Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) has been used as a representative transparent conductive oxide (TCO) in various optoelectronic applications, including light emitting diodes, solar cells, photo-detectors, and electrochromic devices. The FTO plays an important role in providing electron transfer between active layers and external circuits while maintaining high transmittance in the devices. Herein, we report the effects of substrate rotation speed on the electrical and optical properties of FTO films during ultrasonic spray pyrolysis deposition (USPD). The substrate rotation speeds were adjusted to 2, 6, 10, and 14 rpm. As the substrate rotation speed increased from 2 to 14 rpm, the FTO films exhibited different film morphologies, including crystallite size, surface roughness, crystal texture, and film thickness. This FTO film engineering can be attributed to the variable nucleation and growth behaviors of FTO crystallites according to substrate rotation speeds during USPD. Among the FTO films with different substrate rotation speeds, the FTO film fabricated at 6 rpm showed the best optimized TCO characteristics when considering both electrical (sheet resistance of 13.73 Ω/□) and optical (average transmittance of 86.76 % at 400~700 nm) properties with a figure of merit (0.018 Ω-1).

Recently, the electron transport layer (ETL) has become one of the key components for high-performance perovskite solar cell (PSC). This study is motivated by the nonreproducible performance of ETL made of spin coated SnO2 applied to a PSC. We made a comparative study between tin oxide deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) or spin coating to be used as an ETL in N-I-P PSC. 15 nm-thick Tin oxide thin films were deposited by ALD using tetrakisdimethylanmiotin (TDMASn) and using reactant ozone at 120 °C. PSC using ALD SnO2 as ETL showed a maximum efficiency of 18.97 %, and PSC using spin coated SnO2 showed a maximum efficiency of 18.46 %. This is because the short circuit current (Jsc) of PSC using the ALD SnO2 layer was 0.75 mA/cm2 higher than that of the spin coated SnO2. This result can be attributed to the fact that the electron transfer distance from the perovskite is constant due to the thickness uniformity of ALD SnO2. Therefore ALD SnO2 is a candidate as a ETL for use in PSC vacuum deposition.

축산물 중 잔류허용기준이 설정되어 관리하고 있는 농약 azocyclotin, cyhexatin, fenbutatin oxide는 대표적인 유 기주석계 살비제이다. 기존 시험법은 가스크로마토그래피 를 사용하여 정량한계가 높고 분석 시 재현성이 떨어져 이에 대한 개선이 필요한 실정으로 본 연구에서는 비교적 간편하며 시간이 적게 소요되는 QuEChERS법을 활용하여 azocyclotin, cyhexatin, fenbutatin oxide의 시험법을 마련하 고자 하였다. 1% 아세트산을 함유한 아세트산에틸:아세토 니트릴(1:1) 혼합액을 이용하여 진탕 추출 후 d-SPE로 정 제하고 이를 농축 후 LC-MS/MS를 이용한 시험법을 개발 하였다. Azocyclotin, cyhexatin 및 fenbutatin oxide의 결정 계수(R2)는 0.99 이상으로 높은 직선성을 확인하였으며 정 량한계는 0.01 mg/kg으로 높은 감도를 나타내었다. 대표 축산물 5종(소, 돼지, 닭, 계란, 우유)에서 LOQ(0.01 mg/ kg), MRL(0.05 mg/kg), MRL 10배(0.5 mg/kg)의 농도에서 회수율 실험을 한 결과 평균 회수율이 76.4-115.3% 및 84.4-110.8%이었으며, 상대표준편차는 25.3% 이하로 나타 났다. 본 연구는 Codex 가이드라인(CAC/GL 40-1993, 2003) 및 ‘식품의약품안전처 식품의약품안전평가원의 식 품등 시험법 마련 표준절차에 관한 가이드라인(2016)’에 적합한 수준임을 확인하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 확립한 시험법은 축산물 중 잔류할 수 있는 azocyclotin, cyhexatin, fenbutatin oxide의 안전관리를 위한 공정시험법으로 활용 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

Tin-antimony sulfide nanocomposites were prepared via hydrothermal synthesis and a N2 reduction process for use as a negative electrode in a sodium ion battery. The electrochemical energy storage performance of the battery was analyzed according to the tin-antimony composition. The optimized sulfides exhibited superior charge/discharge capacity (770 mAh g-1 at a current density of 100 mA g-1) and stable lifespan characteristics (71.2 % after 200 cycles at a current density of 500 mA g-1). It exhibited a reversible characteristic, continuously participating in the charge-discharge process. The improved electrochemical energy storage performance and cycle stability was attributed to the small particle size, by controlling the composition of the tin-antimony sulfide. By optimizing the tin-antimony ratio during the synthesis process, it did not deviate from the solubility limit. Graphene oxide also acts to suppress volume expansion during reversible electrochemical reaction. Based on these results, tin-antimony sulfide is considered a promising anode material for a sodium ion battery used as a medium-to-large energy storage source.

Extensive research is being carried out on Ni-rich Li(NixCoyMn1-x-y)O2 (NCM) due to the growing demand for electric vehicles and reduced cost. In particular, Ni-rich Li(NixCoyMn1-x-y-zAlz)O2 (NCMA) is attracting great attention as a promising candidate for the rapid development of Co-free but electrochemically more stable cathodes. Al, an inactive element in the structure, helps to improve structural stability and is also used as a doping element to improve cycle capability in Ni-rich NCM. In this study, NCMA was successfully synthesized with the desired composition by direct coprecipitation. Boron and tin were also used as dopants to improve the battery performance. Macro- and microstructures in the cathodes were examined by microscopy and X-ray diffraction. While Sn was not successfully doped into NCMA, boron could be doped into NCMA, leading to changes in its physicochemical properties. NCMA doped with boron revealed substantially improved electrochemical properties in terms of capacity retention and rate capability compared to the undoped NCMA.

Tin/graphite composites are prepared as anode materials for Li-ion batteries using a dry ball-milling process. The main experimental variables in this work are the ball milling time (0–8 h) and composition ratio (tin:graphite=5:95, 15:85, and 30:70 w/w) of graphite and tin powder. For comparison, a tin/graphite composite is prepared using wet ball milling. The morphology and structure of the different tin/graphite composites are investigated using X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The electrochemical properties of the samples are also examined. The optimal dry ball milling time for the uniform mixing of graphite and tin is 6 h in a graphite-30wt.%Sn sample. The electrode prepared from the composite that is dry-ballmilled for 6 h exhibits the best cycle performance (discharge capacity after 50th cycle: 308 mAh/g and capacity retention: 46%). The discharge capacity after the 50th cycle is approximately 112 mAh/g, higher than that when the electrode is composed of only graphite (196 mAh/g after 50th cycle). This result indicates that it is possible to manufacture a tin/graphite composite anode material that can effectively buffer the volume change that occurs during cycling, even using a simple dry ball-milling process.

In this study, multilayered SnO nanoparticles are prepared using oleylamine as a surfactant at 165oC. The physical and chemical properties of the multilayered SnO nanoparticles are determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Interestingly, when the multilayered SnO nanoparticles are heated at 400oC under argon for 2 h, they become more efficient anode materials, maintaining their morphology. Heat treatment of the multilayered SnO nanoparticles results in enhanced discharge capacities of up to 584 mAh/g in 70 cycles and cycle stability. These materials exhibit better coulombic efficiencies. Therefore, we believe that the heat treatment of multilayered SnO nanoparticles is a suitable approach to enable their application as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

한국개신교 선교 50주년을 기념하기 위해 시도된 ‘아빙돈 『단권 성경주석』’ 번역사업은 감리교와 장로교의 일부 외국 선교사와 다수의 한국인 목회자들이 함께 참여한 매우 의미 있는 일이었고, 이 일을 주도한 사람은 감리교의 류형기 목사였다. 그러나 장로교 총회에서는 『단권 성경주석』이 자신들이 추구하는 성경무오설과 축자영감설을 부정한다는 이유로 이를 금서(禁書)로 규정하였다. 그리고 장로교 번역자들에게 자신들의 글을 이후에 재판(再版)이 될 때 『단권 성경주 석』에서 빼도록 강요하였다. 이런 논란에도 불구하고 『단권 성경주석』 이 매우 많이 판매되었다는 점에서 당시에 한국교회에 미치는 파장이 그리 크지 않았던 것으로 보인다. 하지만 그 결과는 본격적인 신학 논쟁 야기와 교회 분열이라는 결과를 초래하였다. 본 논문에서는 1930 년대 있었던 한국개신교 선교 시작 시점에 관한 논란과 50주년 기념사업 으로 진행된 『단권 성경주석』이 초래한 여러 가지 논쟁 과정과 결과를 선교적 관점에서 고찰하고 있다.

Tin bis(monohydrogen orthophosphate) monohydrate 물질의 흡착 성질에 관하여 KCl 수용액을 통하여 조사하였다. 금속이온 농도와 pH를 변화시키면서 어떻게 달라지는지 화학평형에 바탕을 두고 data를 분석하였다. 금속이온들의 흡착 data는 Langmuir 흡착식에 넣어 Langmuir 수치들을 얻는데 사용되었다. Tin phosphate는 산성에서 이온교환 화합물로 작용하였으며, 2가의 전이금속이온에 대해 Cu+2 > Co+2 > Ni+2의 순서로 선택적 흡착성질을 나타내었다. 약한 산성 이온 교환체에서와 같이 금속이온의 교환은 tin phosphate의 선택성을 결정하는데 결정적 역할을 하였다. 모든 경우에서 흡착의 정도는 온도와 농도의 증가와 함께 증가하였다. Lnngmuir 수치들은 흡착과정 동안의 엔트로피, 엔탈피, 자유에너지 변화량같은 열역학적 함수들을 계산하는데 이용되었다.

We investigate the reduction of SnO2 and the generation of syngas(H2, CO) using methane(CH4) and hydrogen(H2) or a mixed gas of methane and hydrogen as a reducing gas. When methane is used as a reducing gas, carbon is formed by the decomposition of methane on the reduced Sn surface, and the amount of generated carbon increases as the amount and time of the supply of methane increases. However, when hydrogen is used as a reducing gas, carbon is not generated. High purity Sn of 99.8 % and a high recovery rate of Sn of 93 % are obtained under all conditions. The effects of reducing gas species and the gas mixing ratio on the purity and recovery of Sn are not significantly different, but hydrogen is somewhat more effective in increasing the purity and recovery rate of Sn than methane. When 1 mole of methane and 1 mole of hydrogen are mixed, a product gas with an H2/CO value of 2, which is known to be most useful as syngas, is obtained.

This study investigates the viability of using a Na-ion battery with a tin(Sn) anode to mitigate the vulnerability caused by volume changes during discharge and charge cycling. In general, the volume changes of carbon material do not cause any instability during intercalation into its layer structure. Sn has a high theoretical capacity of 847 mAh g−1. However, it expands dramatically in the discharge process by alloying Na-Sn, placing the electrode under massive internal stress, and particularly straining the binder over the elastic limit. The repeating strain results in loss of active material and its electric contact, as well as capacity decrease. This paper expands the scope of fabrication of Na-ion batteries with Sn by fabricating the binder as an auxetic structure with a unique feature: a negative Poisson ratio (NPR), which increases the resistance to internal stress in the Na-Sn alloying/de-alloying processes. Electrochemical tests and micrograph images of auxetic and common binders are used to compare dimensional and structural differences. Results show that the capacity of an auxetic-structured Sn electrode is much larger than that of a Sn electrode with a common-structured binder. Furthermore, using an auxetic structured Sn electrode, stability in discharge and charge cycling is obtained.

본고에서는 『자류주석』어별류에 나타나는 어류 명칭에 대한 한자학적 접근으로 먼저『자류주석』에 나타나는 다양한 어류가 어떠한 의미 기준으로 분류·수록하였는지 살펴보고, 『자류주석』의 한문 주석을 통해 어류의 종류 및 특징을 고찰하였다. 그리고 『자류주석』한문 주석만으로 어류의 종류와 특징을 밝히기 어려운 경우 『우해이어보』·『자산어보』·『난호어목지』등의 문헌 자료를 참고하여 어류의 속성을 파악하여 각 어류가 지니는 다양한 명칭 및 이름의 어원 등에 대한 의미를 분석하였다. 『자류주석』어별류에 나타나는 어종은 ‘슈어’, ‘방어’, ‘련어’, ‘청어’, ‘부어’ 등으로 44종이다. 이러한 어종의 명칭은 대부분 ‘-어’계의 어휘 구조를 가지고 있고, ‘-치’계는 ‘쥰치’로 하나 밖에 없다. 그리고 ‘쑈가리’, ‘젹이’, ‘모묻이’, ‘구’, ‘가물티’ 등은 기타 어휘 구조도 12개 존재한다. 그리고 『자류주석』어류 명칭은 ‘鱘’, ‘鯼’, ‘䱕’ 등 한자어 어류 명칭이 많았고, 참조한 문헌에서 한글 또는 다른 한자어로 사용되는 이명(異名), 별명(別名), 속명(俗名) 등의 다양한 어류 명칭을 살펴볼 수 있다. 기본적으로 표준어형을 바탕으로 지역에 따른 다양한 방언형이 나타나며, 색깔, 모양, 크기, 맛과 질, 서식지, 습성, 촉감, 용도 등에 따라 다양한 명명 어휘가 발달해 있었다. 그리고 이 중에는 『표준국어대사전』이나 19세기 어류 총서인 『우해이어보』·『자산어보』·『난호어목지』에 수록되지 않은 어종도 있었으며, 이후 잡지나 신문에 게재된 기사 내용을 통해 그 흔적을 찾아볼 수 있는 어종도 있었다. 이처럼 바다 생물어 중 어류 명칭 어휘의 목록체계화 작업은 우리말의 어휘장을 풍부하게 해주는 기초 작업이 될 것이다.

Sb-doped SnO2 (ATO) transparent conducting films are fabricated using horizontal ultrasonic spray pyrolysis deposition (HUSPD) to form uniform and compact film structures with homogeneously supplied precursor solution. To optimize the molar concentration and transparent conducting performance of the ATO films using HUSPD, we use precursor solutions of 0.15, 0.20, 0.25, and 0.30 M. As the molar concentration increases, the resultant ATO films exhibit more compact surface structures because of the larger crystallite sizes and higher ATO crystallinity because of the greater thickness from the accelerated growth of ATO. Thus, the ATO films prepared at 0.25 M have the best transparent conducting performance (12.60±0.21 Ω/□ sheet resistance and 80.83% optical transmittance) and the highest figure-of-merit value (9.44±0.17 × 10-3 Ω-1). The improvement in transparent conducting performance is attributed to the enhanced carrier concentration by the improved ATO crystallinity and Hall mobility with the compact surface structure and preferred (211) orientation, ascribed to the accelerated growth of ATO at the optimized molar concentration. Therefore, ATO films fabricated using HUSPD are transparent conducting film candidates for optoelectronic devices.

『자류주석』의 전거가 된 『훈몽자회』의 각 표제자를 『자류주석』에서 찾아 그 분류항목을 비교하여 분류항목의 분할과 통합의 양상을 살펴보았다. 먼저 분류 항목의 통합은 『훈몽자회』에서 여러 부류에 분류되어 나타나던 표제자가 『자류주석』에서는 하나의 부류에 분류 수록 되어 나타나는 현상을 말한다. 『자류주석』에서 하나로 통합되어 나타나는 『훈몽자회』 의 여 러 부류를 살펴보면 그 부류 역시 의미적으로 연관성이 있는 것으로 『자류주석』에서 『훈몽자회』의 여러 부류들을 하나로 통합할 수 있는 보다 폭넓은 의미 범주의 분류항목이 설정되어 통합이 이루어졌음을 알 수 있다. 그리고 분류항목의 분할은 『훈몽자회』에서 하나의 부류에 수록된 표제자가 『자류주석』의 여러 부류에 나타나는 분할의 양상을 말한다. 이러한 분류항 목의 분할은 『훈몽자회』에서 일반적이고 포괄적인 의미로 분류항목이 설정되었다면 『자류주석』에서는 보다 구체적이고 개별적인 의미로 분류항목이 설정되어 이루어졌음을 알 수 있다. 이처럼 『자류주석』에서는 『훈몽자회』에 수록된 한자들의 의미 구분을 매우 정밀하게 하여 분할과 통합이 이루어졌음을 알 수 있다.

Fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) coated NiCrAl alloy foam is fabricated using ultrasonic spray pyrolysis deposition (USPD). To confirm the influence of the FTO layer on the NiCrAl alloy foam, we investigated the structural, chemical, and morphological properties and chemical resistance by using USPD to adjust the FTO coating time (12, 18, and 24 min). As a result, when an FTO layer was coated for 24 min on NiCrAl alloy foam, it was found to have an enhanced chemical resistance compared to those of the other samples. This improvement in the chemical resistance of using USPD NiAlCr alloy foam can be the result of the existence of an FTO layer, which can act as a protection layer between the NiAlCr alloy foam and the electrolyte and also the result of the increased thickness of the FTO layer, which enhances the diffusion length of the metal ion.

According to the growth of internet technology, people can experience the various internet services. Especially, SNS(Social Network Service) is an online platform that is used by people to build social networks or social relations with other people who share personal interests, activities or real-life connections using their photos. In this paper, we propose a new photomosaic method that considers social network information. The proposed algorithm to make photomosaic using photos belonging to users who were connected to each other in SNS. In order to realized this, matching function is proposed for considering relationship of users who had close connections to the user, and who were annotated in up-loaded image.