본 논문은 예수회 선교사들이 16-18세기에 서양 원근법 관련 저서를 중국에 들여오게 된 과정과 맥락을 페어하렌의 『북당 도서관 목록』을 중심으로 고찰해 보았다. 『북당 도서관 목록』에는 예수회 선교 사들이 서양 서적을 매개로 중국의 황제나 사대부층과 대화하려는 접촉점을 마련하려 했던 역사와 노력이 반영되어 있다. 또한, 이 목록에 있는 원근법 저서의 저자와 내용을 살펴보면, 예수회 선교사들이 서양 의 예술 분야의 책뿐만 아니라, 광학, 수학, 천문학 분야의 최신 서적을 통해 중국 지식인들의 관심을 끌어서 하나님의 창조질서나 본성에 관심을 가지게 하려는 선교적 의도가 반영되어 있다. 한편 명말 청초의 중국 지식인층은 서양의 천문학이나 지리학, 수학, 기하학, 예술기법으 로서의 원근법에 커다란 관심을 가졌고, 원근법 책을 번역하는 작업에 도 관심을 가졌다. 물론 서양 선교사들이 중국 지식층에게 서양 학문을매개로 하나님을 알아가게 했던 노력은 의도한 만큼 큰 효과를 거두지는 못했다. 하지만 이러한 문서선교를 통해서 중국의 지식인 계층이 서양 의 학문과 기독교를 좀 더 주체적으로 번역하고 확산할 수 있는 기초작업 을 했다고 본다.

본 논문은 도메니코 갈로(Domenico Gallo, 18세기 중엽 활동)의 트리오 소나타에 나오는 다양 한 양식을 연구한 글이다. 18세기는 음악이 빠르게 변하였던 시기였기 때문에 옛 양식과 새로운 양식을 구분하는 경향이 있었고, 일반적으로 이것을 학자 양식과 갈랑 양식이라고 불렀다. 그러나 본 논문에서 필자는 갈로의 곡을 이해하기 위해서는 조성 체계 역시 반드시 고려하여야 한다고 주장하였으며 이를 위해 레너드 라트너(Leonard Ratner)가 언급한 솔라 시스템과 폴라 시스템이 라는 관점을 사용하였다. 이 과정에서 갈로의 트리오 소나타를 형식에 따라 네 가지로 구분하였 으며, 이들 중 순환 2부 형식, 단조로 된 2부 형식, 푸가 형식에 속하는 다섯 곡을 골라 개별 곡에 나타난 음악 양식의 특징들을 논의하였다. 이를 위해 로버트 여딩엔(Robert Gjerdingen)의 스키마 이론을 이용하였으며, 그 결과 갈로가 이 곡들에서 네 가지 양식들을 여러 방식으로 조합하고 있 음을 확인하였다.

This study is designed to compensate for the lack of children’s clothing relics from the early 18th century and to reproduce young upper-class girls’ costume as hanbok content. The shapes and materials of costumes are based on the record of Sukjongsilrok  in 1701 and the characteristics of adult ladie’s costume relics in this period, but reproduced as miniatures of these relics as like Joseon children’s clothing of another period. The reproduced costumes are formal wear for 3~4 year-old girls, consisting of yeoui [女衣], long unlined skirts, and lined skirts. Sizes were set at a height ratio of approximately 155:95. Yeoui is sam-hoejang-jeogori using pine pollencolored damask with a grape-squirrel pattern and a purple damask with flowertreasure pattern. The full length of yeoui is 24.5cm. It has a square-dangko outer collar with square inner collar. The long unlined skirt is a six-width overskirt that is 82cm long, made with lotus patterned sa. The lined skirt is a five-width skirt that is 61.3cm made with flower-treasure patterned red damask and ju. Several long pleats on both sides of these two skirts have been omitted. The result provides meaningful content for children’s clothing in the early 18th century and will be used as costume for an educational trial performance.

Uiwon-gun (1661-1722) and Sim Ikchang (1652-1725) were people of the upper classes of the Joseon Dynasty, who’s belts woven with thread were found in their graves. The purpose of this study is to find a term suitable for the belts of these two people and to reveal the characteristics of the two belts and decipher the 8-character text marked on Shim Ikchang’s belt to understand its meaning. The terms used during the Joseon Dynasty related to woven belts include “Gwangdaho”, “Daeja”, “Bunhapdae”, “Sagagda”, “Bangseungah”, and “Samunjikdae”. Among these terms, “Gwangdahoe” is the most suitable to indicate the belts of for both belts. The belts are made of a silk fabric of narrow width. The size of Uiwon-gun’s belt is 2.8× 199cm, and because it is folded in half lengthwise and sewn, the original width is 8cm. It was woven in the imitation gauze technique. Sim Ik-chang’s belt measures 10.5×258cm and is decorated with a woven net at the end. There are water and mountain patterns on both ends of the belt, with 11 lines of flower patterns equally spaced between. The belt is damask, the inscription part is made of brocade with letters expressed in golden thread. The meaning of the inscription is “Made in Hanbu. May you live a long and healthy life”.

본문은 속성이 다른 관요와 민요에서 동시에 나타나는 영롱자기(玲瓏瓷器)의 예를 통해 먼저 17세기 전반 동서무역항로에 이런 작품들이 유통된 것을 검토하고, 이어 관련 양식에 대한 기원과 변화를 논하고자 한다. 그리고 마지막으로 18세기 건륭(乾隆)년간 관요에서 영 롱투각쌍층기[玲瓏鏤空雙層器]를 생산하게 된 경위와 독도관(督陶官)이 황제를 위해 새롭 게 해석한 신양식에 대하여 재고찰하고자 한다.

Since its construction in the late 14th century, Hanyangdoseong had been carried out three major repairs and reconstructions during the 500 years of the Joseon Dynasty. In addition to the large-scale construction, small-scale construction continued until King Gojong era. In particular, in the 18th century, systematic construction management was implemented by the craftsmen and the military participated in the renovation of Hanyangdoseong in earnest, and the construction methods also developed rapidly. In the early 18th century, new construction techniques were attempted in various sections of the reconstruction work, and gradually became a common technology for repairing Hanyangdoseong in the late 18th century. The purpose of this study is to examine the characteristics and period of changes in the 18th century's construction technique, when the rapid development of Hanyangdoseong took place. To this end, the excavation results related to Hanyangdoseong, the remaining city wall, and the inscribed stones were used to identify and demonstrate the characteristics and change of the construction method.

This is a study on the structural changes of the tumulus and causes setting up a Sabangseok at the front of the tumulus at the royal tomb in the JoSeon dynasty, during the 17th~18th centuries. The Sabangseok was first used in the tumulus of Mongnueng(穆陵) in 1630. It is a multipurpose stone for boundary, foundation of the tumulus and blocking the sliding down of the tumulus. It was set up, when constructing a Yeongneung(寧陵) in 1673. But the vast spill of tumulus soil made it improve structure of the Sabangseok. Consequently, when the Yeongneung was re-constructed, the structure of the tumulus was fundamentally improved. The soil layer on the lime of the subterranean chamber became eliminated. Also the lime of the tumulus and the lime of the subterranean chamber became a united structure. The Sabangseok was still used until 1757 on account of precedents, although it would become unnecessary after structural improvement of the tumulus in 1673. In 1757, Yeongjo(The 21th monarch of the Joseon Dynasty) commanded repeal on the use of the Sabangseok, when constructing the Hongneung(tomb of Queen Jeongseong) . The decision and discussions about abolition on the use of the Sabangseok was recorded in Gukjosangryebopyeon.

18세기 중반 프랑스 미술계는 ‘대중’의 탄생, 고전고대 예술에 관한 새로운 시각의 태동, 왕립회화조각아카데미의 이론적·교육적 재편성에 따라 전환기를 맞이한다. 여기서 풍부한 교양, 학식, 그리고 ‘안목’과 더불어 때로는 기예까지도 갖춘 애호가(amateur)라는 특수한 직업군은 동시대 예술 창작뿐만 아니라 서술의 영역에서도 점차 고유의 영향력을 확대해간다. 켈뤼스 백작 (Comte de Caylus)는 본래 고고학자, 판화가, 작가로 더 잘 알려진 인물로서 답사 여행과 유물 수집, 그리고 유럽의 여러 고문헌학자·수집가·감식가들과의 교류를 통해 획득한 고전고대에 대한 지식, 열정적 강연과 집필 활동을 바탕으로 아카데미라는 제도적 틀 안에 애호가로서 안착한다. 본 논문은 애호가이자 미술이론가로서 켈뤼스의 초상을 그려보고, 그의 주요 강연과 출판물 을 미술비평이라는 새로운 글쓰기의 관점에서 분석한다. 이어서 과연 애호가가 미술비평의 정당한 주체가 될 수 있는지, 또 미술비평의 관점에서 과거를 대하는 방식을 논의하는 데 켈뤼스라는 ‘보편적 지식인’이 이바지한 바를 그의 아카데미 강연과 저작을 통해 탐구할 것이다. 궁극적으로 본 논문은 과거를 파악하고 활용하는 일련의 지적 작업의 변천을 추적하는 데 미술비평이 어떠한 단서를 제공할 수 있을지를 가늠해보고자 한다.

The purpose of this study is to research about the construction of Chiseong around the Heunginjimun Gate area in the 18th century. the conclusions derived from the historical evidence of the number, location, size, and form, and construction method of Chiseong was as follows. First, the Chiseong(Square-shaped lookout) of Hanyangdoseong was built in the 29th year of King Yeongjo(1753) and can be found in the national record. Five sites of the Chiseong are currently identified. It is assumed that the Foru was installed on top of some of the Chiseongs. Second, Chiseong was destroyed sequentially in the first half of the 20th century. Third, Chiseong is a rectangular in shape and six are constructed. Fourth, Sixth Chiseong could figure out through Hengryeopungsokdo, the drawing of Jeong Seon.

This paper sought to examine characteristics and differences of the construction methods and the materials of the wall repair by three command through individual command records and national documents. This paper is based on the management section of three commands(Samgunyoung), which was in charge of a repair and management of Hanyangdoseong(Seoul city wall) in 18th century. The purpose and background of the study are as follows. First, through each inscribed stones on the rampart and the parapet, it is to grasp accurately the point of change of Hanyangdoseng after the 18th century. Second, through inscribed stones, the site evidence of the repair work in the late Joseon Dynasty, it is to find out the aspects of the development process of repair and reconstruction technology of Hanyangdoseng.

As a result of reviewing various documents and existing researches, since the late Goryeo period, the most active period in the Ondol(溫突, Korean floor heating system) facilities is the 17th century. The phenomenological reason was recovering the buildings destroyed by the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592(壬辰倭亂]) & the Manchu War of 1636(丙子胡亂), but the underlying cause was an abnormal climate in which a pair of summer and winter cold continued. In the 17th century, as the Ondol facilities grew rapidly without distinction between regions and classes, the supply and demand of fuel caused economic and natural environmental problems. And a negative and positive view on Ondol was suggested. Since the middle of the 18th century, when the demand and supply of Ondol reached its peak, which could no longer increase, a new awareness of Ondol began to grow. The room was called the Panbang(板房)and the Ondol, depending on the material that made up the floor. It was considered natural to have the Ondol from this time on. The Incan(□火間) and Jo(竈) that were made to burn were started to be recorded as a kitchen, regardless of size and function. Changes in social awareness of Ondol have led to concerns about heating efficiency. A variety of architectural explorations were conducted. Such a search was later realized in concrete architectural form. There is a double Ondoll structure, and the column spacing is reduced compared to the previous one. The heat buffer space is formed around the Ondol room, and the double window can control the light and the air going in and out.

현재 우리가 살고 있는 세계는 기상이변으로 재해에 대해 예측하기 어렵지만 조선시대에는 더욱 어려웠을 것으로 예상된다. 1662년 부사 허목이 쓴 『陟州誌』 에는 17세기 중기 삼척 기후에 대한 일면이 서술되어 있고, 또 沈宜昇이 쓴 『삼척군지』에는 삼척의 기후에 대하여 기술하고 있다. 삼척지역은 이상기후와 그로 인한 자연재해가 빈번하게 발생하였고, 이러한 자연재해는 농업생산과 식량부족 현상을 초래하였다. 『陟州先生案』은 다른 지방의 읍 선생안과는 달리 내용이 다양하고 풍부하다. 그러므로 본 글은 『陟州先生案』을 통해 삼척지역에 대한 자연 재해를 좀 더 면밀히 살펴볼 수 있었으며 자연재해에 대한 府使·民의 대응도 검토하였다.

This research focuses on the cadastre and cartographic tradition regarding the representation of Rome that had lasted until the middle of 18th Century. Since the early period of Roman Republic until the early 18th Century, map was considered as a effective medium to record the status of urban facts and also a manifestation of changing perception of reality. These facts allow to diagnose social and conventional changes that had occurred in the field of representation techniques and methodologies derived from diverse intention and objective in elaboration of each map. Cartography also has affinity to architectural drawing as many categories of individuals are involved, clients, researchers, craftsmen, publisher and collectors. Fundamental task of documenting the contemporary physical reality was given to the map, however, as architects had practiced through the drawings, cartographers also reconstruct in subjective way specific buildings and urban aspects according to various needs and demands. As such, philology and imagination play important role as two constitute extreme poles in the evolution of the cadastre. Through analysis of paradigmatic examples in the genealogy of cartography of Rome, it was possible to understand the changing episteme that testify the mentality and custom in the field of visual representation.

흔히 근대 개신교 선교운동은 18세기말 윌리엄 캐리(William Carey, 1761-1834)로부터 시작되었다고들 한다. 그러나 이는 사실이 아니다. 바톨로뮤 지겐발크(Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg, 1682-1719) 와 하인리히 플뤼챠우(Heinrich Plütschau, 1675-1752)의 선교사역 이 캐리보다 100년 가까이 앞서기 때문이다. 본 논문은 1706년부터 1745년까지 인도 남부에서 추진된 덴마크-할레 선교회의 사역을 재정 적으로 후원했던 영국 성공회 선교부의 선교협력을 살핀 후에 선교지에 서의 선교협력이 근대 선교운동에 미치는 선교적 함의를 생각해 본다. 인도 트랭크바르로 파송된 독일 루터파 선교사들의 독일어 선교편지는 영어를 비롯하여 화란어, 불어 등으로 번역되어 덴마크 코펜하겐, 독일 베를린, 할레, 영국 런던 등지에 널리 배포되었다. 그 결과 할레 선교보고 서는 유럽 개신교회에 해외선교에 대한 관심을 촉발시켰다. 덴마크-할 레 선교사들은 독일 경건주의 본산인 할레대학에서 훈련받은 후 덴마크 루터파교회의 파송을 받았으며 이후 재정적인 어려움에 처했을 때에 영국 성공회 선교기관인 기독교지식보급협회(SPCK)의 도움을 받았다. 트랭크바르를 중심으로 전개된 초교파 선교협력은 세계선교 역사상 최초의 에큐메니칼 사업으로 평가할 수 있다. 덴마크-할레 선교회의 선교협력은 19세기 개신교 선교운동과 20세기 에큐메니칼 협력선교의 좋은 모델을 제시해주고 있다.

우리 도자의 역사에서 고려시대 청자의 대표를 梅甁이라 한다면 조 선시대 백자는 龍樽이라 할 수 있다. 청화로 그린 용준은 조선의 개국 이후 체제가 정비되고 儀禮와 관련 器皿制式이 정립되는 첫 단계부터 조선왕조의 마지막까지 기본 골격을 준수하면서 시종일관 하였다. 따라서 청화용준을 조선백자의 상징이며 중심적 존재라고 하는 데 이의는 없을 것이다. 그런데, 그간에 연구 경향은 17세기에 청화재료 수급이 어려워지면서假畵와 鐵畵재료인 石間硃를 썼고 또 그러한 상황이 오래 지속 되었 다는 전제 아래 ‘철화백자의 시대’라는 입장을 견지해 왔다. 결국 이러한 입장을 취함으로서 조선백자의 근간으로 조형의 중심을 이끌며 일정한 방향으로 전개되어 온 청화용준이 일백년 가까이 단절되었고 다시 18세기에 새롭게 구성한 조형체계로 재등장 했다는 말이 되는데, 이러한 인식은 조선 중, 후기 백자의 전개에서 조형정신의 계승은 물론 조선사회 를 구성하는 지적 엘리트들의 일정한 美意識을 규명하는데 심각한 장 애요인으로 작용할 가능성이 높다고 생각한다. 이 글은 임진란 이후 광해군11년(1619)에 와서 어렵게 청화를 구하여 용준 제작이 가능해졌고 이후 왕실의 雙龍樽제작은 19세기까지 지속 되었다는 전제를 바탕으로 시작되었다. 그리고 현존하는 조선중기, 후기 청화백자 쌍용준의 조형적 특징을 기준으로 여섯 유형으로 나누고 각각 의 성격을 분석했으며, 여기서 分院窯址出土철화용준의 절대편년 자 료를 대입하여 분류 기준의 당위성도 확인하였다. 조선시대 철화백자는 사용주체도 달랐고 명분도 분명히 달랐다. 철화는 청화와 함께 상하관계를 유지하며 동일한 시공간에서 각각 다른 조 형의장을 계승하면서 일정기간 동안 공존하였다고 볼 수 있다. 이상적 인 계급사회의 정착을 추구했던 조선의 司饔院分院에서 정통성을 갖 는 청화백자와는 전혀 다른 위치와 기능으로 17세기 동안 독자적 철화 백자의 조형체계를 확립했고 곧 이어 간소화 쇠퇴하면서 지방 民窯로 이전되는 과정을 거치게 된다. 조선시대 백자의 대표격인 용준의 조형체계를 밝히는 일은 조선백자 의 근간을 밝히는 근거를 마련한다는 점에서 의미있는 일이다. 조선 전 기에 다양한 형태로 전개되고 있었던 樽은 17세기 전기를 지나면서 한 가지로 통합 되는데 그 과정에서 청화백자 쌍용준의 역할이 절대적이었 다. 제작 주체였던 사대부들의 관심이 제왕의 쌍용준에 있었을 가능성 이 높기 때문이다. 士大夫들은 이 용준에 용 그림 대신 四君子와 花鳥, 山水, 人物, 魚 蟹, 十長生등 새로운 그림들을 敎化와 祈福의 기능을 존중하면서 그려 넣었다. 따라서 용 그림 주변에서 莊嚴을 상징했던 당초, 여의두, 劍形 蓮瓣같은 종속문양대를 생략하거나 단순화하는 것이 신하로서 사대부 가 지켜야 할 도리라고 생각했던 것 같다. 조선후기 上品畵樽가운데 검형연판문대를 갖춘 예가 박병래선생 기증품 <白磁靑畵山水文樽>(높 이 38.1) 한 점밖에 없다는 사실이 그러한 제작 분위기를 설명해 주고 있다.

The tradition of the representative art style in the Sinosphere, Shanshui hua, expresses the traditional representation of the harmony and principle of the universe. This tradition is reflected in the Chinese garden. These Chinese gardens were precisely the three-dimension representations of Shanshui hua, a visual form of abstract expression of the oriental philosophical thinking. This research determines and draws attention to the vestiges of the reflection of Shanshui hua in the European gardens through visual art and culture. It will also approach the two subjects, Shanshui hua and garden, from a transcultural view to integrally analyze visual art. The appearance of Anglo-Chinese gardens, reflecting Shanshui hua, foreshowed a big change in traditional European gardens. This is a concrete example of the transcultural phenomenon. This has formed the typical naturally curved English gardens in the gardening history. This also divided these English gardens completely from the symmetrical, geometrical French gardens. This study considers the influence and the reverberation of Shanshui hua reflected on European gardens in the European culture. The cultural exchange of European and Chinese styles in the 18th century left an impact on the European gardening style history. Finally, this study analyzes the origin of these Anglo-Chinese gardens and its content to approach it with a transcultural view as a research methodology.

Capriccio which has emersed in Italy of the 18th century is a new genre of the landscape painting. This genre represents reality, but it is very artificial product correspondingly its concept and character. It's birth place is distributed on various regions in Italy, but the main stage was Rome. Till the middle of the 18th century Rome was the Holy city of the Grand tour, the home of the Neo-Classicism and furthermore the field where archaeology and art history began to be instituted. On such historical situation the Capriccio came out and was recognized as the best popular genre in the visual art. It was favor of the art collection with the antiquity together and reflected the consciousness of the contemporary to the ancient. This study will examine the phenomena in the newly-developed archaeology and with few representative works of Giovanni Paolo Pannini as central term consider the Capriccio and the archaeological connotation. The systematical and institutional archeology which appeared at the age of the Enlightenment, on the contrary to the critical theories at the same time against capriccio, because it was regarded by them as paradoxical and too much sensitive, utilized it as a theoretical method very actively. Some among Historians and archaeologists did it, especially Francesco Bianchini distinguished the capriccio from simple imagination and made it a capacity of the knowledge. And through it he wanted to find out the historical truth. The visual art was influenced and encouraged by such attitude of the archaeology. However it's output spreaded out in various courses. While Giovanni Battista Piranesi, the best known Capriccist of the 18th century, tried to revive the antique through the epical value and his own imagination, Pannini gave priority to the strict historical research. In the such context Panni succeed Giovanni Battista Nolli who made the great map of the city Rome. Their Capriccio profited motive and was inspired by the historians and archaeologists such as Bianchini and Muratori. The Capriccio reflects not only the academic and popular interest for the antique, but also influenced on the upcoming scientific archaeology vice versa. It caused by their reasonable Interpretation and restoration of the antique through the visual medium. Finally as archaeological landscape Pannini's Capriccio is a historical case, in that the Capriccio applied the theoretical method of the archaeology to make art. It served as a momentum for the connotation to the archaeological thought.

In music history, the 18th century is an epoch, in which concepts of distribution and statement of style are a delicate matter. To display this difficult situation, the first part of this study analyzes three selected music history books that are well known and commonly used in this country. The analysis shows that disagreement among the context of historical interpretations between analyzed books cannot be overlooked. On the other hand, it was also observed: it is mainly about the history of the (German) instrumental music, while the opera, in particular, the Italian opera seria, which has been also determined as one of the main genres of the century, is neglected. In the next part of the work was the cause of the differences in the historical interpretation investigated based on Carl Dahlhaus’s music-historical theory. It was noted that the basis of the 18th-century music history was laid out around the turn of the 20th-century by the so-called "German Bildungsbürgertum" derived from music historians, while the national sentiment played a significant role. With previous findings, it is tried in the last part of the work, a self-written music history of the 18th-century presented in the outline. In summary, the music history of the 18th-century should be treated more in the narrow context of political, cultural and social issues, as happened so far. This perhaps could be the diversity of historical interpretations, which is generally observed on the area of research discussed here.