현행 신탁법은 우리 사회가 고령화사회로 급격하게 진행됨에 따라 피 상속인의 의사를 최대한 반영함과 더불어 유연한 재산승계제도를 구축하 기 위하여 구 신탁법에 없던 유언대용신탁을 전격 도입하였다. 신탁법 제59조에서 규정하고 있는 유언대용신탁은 위탁자의 사망 시에 수익자로 지정된 자가 수익권을 취득하는 신탁 또는 위탁자의 사망 이후 에 수익자가 신탁재산으로부터 급부를 받는 신탁을 의미한다. 유언대용신 탁의 도입 이후 관련 시장은 빠르게 성장하고 있고, 필연적으로 유언대 용신탁을 둘러싼 분쟁 또한 증가하는 추세이다. 대법원 2024. 4. 16. 선 고 2022다307294 판결은 이러한 배경에서, ① 유언대용신탁에 있어 수 탁자가 신탁재산에 관한 유일한 수익자가 되는 신탁은 허용될 수 없다고 판단하는 한편, ② 위와 같은 신탁이 설정된 경우 신탁법 제5조 제2항이 규율하고 있는 목적이 위법하거나 불능인 신탁에 해당하여 무효라는 점 을 분명히 하고, 나아가 ③ 이러한 경우라 하더라도 위탁자가 사망하기 전 수익자를 위탁자로 지정하여 수탁자로 하여금 신탁재산을 관리 또는 운용하도록 한 부분은 신탁법 제5조 제3항에 따라 유효하게 존속할 수 있는 가능성이 존재한다는 점을 최초로 확인하였다는 점에서 그 의의가 적지 않다. 다만 잔여재산수익자와 귀속권리자는 엄격히 구별되는 개념이라는 점 을 고려하면 위 판결이 파기환송심에서 추가적으로 심리가 필요한 대상 을 지적하는 과정에서 귀속권리자만 언급하고 잔여재산수익자를 누락한 점과 신탁행위상 잔여재산수익자나 귀속권리자에 관한 지정이 없는 상황 에서 신탁법 제101조 제2항의 유추적용 가능성을 판단하지 않은 점 등 은 아쉬운 대목이다.

This study aims to examine how the body and clothing of Jesus Christ are represented in the Russian Transfiguration of Christ icons of the 15th and 16th centuries and why it is considered to have established a distinct Russian iconography free from Byzantine influence. The study analyzes the Russian icons comparing them with their Byzantine prototypes to identify the distinctive ‘Russianness’ of the representation. The research methods comprise a qualitative analysis of the literature on Russian Orthodoxy, Russian icons, Christian theology, and Christ’s clothing and an empirical analysis of the icons. The scope of the study is limited to Russian icons from the 15th and 16th centuries and Byzantine icons from the 9th century onwards. The study found that, compared to Byzantine icons, the Russian icons exhibit a more elongated body, darker facial features, and lighter clothing. A statistical analysis using the Mann-Whitney U test further revealed that the Russian icons feature a stiffer, simpler form, more opaque material, and more defined clothing boundaries. These stylistic differences suggest that the ‘Russianness’ in the expression of Christ’s body and clothing in the Transfiguration of Christ icons derives from creativity, abstractness, and tradition. Rather than a simple recreation of the historical Christ or adherence to the Byzantine tradition, the Russian iconographic representation emphasizes Christ's transfiguration into a luminous form, as described in the Bible, accentuating his divine nature over his human aspects.

In this paper, a shot peening was conducted to improve fatigue life by increasing resistance to hydrogen embrittlement of STS316 steel, which is widely used in hydrogen environments. First, considering the efficiency of the shot peening process, an effective Almen intensity was selected and applied to the specimen surface. Second, the specimen was hydrogen embrittled at room temperature (25°C) and high temperature (60°C) using electrochemical hydrogen charging. Third, the mechanical property tests (tensile, hardness, roughness) and 4-points rotational bending fatigue tests of the specimen were performed. All mechanical properties decreased, but the fatigue life of the shot peened specimens improved at the both temperature conditions. Ultimately, the fatigue characteristics against hydrogen embrittlement of STS316 steel, which is used in various industrial fields, are improved through an effective shot peening process, and the effect is believed to be very significant.

Molten salt reactors represent a promising advancement in nuclear technology due to their potential for enhanced safety, higher efficiency, and reduced nuclear waste. However, the development of structural materials that can survive under severe corrosion environments is crucial. In the present work, pure Ni was deposited on the surface of 316H stainless steel using a directed energy deposition (DED) process. This study aimed to fabricate pure Ni alloy layers on an STS316H alloy substrate. It was observed that low laser power during the deposition of pure Ni on the STS316H substrate could induce stacking defects such as surface irregularities and internal voids, which were confirmed through photographic and SEM analyses. Additionally, the diffusion of Fe and Cr elements from the STS316H substrate into the Ni layers was observed to decrease with increasing Ni deposition height. Analysis of the composition of Cr and Fe components within the Ni deposition structures allows for the prediction of properties such as the corrosion resistance of Ni.

이미지 분석을 통한 재료의 상 구분은 재료의 미세구조 분석을 위해 필수적이다. 이미지 분석에 주로 사용되는 마이크로-CT 이미 지는 대체로 재료를 구성하고 있는 상에 따라 회색조 값이 다르게 나타나므로 이미지의 회색조 값 비교를 통해 상을 구분한다. 순환골 재의 고체상은 수화된 시멘트풀과 천연골재로 구분되는데, 시멘트풀과 천연골재는 CT이미지 상에서 유사한 회색조 분포를 보여 상 을 구분하기 어렵다. 본 연구에서는 Unet-VGG16 네트워크를 활용하여 순환골재 CT 이미지로부터 천연골재를 분할하는 자동화 방법 을 제안하였다. 딥러닝 네트워크를 활용하여 2차원 순환골재 CT 이미지로부터 천연골재 영역을 분할하는 방법과 이를 3차원으로 적 층하여 3차원 천연골재 이미지를 얻는 방법을 제시하였다. 선별된 3차원 천연골재 이미지에서 각각의 골재 입자를 분할하기 위해 이 미지 필터링을 사용하였다. 골재 영역 분할 성능을 정확도, 정밀도, 재현율 F1 스코어를 통해 검증하였다.

Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a serious pest of stored products. We assessed the efficacy of combined application of Beauveria bassiana AAD16 and azadirachtin against P. interpunctella under laboratory conditions by using filter paper dipping method. P. interpunctella larvae showed lowest LT50 in combined application of AAD16 and azadirachtin compared to the application of only azadirachtin. The mycosis rate of P. interpunctella larvae was 100% after 14 days of the combined application while AAD16 only application showed 93%. These findings suggest that B. bassiana AAD16 and azadirachtin combined solution can be an effective controlling technique against P. interpunctella larvae.

Major pests of greenhouse strawberry include Tetranychus kanzawai (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) causing significant damage in both yield and quality. We compared control efficacy of two entomopathogenic fungus strains of Beauveria bassiana, AAD16 and GHA, against T. kanzawai and B. tabaci. Both fungus were applied as a foliar spray targeting the undersides of leaves. In preliminary studies in the laboratory, adult T. kanzawai and B. tabaci showed lower LT50 values when treated with AAD16 strain compared to GHA. In the greenhouse, the densities of the both mites (adult and nymph) and whiteflies (adult) were significantly reduced with the application of the two fungus strains compared to the control. The mycosis rate was 88-94% in T. kanzawai and 48-59% in B. tabaci on collected leaves. These findings suggest that Beauveria bassiana AAD16 can be an effective mycoinsecticide against both T. kanzawai and B. tabaci.

The genus Acronicta Ochsenheimer, 1816 is known as a forest pest. The acronictine species is widely distributed across the Afrotropical, Oriental, Australian, and Neartic regions. This study presents a new record of an acronictine species from Korea, including descriptions, illustrations, and diagnostic characteristics. Additionally, the CO1 barcode data of the newly recorded species is compared with the global barcode reference at the species level. New data on the recently recorded species has been obtained from this study. This information will aid in the prompt identification and preparation for potential pest outbreaks.

Flower chafers (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) are globally distributed, comprising approximately 4,000 described species. They primarily feed on nectar and sap of deciduous trees. The larvae exhibit the unique characteristic of crawling on their backs, distinguishing them from other scarabs. Additionally, the majority of flower chafers fly with their elytra closed, unlike other scarabs that fly with fully opened wings. Šípek et al. (2016) conducted the first molecular phylogenetic study to investigate their phylogenetic relationships and characters of elytra related to the flight mode. Building upon this study, we infer the diversification times and rates of Cetoniinae and its subgroups, and reconstruct the evolutionary process of flight mode transformation. Furthermore, we discuss the current limitations and future directions of this topic.

16세기에 제작된 초기 낙중낙외도 병풍의 고찰을 통하여 사방위와 사계절을 결합하여 표 현되는 3차원의 시공간 표현의 기원을 살펴보았다. 동아시아에서는 예로부터 사계절의 순환 을 통한 새로운 봄의 시각화는 우주 만물의 순조로운 운행과 이상향을 상징하는 주제였다. 특히 정월은 해가 바뀌고 처음으로 돌아오는 달로 새해의 풍년과 안녕을 기원하는 중요한 시 기이며, 12달 중에 예축적인 세시풍속이 가장 많이 집중된 달이었다. 이 기념비적인 병풍은 초토화된 교토를 재건하면서 도시의 번영을 기원하고 예축하는 의미를 지녔다. 초기 낙중낙 외도 병풍의 곳곳에 이들의 예축활동이 세밀하게 묘사된 것은 도시도 병풍이라는 매체가 지 닌 예축의 기능에 충실히 부합하는 선택된 화제였다고 생각된다. 16세기의 낙중낙외도 병풍에는 사방사계의 아름다움으로 장엄미를 강조하는 중세회화의 면모와 미시적이고 다양한 인간 양태의 묘사에 집중하는 근세 풍속화로의 태동이 모두 감지 된다는 점에서 그 의의를 찾을 수 있다.

Along This paper deals with research on firearm barrel processing and aims to improve firearm performance, accuracy, and machinability. The barrel is one of the key parts of a firearm and has a direct impact on shaping the trajectory of ammunition. In particular, durability and reliability are required due to the enormous heat generated as the bullet passes through. In this study, experiments were conducted under the processing conditions used in barrel processing to identify and analyze the characteristics. Various technologies and methods were investigated and analyzed. To achieve this, the cutting force generated during conventional barrel processing was measured to determine the level of stress on the material. In addition, we determined the suitability of tools and cutting conditions used in metal processing to identify conditions that can maximize productivity. This paper is expected to contribute to improving firearm performance by suggesting a plan to optimize processing conditions to the firearms manufacturing industry. Additionally, it can be used as a reference for barrel processing by other researchers.

Liquified hydrogen is considered a new energy resource to replace conventional fossil fuels due to environmental regulations by the IMO. When building tank for the storage and transportation of liquified hydrogen, materials need to withstand temperatures of -253°C, which is even lower than that of LNG (-163°C). Austenitic stainless steel mainly used to build liquified hydrogen tank. When building the tanks, both the base material and welding zone need to have excellent strength in cryogenic condition, however, manual arc welding has several issues due to prolonged exposure of the base material to high temperatures. Laser welding, which has some benefits like short period of exposure time and decrease of thermal affected zone, is used many industries. In this study, laser bead on plate welding was conducted to determine the laser butt welding conditions for STS 304 and STS 316L steels. After the BOP test, cross-section observations were conducted to measure and compare four bead parameters. These tendency result of laser BOP test can be used as conditions laser butt welding of STS 304 and STS 316L steel.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease that arises from an abnormal increase in histiocytes. Due to its rare occurrence, the diagnosis of LCH is often delayed or missed. This report presents a case of LCH in a 16-month-old girl. After biopsy, the patient’s previous medical records were obtained. The records described the presence of a yellowish plaque on the forehead since birth, a characteristic feature of LCH. Earlier knowledge of this medical history would have helped facilitate the diagnosis of LCH. This report aims to inform clinicians of the clinical and histopathological features of LCH in order to aid in the early diagnosis of this disease, which can occur in infancy.

This study evaluated a potential sterilization process that uses calcium hypochlorite (Ca(ClO)2) as a disinfectant and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a neutralizing agent for monoculture processes of microalgae (Nannochloropsis oculata). The results showed that no contaminants (prokaryote) were present when the Ca(ClO)2 concentration was greater than 0.010%. The use of an equivalent amount of H2O2 completely neutralized Ca(ClO)2 and had an additional bactericidal effect because of the formation of singlet oxygen. No substantial difference was observed in the biomass accumulation and chlorophyll contents compared to those in cultures sterilized using conventional physical methods such as autoclaving. Therefore, chemical sterilization using Ca(ClO)2 and H2O2 has an excellent economic advantage, and we expect the proposed ecofriendly chemical sterilization method to become a critical culture technology for microalgae-related industrialization.

The ladybird beetles have been used as biological control agents against several pest species. The aim of this study is to evaluate the compatibility between ladybird beetles and an entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin AAD16. The virulence of AAD16 strain was compared with that of commercial GHA strain on three developmental stages of two coccinellids; Harmonia axyridis Pallas and Chilocorus stigma Say. The topical application method was used for both adult and larval stage while dipping method was used for egg stage. The LT50 and mycosis rate for all life stages of two ladybird beetles tested were not significant between AAD16 and GHA strain. In larval stage, the mycosis rates of H. axyridis and C. stigma were 36 and 40% and 63 and 60% in AAD16 and GHA strain. In adult stage, the mycosis rates of H. axyridis (male and female) and C. stigma (unsexed) were 20, 23, and 23% and 26, 30, and 30% in AAD16 and GHA strain, respectively. Therefore, the two predatory coccinellids could be compatible with these two fungus strains due to their relatively lower mycosis rate.

Spodoptera litura Fabricius, 1775 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a serious crop pest with a long-distance migratory flight. To date, the DNA barcode region has been widely used in genetic diversity analysis studies of Spodoptera litura. However, the DNA barcode region showed maximum variation rate of S. litura, which from 18 regions in South Korea, was 0.608% (nine haplotypes) in previous study. In this study, four mitochondrial genes (ND4, ND4L, ND1, 16s rRNA) have higher intra-specific variation rates than the DNA barcode region. Among the four genes, The variation rate of the 16s rRNA region was confirmed to be a minimum of 0.203% (2bp) and a maximum of 1.824% (18bp). Finally, the 16s rRNA region with the highest PCR amplification efficiency and highest variation rate was selected as a high-efficiency molecular marker.