraction increases from the surface region to the center region. On the other hand, the tensile test results indicate that only the 700 D13 specimen with a higher carbon content exhibits continuous yielding behavior due to the formation of bainite in the center region. The 600S D16 specimen has the highest tensile-to-yield ratio because the presence of ferrite-pearlite and precipitates caused by vanadium addition largely enhances work hardening.

시멘트 콘크리트 도로포장의 노후화와 함께 지속적으로 사용되어진 제설재의 영향으로 고속도로의 파손 및 관련된 유지보수 비용은 매년 급증하는 추세이다. 이러한 문제점의 극복을 위해 최근 유럽 및 선진국에서 기존 콘크리트 포장 상부에 아스팔트 포장을 시공하는 덧씌우기 포장을 적용하고 있으나, 거듭된 연구에도 불구하고 콘크리트 층의 조인트 부위에서 발생하는 반사균열에 대해 효과적으로 억제할 수 있는 방안은 미흡한 실정이다. 반사균열에 의한 문제점을 해결하기 위한 방안으로 개발된 것이 응력흡수층(SAMI, Stress Absorbing Membrane Interlayer) 포장공법으로 기존 포장층과 신설 포장층 사이에 별도의 응력흡수층을 설치하여 하부층의 균열을 상부층으로 전달되는 것을 방지하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 본 연구에서는 응력흡수층의 성능평가를 위해 시멘트 콘크리트 포장위에 아스팔트 콘크리트 덧씌우기를 모사한 4종류의 혼합물을 제작하였다. 그림 1.은 응력흡수층의 적용여부를 구분하여 제작한 혼합물을 나타낸다. 여기서, SAMI층의 경우 유리섬유를 포설한 섬유 그리드층과 유리섬유를 포설하지 않은 섬유 그리드층으로 구분하였다. 아스팔트 콘크리트 층은 덧씌우기에 효과가 우수하다고 판단되는 PSMA(Polymer mdified Stone Mastic Asphalt)로 제작하였으며 SMA 포장과 같은 13mm 골재를 사용하여 골재의 맞물림 효과를 충분히 발휘시키기 위한 목적으로 PG 76-22 등급의 바인더를 사용하였다. SAMI의 경우 하부 포장층과 접착이 불안정한 경우 소성변형 및 균열을 유발할 수 있기 때문에 부착강도는 중요 요소로 작용될 수 있으며, 덧씌우기층과 응력흡수층 사이의 밀림현상에 충분히 저항할 수 있어야 하므로 응력흡수층의 부착 및 전단 성능을 평가하기 위해 직접전단 및 인장시험을 실시하였다.