Among the different types of seaweed that are cultivated in Korea for food, Capsosiphon fulvescensis the filamentous green alga with the highest production value. However, its harvest yield varies significantly from year to year due to its dependence on the natural seeding method. The present study aimed to identify the conditions affecting the formation of cyst-zygotes that can be utilized as artificial seeds during the life cycle of C. fulvescens. Gametangia and zygotes of C. fulvescens were found to be highly developed at temperatures above 15°C, with a maximum gametangial development rate of about 35% observed after 7 days of culture. The formation of zygotes into cystzygotes was induced within 7 days in all temperature conditions, but after 30 days of culturing, cyst-zygotes germinated into filamentous thalli at temperatures above 20°C, while the most stable formation and stabilization were observed at 15°C. Cystzygotes formed at 15°C showed high growth when they were transferred to 25°C conditions, and zoospores matured inside the cells. The production of cyst-zygotes was mostly influenced by temperature, and a gradual increase in temperature was found to be necessary for the formation and growth of cyst-zygotes. The culture conditions facilitating the formation of cyst-zygotes reported in this study can be useful for the production of artificial seeds and breeding technology for the effective cultivation of seaweed.

The experiment was conducted to determine the changes in seed productivity of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) according to nitrogen fertilization levels in the southern region of Korea. Italian ryegrass (IRG) variety 'Green Call' was sown in the fall of 2021 in Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do. The experiment consisted of three nitrogen fertilizer levels (100, 120, and 140 N kg/ha) with three replications using a randomized complete block design. Harvesting was done approximately 30 days after heading on May 18th. There was no difference in heading date among treatments, which occurred on April 18th. The longest IRG was observed in the 140 N kg/ha treatment, but there was no significant difference. No significant differences were observed in lodging, disease resistance, and cold tolerance among treatments, but lodging was severe in all treatments. The length of the spike averaged 44.95 cm, with no difference among treatments, and the number of seeds per spike was highest in the 120 N kg/ha treatment. Seed yield increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer levels, averaging 3,707 kg/ha (as-fed basis). DM content of seed and straw averaged 76.95% and 62.19%, respectively, with no significant differences among treatments. The remaining straw after harvesting averaged 6,525 kg/ha on a dry matter basis, with the highest value observed in the 140 N kg/ha treatment. Overall, considering the results, the optimal nitrogen fertilizer application rate for seed production of Italian ryegrass in the southern region when sown in autumn was found to be 120 N kg/ha.

The experimental fish transplanted from China in 2015 was used after seedling production and cultivated. Breeding management for experiment was carried out from October 2020 to February 2021. Also, it succeeded in inducing artificial maturation three to four months earlier than wild broodstock and secured good quality fertilized eggs. The average size of fertilized eggs was 1.22 mm, at 20℃ Blastodisc (15 minutes post-fertilization), 2 cell (50 minutes), 4 cell (1 hours), 8 cell (2 hours), 16 cell (2 hours and 30 minutes), 32 cell (2 hours and 50 minutes), morula (3 hours), blastula (8 hours), gastrula (15 hours), skull formation (20 hours), organ formation (30 hours) and hatching yolk larvae stage (35 hours). The total length of the just hatched larvae were 2.50 ± 2 mm, and then gain growth of 42.5 mm by 60 days, reaching 45 ± 5 mm.

Various eco-friendly seed disinfection technologies have been developed due to the increase in the global demand for organic food. In order to produce sustainable and eco-friendly agricultural products in Korea, seed disinfection technologies for the production of wholesome seedlings have been researched in diverse ways compared to how they were examined in advanced countries. Both domestically and internationally, the eco-friendly seed disinfection technologies to secure the horticultural crops have been treated by biological or physical methods, such as hot water treatment with ultrasonic disinfection technology, or applying organic agricultural materials like organic acids in plant extracts. However, from a practical perspective, various applied technologies can be implemented in farm fields to disinfect significant agricultural crops, such as lettuce, Chinese cabbage, radish, watermelon, cucumber, paprika, red pepper, ginger, ginseng, and sesame seeds.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the change in the productivity of Italian ryegrass seeds according to the inter-row spacing in the southern region of the Korean Peninsula. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) ‘Green Call’ variety was sown in Jinju, Gyeongnam in the fall of 2020 with three inter-row spacings (20, 30 and 40 cm). The experiment was arranged a randomized block design with three replications. The ryegrass was sown on October 17, 2020, and the harvest was on May 31, about 60 days from the first heading stage. There was no difference among treatments with an average of April 27th in heading stage. Plant height was significantly longer at 30 cm seeding interval and the shortest in 20 cm treatment. The length of the spike was the longest in the 40 cm seeding interval, and the number of seeds per spike was the highest in the 20cm seeding interval, but there was no significant difference among treatments. The seed yield was the highest at the 20 cm sowing interval (2,180 kg/ha), and decreased as the spacing increased. The dry matter content of seeds and straw was found to be 44.90% and 45.51% on average, and there was no significant difference among treatments. The amount of remaining straw after harvesting was found to be 7,506 kg/ha on average on DM basis, and was high at the 20 cm seeding interval. In view of the above results, it was found that it is most advantageous to sow at intervals of 20 cm when producing Italian ryegrass seeds through autumn sowing in the southern region.

To investigate the domestic seed production potential of Italian ryegrass, it was sown in autumn in the southern region and harvested in the spring of the following year to investigate the productivity and quality of seeds and straw. Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) ‘GreenCall’ variety was sown in Jinju, Gyeongnam in the fall of 2020 with three seeding rates (20, 30 and 40 kg/ha). The experiment was arranged consisted of a randomized block design with three replications. The ryegrass was sown on October 17, 2020, and the harvest was on May 31, about 60 days from the heading stage. The heading stage of Italian ryegrass was April 28, and there was no difference among treatments. Plant height was significantly shorter in the 40 kg/ha seeding treatment group, and there was no significant difference in the remaining treatments. The resistance of lodging, disease, and cold did not show significant differences among treatments. Spike length and number of seeds per spike were highest at 20 kg/ha seeding amount, and there was no difference in the remaining treatments. The seed yield was the highest at 1,956 kg/ha in the 20 kg/ha seeding rate, and there was no difference in the 30 and 40 kg/ha seeding rates. The dry matter content of seeds and straws was 45.60 and 41.83% on average, and there was no significant difference among treatments. The amount of remaining straw after seed harvesting was found to be 7,689 kg/ha on average on a dry basis, and it was high in the 40 kg/ha sowing area, but there was no significant difference among treatments. According to the above results, it was found that it is most advantageous to sow at 20 kg/ha when producing Italian ryegrass seeds through autumn sowing in the southern region.

This experiment was conducted to compare the seed productivity of Spring sown Italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum Lam.) depending on the seeding rates(20kg/ha, 30kg/ha, 40kg/ha) in Gangwon region. The experiment was a randomized block design with three replications. The test plots were located in alpine areas of about 600 m above sea level in Gangwon province. The tested Italian ryegrass variety was ‘Greencall’ developed by the National Institute of Animal Science, RDA. Italian Ryegrass was sown on March 26, 2020, and the seed harvesting was on the 60th day(2 July) from heading date. The heading date was May 8 with no difference, There were no significant differences in the agronomic characteristics including plant height. 30kg/ha seed rate was the highest at 146.8 seed/spike and 40kg/ha seed rate was the lowest at 114.7 seed/spike for the number of seeds per spike. The number of spikes per unit area was the highest in 40kg/ha at 886/m2 and the lowest in 20kg/ha at 750/m2. The yield of seed and straw was the highest in 40kg/ha at 1,288kg/ha and 2,970kg/ha respectively, but there was no difference. From the above results, the production of Italian ryegrass seeds through spring sowing in the Gangwon region is not much than autumn seeding, requiring the input of various technologies to increase productivity in the future, and it is desirable to determine the production cost through economic analysis was evaluated.

This experiment was conducted to study on the growth characteristics and seed productivity of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., IRG) planted in the Spring in Gangwon Highland according to the seeding distance (20, 30 and 40 cm). The field was located in highland around 600 m above sea level. The experimental design was randomized block design with three replication and the tested IRG variety was ‘Greencall’ developed by National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS). IRG was sown on March 26, 2020, and harvested on July 2. The plant height was the shortest at 80.5 cm in the 40 cm seeding distance plot (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the 20 and 30 cm seeding distance. The number of spike per square meter (m2) was significantly higher in the 20 cm seeding distance plot than that of 40 cm (937 vs. 571). The dry matter (DM) content of seed and straw after harvesting was 49.70 and 33.36 % on average, and there was no significant difference between treatments (P>005). However, there was a significant difference in the fresh and DM yield of seeds and straw (P<0.05). DM yield of seeds was significantly higher in 20 cm distance than that of 40 cm, and the yield of straw was the same trend. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in DM yield between 20 cm and 30 cm and also in the feed value of straw after seed harvesting among seeding distance. The average CP, ADF, NDF, and TDN contents were 6.91, 36.76, 61.75 and 59.86%, respectively, and the RFV value was 91. Considering the above results, the production of Italian ryegrass seeds sown in the spring in the highlands of the Gangwon is lower than that of autumn sowing, but it is judged that it needs to be reviewed in case it is unavoidable. In the future, there should be an economic analysis and the development of technology that can increase production.

This experiment was conducted to compare the seed productivity of the Italian ryegrass(Lolium multiflorum Lam.) varieties sown in the spring in Gangwon region. The experiment was randomized block design with three replications. The Experimental field was located in alpine areas of about 600 m above sea level in Gangwon province. The tested Italian Ryegrass varieties were ‘Greenfarm’, ‘Greencall’ and ‘Kowinearly’ developed by National Institute of Animal Science, RDA. Italian Ryegrass varieties were sown on March 26, 2020, and the harvest was on the 60th day of mean heading date, July 2. The heading date of Kowinearly was May 8, but Greenfarm and Greencall was May 4. The plant length was the largest in the Kowinearly variety. However, the Kowinearly suffered severe lodging. There was no significant difference in the length of spike among varieties, and the number of seeds per spike was the lowest in Greenfarm at 118.5 seed/spike. As for the seed weight per spike, the Greenfarm variety was significantly lower at 0.56 g/spike, but the 1,000 seed weight was the heaviest in the Greenfarm at 2.5g.. The number of spike per unit area was the highest in Greenfarm at 906/m2. The dry matter content of seeds was the highest in Greenfarm at 54.3%, and for straw, Kowinearly was the highest at 35.3%. Seed productivity was not significant among varieties, and the average was 1,493 kg/ha. The yield of straw after seed production was also not significant among varieties (P>0.05), and the average was 3,172 kg/ha. From the above results, the production of Italian ryegrass seeds through spring sowing in the Gangwon region is not much than autumn seeding, requiring the input of various technologies to increase productivity in the future, and it is desirable to determine the production cost through economic analysis was judged.

KOPIA 필리핀 센터는 2015년부터 2019년까지 벼 우량종자 증식과 보급 시범사업을 위해 Iloilo 지역 시범마을에 양수기 지원 및 관개수로 확충을 통하여 Sinibaan 50 ha와 Tabucan 65 ha 등 총 115 ha 면적의 관개시설과 ‘Milyang 23’ 등 다수성 품종과 재배기술을 지원하였다. Bohol 지역 시범마을은 japonica 벼 품종 ‘MS 11’의 고순도 종자를 시범마을 농가에 분양하고 재배기술을 지원하였으며 대량 재배를 통해 주변 시장과 연계하는 고급브랜드화 사업을 추진하였다. Iloilo와 Bohol 2개 지역에서의 필리핀 벼 종자증식 및 보급 시범마을사업의 성과분석 결과, 본 사업은 마을에서 요구하는 벼 재배 맞춤형 기술지원과 적절한 기반시설 투입을 통해 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 2개 지역 시범마을사업 추진 결과 벼의 평균 생산량은 25.6~29.7%가 증가하였다. 2. 시범마을사업 추진을 통해 2개 지역 평균 순소득은 2~3 배가 향상되었다. 3. 이중차분법(DID)을 이용하여 분석한 농가 소득은 Iloilo 주 건기 22.2%, 우기 0.2%, Bohol 주 건기 47.3%, 우기 48.5%로 향상되었다. 4. 시범마을사업 참여 농가의 만족도와 계속 참여 의향은 7 점 만점에 5.4~6.7 범위로 향후 동일한 사업이 진행된다면 다시 참여하겠다는 농가 비율이 상대적으로 높은 경향을 보였다.

The production of abalone seed has grown and been specialized since the 2000s with the growth of the abalone farming industry. Despite the increase in the production of abalone seeds, the sales volume of abalone seeds remained flat and competition among producers increased. This paper will analyze the management efficiency of abalone seed production fishery to diagnose the management status and improve the abalone seed production efficiency. In addition, this study is the result of the basic research on the abalone seed industry and it is meaningful to prepare a platform for further research since the management status survey and the management efficiency survey of abalone seed production fishery have not been conducted until now. The data on the farmed fish prices of abalone seeds were collected from surveys of sample fish as part of the fish seed observation project conducted by the Fisheries Outlook Center (FOC) of Korea Maritime and Fisheries Development Institute (KMI). Management efficiency analysis utilizes DEA (Data Envelopment Analysis) model. The DEA model was analyzed by classifying into CCR (Super-CCR), BCC, and SBM (Super-SBM) models according to the assumptions taking into account the characteristics of the industry. The slack considered in the SBM model was judged as possible decreases in input variables and increase in output variables. The average efficiency from the CCR model was analyzed to be 69%. The BCC model was classified into input and output orientations, and the average efficiency was 79% and 75%, respectively. There were seven production fisheries with an SE value of 1 or more, which remained unchanged in terms of size and could be benchmarked. The average efficiency of the SBM model was 59% for CRS and 66% for VRS. Under the VRS assumptions, the variable increase/decrease efficiency analysis shows that labor costs can be reduced by 37.3%, facility capacity by 18.8%, and operating costs by 8.5%. In order to improve management efficiency, Wando needs to reduce labor and management costs. In Jindo region, sales increase as well as labor cost reduction is urgent. In other regions, reduced facilities and increased sales are recommended.

본 연구는 정부에서 시행한 종자산업육성정책이 농가 조수입에 어떠한 영향을 미쳤는지를 분석하기 위해 딸기 작물의 사례분석을 시도하였다. 딸기 작물의 종자육성정책의 결과물인 설향 재배와 이의 보급종 지원이 딸기농가의 조수입에 어떤 영향을 미쳤는지를 준모수적 분석방법인 성향점수 방법론과 모수적 분석방법인 생산함수 접근법 및 확률적 프론티어 접근법을 활용하여 분석하였다. 분석결과에 따르 면 설향재배로 인하여 농가조수입이 모두 증가하여 종자산업육성정책의 효과를 계측할 수 있었다. 그러나 보급종 수혜 자체는 그 효과가 미약한 것으로 나타났다.

본 실험은 횡성지역내 조사료 자급을 위한 귀리(Avena sativa L.)의 채종재배 적합성을 평가하고자 2016년 3월부터 7월까지 강원 횡성 시험포장(전작)에서 수행되었다. 공시품종은 춘파귀리인 ‘하이스피 드’를 이용하여 서로 다른 수준의 파종량과 질소시비량을 통해 출수특성, 생육특성, 수량성 등을 평가하 였다. 이를 바탕으로 횡성 지역 내 채종재배를 위한 귀리의 적정 파종량과 질소시비량을 얻고자 수행되 었다. 파종량 및 질소시비량에 따른 귀리의 출현일수 및 출수일수는 각각 8일, 74일로 모든 시험구에서 동일하게 나타났으며, 출수기 이후 성숙기까지의 소요일수는 12일로 모든 시험구에서 동일하게 나타났 다. 파종량에 따른 귀리의 초장 및 수장은 파종량 130kg/ha 시험구에서 가장 높았으며, 단위면적당 경 수와 수수는 파종량 160kg/ha 시험구에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 1수립수, 1수립중, 천립중(千粒重)과 리 터중은 파종량 100kg/ha 시험구에서 가장 높았으며, 파종량에 따른 종실수량은 파종량 100kg/ha 시험 구에서 4.5t/ha로 가장 높은 수량을 나타냈다. 질소시비량에 따른 귀리의 초장, 간장 및 수장은 질소시 비량 50kg N/ha 시험구에서 가장 높았으며, 경수와 수수는 질소시비량 70kg N/ha 시험구에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 질소시비량에 따른 1수립수, 1수립중, 천립중(千粒重), 리터중은 질소시비량 70kg N/ha 시험구에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 질소시비량에 따른 종실수량은 질소시비량 50kg N/ha 시험구에서 4.5t/ha로 가장 높은 수량을 나타냈다. 채종재배는 종실의 수확이 목적이므로 수확지수와 종실수량을 우선적으로 고려했을때, 횡성지역 내 조사료 자급을 위한 귀리 채종 재배에 있어 적정 파종량은 100kg/ha, 적정 질소시비량은 50kg N/ha가 적합 할 것으로 판단된다.

This experiment was carried out in experiment field at Hoengseong from March to July 2015 to evaluate the seed productivity and feed value of oats (Avena sativa L.) according to the difference of seeding date. The experiment was arranged randomized complete design with three replications. The treatments were consisted of three seeding dates (12, 22 March and 2 April). The emergence and heading of oat showed a tendency to accelerate as the seeding date was delayed while the number of days taken for the flowering after the heading remained unchanged. The plant height, panicle length, number of culm, and number of panicle all tended to decrease with the delay of seeding date. The seed yield showed a significant difference with 3.55 ton/ha in 12 March and 2.38 ton/ha in 2 April (p<0.05). The dry matter yield also showed significantly different in 12 March and 2 April which were 6.57 ton/ha and 4.56 ton/ha, respectively (p<0.05). The feed value measured as CP (crude pretein), NDF (neutral detergent fiber), ADF (acid detergent fiber) and DMD (dry matter digestibility) showed no difference according to the seeding date. In the case of RFV (relative feed value), a decrease with the delay of seeding date was observed but only an insignificant difference (p>0.05). As the purpose of this study was not production of roughage but that of the seed, cultivation was in the full-ripe period, hence a relatively low feed value. In conclusion, it is considered that the appropriate seeding date for a spring cultivation of oats for the purpose of seed production in Hoengseong is in early March regarding growth characteristics, seed yield, and feed value.

The objective of this study was to efficiently produce forage crop seed of spring oat (Avena sativa L., cultivar High Speed) in Gyeongbuk area. Forage crop oats (130 kg/ha) were sown with a randomized block design. They were sown in triplicates in 2015 and 2016 using basal fertilizer of 70 kg N, 74 kg P, and 39 kg K/ha. Agronomic traits and seed production of oats were investigated to determine the influence of seeding dates (February 28/29th, March 10th, and March 20th). Heading, flowering, and maturing dates of these oats sown on February 28/29th and March 10th were almost close to each other with 1-2 days of difference for all test plots. For oats sown on the last day (28/29) of Feb., plant heights (111.6-122.6 cm) were significantly longer than those sown in March each year. In addition, panicle number (416.7 per m2) and panicle length (17.3 cm) of oats sown on the last day of February were also significantly (p < 0.05) larger than those of oats sown in March in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Based on these results, it is recommended to sow these oats on the last day of February to have better agronomic traits in terms of plant height, stem length, panicle length, and panicle number per m2. Grain numbers (56.3 and 63.3) and kernel weights (1.72 and 2.00 g) per spike in plots of oats sown on the last day of February were also significantly (p < 0.05) larger than those of oats in other plots in 2016 and in the average of 2015~2016, respectively. The highest grain yield (6,243 kg/ha) was obtained when oats were sown on the last day of February. Feed value of harvested oats was good in terms of proximate compositions including fiber contents and TDN contents. In conclusion, sowing on the last day of February is the most effective way to increase seed production of spring oats in Gyeongbuk area of Korea.

The study was conducted to determine proper seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer level for the effective seed production of Winter Rye (Secale cereale L.) with randomized block design with three replicates by combining both seeding rates (3, 5, and 7 kg/10a) and different nitrogen fertilizer application levels (0, 3, 6, and 9 kg/10a) in northern area of Gyeongbuk province from Oct. 7, 2013 to Jun. 15, 2014. Emergence and overwintering rates were not influenced but lodging degree was influenced by seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer level. High lodging were observed at the seeding rates and nitrogen fertilizer levels of more than 5 kg/10a and 6 kg/10a, respectively (p < 0.01). Lodging less than 20% were observed at the seeding rate of 3 kg/10a regardless of the increase of nitrogen fertilizer level, furthermore, no lodging was shown though seeding rate was increased up to 7 kg/10a under the condition without nitrogen fertilizer. No. of leaves per plant, plant height and culm length were increased as affected by the increase of nitrogen fertilizer level rather than the increase of seeding rate. Spike length was shortened as affected by the increase of seeding rate while it was lengthened by the increase of nitrogen fertilizer level with no interaction effect between the two factors. No. of stems and spikes per m2 were influenced by the increase of nitrogen fertilizer level rather than by seeding rate with no interaction effect between the two factors. Grain yield was significantly increased as influenced by the increases of seeding rate (A) and nitrogen fertilizer level (B) with interaction effect (A × B), which resulted in the highest grain yield (310 kg/10a) at the seeding rate of 5 kg/10a and the nitrogen fertilizer level of 3 kg/ 10a. In conclusion, the proper seeding rate and fertilizer application level would be 5 kg/10a and 3 kg/ 10a, respectively to effectively produce the winter rye seeds in northern Gyeongbuk province.