Recently, ESG management has become a global trend, receiving increasing attention from stakeholders such as consumers, investors, and governments, as regulations related to ESG disclosure and supply chain due diligence have been strengthened since the United Nations Principles of Responsible Investment (UN PRI) was announced in 2006. ESG is an acronym for the environment (E), social (S), and governance (G) and is accepted as a key factor for the continuous survival and growth of a company. As a result, there are over 600 ESG management evaluation indicators operated domestically and internationally, and numerous global initiatives have emerged. Korea’s Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy also announced “K-ESG Guidelines (December 2011)” and “K-ESG Guidelines for Supply Chain Response (December 22)” to help SMEs introduce ESG management and respond to supply chain due diligence. However, small-scale manufacturing companies with poor financial, human resources, and technological capabilities face significant challenges in introducing ESG management. Accordingly, this study aims to examine the current status of ESG management adoption in small-scale manufacturing companies with less than 150 people in Korea and propose activation plan ESG management based on the diagnostic requirements of the “Supply Chain Response K-ESG Guidelines.”

Background: Effective trunk stabilization has been a cornerstone in physiotherapy, particularly for individuals with lower back issues. While bridging exercises were traditionally employed for this purpose, there has been a growing interest in their modified versions to optimize therapeutic benefits. Objectives: To investigated the differential effects of traditional and modified bridging exercises, particularly when varying leg support and integrating abduction maneuvers during sling-assisted exercises, on trunk muscle responsiveness. Design: Cross-Sectional study. Methods: A group of twenty participants was subjected to three exercise protocols: Bilateral Limb Bridging (BLB), Single Limb Bridging (SLB), and Single Limb Bridging combined with Hip Abduction (SLBHA). Using Surface Electromyography (EMG), the study captured the activation patterns of the Internal Oblique (IO), Erector Spinae (ES), and Multifidus (MF) muscles. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Kruskal-Wallis test, with post-hoc examination for detailed insights. For data consistency, normalization was executed based on Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contractions, and EMG data interpretation was conducted using the RMS technique. Results: The most prominent variations in muscle activation were identified in the IO muscles on both sides. The left IO displayed marked activation disparities between BLB vs. SLB and SLB vs. SLBHA. Analogous observations were made for the right IO when comparing BLB to SLBHA and BLB to SLB. Conversely, ES and MF muscle activations remained consistent across the different exercises. Conclusion: Modified bridge exercises with sling-assisted leg supports with abduction can selectively activate IO muscles, with a noticeable asymmetrical effect favoring the left side.

본 연구는 일반농산어촌개발사업의 사업내용 중 하나인 농촌중심지활성화사업으로 준공에 이른 농촌 커뮤니티 시설의 주민조직 직접 운영에 따른 운영성과와 농촌 커뮤니티 시설에 미치는 영향요인을 분석 하여 문제점을 도출하고 개선방안을 제시하는데 목적을 두고 있다. 또한 전라북도 농촌중심지활성화사 업으로 준공에 이른 농촌 커뮤니티 시설 중 주민조직에 의해 운영되고 예산이 비슷하며, 비교가 가능한 부안군 보안면, 김제시 금구면, 임실군 강진면을 대상으로 연구를 진행하였다. 설문지는 배포 후 회수하는 방법으로 수집하였으며, 일반현황과 독립변수의 측정지표에 근거한 리커트 7점 척도를 통해 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 설문결과는 설문에 대한 응답자의 일반현황, 빈도, 백분율 분석, 측정 문항의 신뢰 도 분석을 위해 크론바흐의 알파 값 계수법 분석, 세부 측정지표별 설문조사 분석, 연구가설 검증을 위한 다중회귀분석, 세부 운영성과의 차이를 분석하기 위한 일원배치 분산분석과 사후검정을 실시하였다. 연구가설과 리커트 7점 척도를 통한 연구의 결론은 측정문항의 신뢰성이 인정되었으며, 농촌 커뮤니티 시설의 주민조직 직접 운영은 시설의 운영성과에 영향을 미치고 있다. 성공적인 운영과 운영성과를 제 고 및 개선하기 위해서는 다양한 계층들의 이용에 있어 편리하도록 환경관리 및 시설의 설비에 최선의 노력을 기울여야 한다. 또한 시설 운영의 주체인 주민조직의 기능을 강화하여 지역의 공동체 교류공간 이 되도록 주민조직과 지역주민이 직접 관심을 가지고 참여하여 주민조직만의 공간을 확보하는 것이 중요하다. 이 연구를 통해 시설의 편리성과 개발의 유연성을 유지하여 다양한 계층의 주민들이 이용함 으로써 운영성과를 높일 수 있는 요인이 된다. 다양한 운영 주체 중 주민조직 직접 운영을 통한 주민들의 역량 강화 및 지역사회 발전과 공동체 의식을 공고히 할 수 있는 발판이 마련될 것이다.

본 연구는 EMG(electromyography) 텍스타일 전극 개발을 목적으로 레이어 수의 디자인 및 원단을 다르게 하여 성능 및 신호 획득 안정성을 평가한다. 레이징 및 프레스 공정을 통하여 텍스타일 전극을 제조하며 Layer-0, Layer-1, Layer-2로 레이어 유무 및 수에 따른 결과를 분석했다. 이에 레이어 유무에 따라서는 근활성 측정에 영향을, 수가 많을수록 높은 성능이 나타남을 확인할 수 있었다. Layer-2 구조로 통일하여 5가지의 원단(네오프렌, 스판덱스 쿠션, 폴리에스테르 100%, 나일론 스판덱스, 광목 캔버스)으로 전극을 제조해 실험해 보았다. 성능적인 면에서, 원단의 중 량이 높은 나일론 스판덱스가 높은 성능을 보였으며, 스판쿠션 텍스타일 전극이 근활성도 수득에 높은 안정성을 보 였다. 이에 위 연구는 레이어에 따른 성능 연관성과 전극-피부사이의 닿는 면적 간의 관계 등을 고찰하여 슬리브 전체의 의복압을 늘리는 대신 특정 센서 측정 부위에만 높은 압력을 가함으로 차후 연구에서 레이어의 수 및 물성에 따른 전극의 공학적 설계 가능성을 제시한 의의가 있다.

We produced an activated carbon using sodium-lignosulfonate, in which we investigated how the sodium salt in lignin served as the activating agent during heat treatment. Our process resulted in a product with a high specific surface area of 1324 m2/ g at 800 °C and microporous structure. During the activation process, we observed the consumption of carbon due to the dehydration reaction of NaOH and the reduction of Na2CO3 to metallic Na, which created pores through oxidation/ reduction reactions. The intercalation of metallic Na between the lattices at high temperatures formed additional pores and increased the specific surface area. Our proposed mechanism holds promise for enhancing the control of the microstructure and porosity of activated carbons through the thermal treatment of biomass.

Background: As ways to optimize the mobilization of postural stability muscles for sitting up motions, arm reaching motions and head raising motions have important effects. Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of reaching to sit-up training on the trunk muscle activity, postural ability, and balance ability of patients with hemiplegia due to stroke. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: This study was conducted with 18 stroke patients who met the selection criteria divided into two groups: a study group of 9 patents and a control group of 9 patients. The study group carried out reaching to sit-up training, which can promote trunk muscles and improve control through trunk interactions. The control group received general physical therapy intervention Results: The activity of the trunk muscle was significantly different before and after intervention in study and control group. The functional reaching test showed significant changes in both the study group and the control group. The timed up and go test showed a significant change in the study group. Conclusion: Reaching to sit-up training for 4 weeks showed increases in trunk muscle activity in stroke patients and was effective in improving balance ability.

Background: A decrease in physical activity has been observed due to the global pandemic, resulting in the onset and progression of musculoskeletal disorders as chronic diseases. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the difference in the degree of contraction of the lower limb muscles between the existing vertical vibration method and a new cross-vibration method. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: The exercise program using whole-body vibration equipment was conducted for 12 sessions, 25 min per session, three times per week for 4 weeks. Results: The changes over time showed a significant difference in cross-alternating vibrations (P<.05), except for the lateral gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior, with no significant difference in sonic vertical vibration (P>.05). The interaction between time and group was significant for all muscles (P<.05), except for the biceps femoris, with differences between before the program and at 2 and 4 weeks after the program revealed in the post-hoc analysis. Conclusion: Future studies should further evaluate the use of CAV exercise devices as auxiliary equipment in exercise by assessing different groups and variations in intensity.

본 연구는 아그니와 효소의 종류와 기능을 고찰하고 활성화를 위한 섭생 요법에 대해 소개하였다. 음식 소화에 있어서 아그니와 효소의 불균형은 인체의 신진대사에 악영향을 주어 질병에 노출을 증 가시킨다. 섭생 요법은 소화와 대사를 촉진하고, 독소를 제거하고, 면역력을 높이는 기초이며 건강하 기 위한 중요한 요법이다. 아유르베다 의학의 섭생 요법은 개인의 도샤(doṣa)에 따라 다른 효과를 나 타낼 수 있으며, 일상생활의 규칙성, 식사 시간이나 양, 조리방법 등을 고려해 도샤에 맞는 음식을 섭 취해야 한다. 현대 의학 효소는 화학적인 분자이며 과학적인 근거를 바탕으로 수치화되고 정밀화되고 있다. 효소 활성화를 통해 음식의 칼로리와 영양소가 인체에 흡수되는 정도를 파악할 수 있고 다양한 조리방법으로 흡수 효율을 높이기 위해 노력하고 있다. 또한 세계보건기구(WHO)는 건강한 식사와 생 활 방식을 통해 만성 질환과 감염병을 예방하고 건강을 증진하기 위해 섭생 요법을 권장하고 있다. 이 논문을 통해 우리는 아유르베다 의학과 현대 의학이 공통적으로 강조하고 있는 섭생 요법이 건강 을 유지하는 기본임을 알 수 있을 것이다.

본 연구는 주민참여제도의 활성화 위해 직접민주주의 요소를 중심으로 연구 하 였다. 이를 위해 주민참여3법이라 불리는 주민소환제, 주민투표제, 주민조례발안제 등을 중심으로 현황과 문제점 파악, 활성화 방안을 제안한다. 연구 결과 주민소환제 와 주민투표제는 낮은 투표율로 인해 활용 빈도가 낮았고, 이를 활성화하기 위한 규 제 완화와 이용률을 높이기 위한 전문가 육성이 필요하다. 주민조례발안제도 역시 이익단체가 아닌 주민자치회 중심으로 접근성을 높여야 한다. 그리고 임기 내 조례 가 처리 되지 않을 경우 차기의회에서 처리하는 입법절차 규정은 책임정치 구현을 위해 임기 내 처리로 개선되어야 한다. 효율적인 제도운영을 위해서는 전문가로 구 성된 위원회와 지역공동체 회복이 필요하다. 이를 위해 공공기관은 주민 참여를 유 도한 후 주민이 주체가 되도록 지원하는 역할이 요청된다. 나아가 정책의 수용성을 높이기 위해 주민에 대한 정책 수요와 제도 시행 이후 결과에 대한 실증적 조사가 시행되어야 하며, 이 결과를 향후 지역 정책에 반영하여야 한다.

Wolsong unit 1, the first PHWR (Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor) in Korea, was permanent shut down in 2019. In Korea, according to the Nuclear Safety Act, the FDP (Final Decommissioning Plan) must be submitted within 5 years of permanent shutdown. According to NSSC Notice, the types, volumes, and radioactivity of solid radioactive wastes should be included in FDP chapter 9, Radioactive Waste Management, Therefore, in this study, activation assessment and waste classification of the End shield, which is a major activation component, were conducted. MCNP and ORIGEN-S computer codes were used for the activation assessment of the End shield. Radioactive waste levels were classified according to the cooling period of 0 to 20 years in consideration of the actual start of decommissioning. The End shield consists of Lattice tube, Shielding ball, Sleeve insert, Calandria tube shielding sleeve, and Embedment Ring. Among the components composed for each fuel channel, the neutron flux was calculated for the components whose level was not predicted by preliminary activation assessment, by dividing them into three channel regions: central channel, inter channel, and outer channel. In the case of the shielding ball, the neutron flux was calculated in the area up to 10 cm close to the core and other parts to check the decrease in neutron flux with the distance from the core. The neutron flux calculations showed that the highest neutron flux was calculated at the Sleeve insert, the component closest to the fuel channel. It was found that the neutron flux decreased by about 1/10 to 1/20 as the distance from the core increased by 20 cm. The outer channel was found to have about 30% of the neutron flux of the center channel. It was found that no change in radioactive waste level due to decay occurred during the 0 to 20 years cooling period. In this study, activation assessment and waste classification of End Shield in Wolsong unit 1 was conducted. The results of this study can be used as a basis for the preparation of the FDP for the Wolsong unit 1.

The segmentation of activated components is considered as a one of the most important processes in decommissioning. The activated components, such as reactor vessel and reactor vessel internals, are exposed to neutron from the nuclear fuel and classified to intermediate, low, and very low-level wastes. As it is expected, the components, which are closed to nuclear fuel, exhibit higher degree of specific activity. After the materials were exposed to neutrons, their original elements transform to other nuclides. The primary nuclides in activated stainless steel are 55Fe, 63,59Ni, 60Co, 54Mn, etc. The previous study indicates that the specific activity of individual nuclide is strongly depends on the material compositions and impurities of the original materials. The 59Co is the one of the most important impurities in stainless steel and carbon steel. In this paper, the relationship between individual nuclides in activation analysis of activated components was studied. The systematic study on specific activity of primary nuclides will be discussed in this paper to understand the activation tendency of the components.

Electroless plating is widely utilized in engineering for the metallization of insulator substrates, including polymers, glass, and ceramics, without the need for the application of external potential. Homogeneous nucleation of metals requires the presence of Sn-Pd catalysts, which significantly reduce the activation energy of deposition. Therefore, rinsing conducted during Sn sensitization and Pd activation is a key variable for the formation of a uniform seed layer without the lack or excess of catalysts. Herein, we report the optimized rinsing process for the functionalization of Sn-Pd catalysts, which enables the uniform FeCo metallization of the glass fibers. Rinsing enables good deposition of the FeCo alloy because of the removal of excess catalysts from the glass fiber. Concurrently, excessive rinsing results in a complete removal of the Sn–Pd nucleus. Collectively, the comprehensive study of the proposed nanomaterial preparation and surface science show that the metallization of insulators is a promising technology for electronics, solar cells, catalysts, and mechanical parts.

Enhancing the capacitive deionization performance requires the inner structure expansion of porous activated carbon to facilitate the charge storage and electrolyte penetration. This work aimed to modify the porosity of coconut-shell activated carbon (AC) through CO2 activation at high temperature. The electrochemical performance of CO2- activated AC electrodes was evaluated by cyclic voltammetry, charge/discharge test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, which exhibited that AC-800 had the superior performance with the highest capacitance of 112 F/g at the rate of 0.1 A/g and could operate for up to 4000 cycles. Furthermore, in the capacitive deionization, AC-800 showed salt removal of 9.15 mg/g with a high absorption rate of 2.8 mg/g min and Ni(II) removal of 5.32 mg/g with a rate close to 1 mg/g.min. The results promote the potential application of CO2- activated AC for desalination as well as Ni-removal through capacitance deionization (CDI) technology.

The pitch-based activated carbon fibers (ACFs) were prepared from ethylene tar-derived pitches containing nickelocene (CNi) or nickel nitrate (NiN). The effects of different anions and contents of metal salts on the microstructure and surface chemical properties of fibers were investigated. The results revealed that Ni2+ from CNi mainly remained its pristine molecule in the organometal salt-derived pitch (OP-xCNi), while Ni2+ from NiN occurred complexation reaction with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the inorganic metal salt-derived pitch (IP-xNiN) due to the weaker binding ability between anions and Ni2+ of CNi than CNi. The XRD and SEM results confirmed that IP-3NiN-ACF contained Ni, NiO, Ni2O3 nanoparticles with different size distributions, while OP-3CNi-ACF only contained more uniformly distributed Ni nanoparticles with small size. Furthermore, OP-3.0CNi-ACF presented higher specific surface area of 1862 m2/ g and a pore volume of 1.69 cm3/ g than those of IP-3.0NiN-ACF due to the formation of pore structure during the in-situ catalytic activation of different metal nanoparticles. Therefore, this work further pointed out that the desired pore structure and surface chemistry of pitch-based ACFs could be obtained through regulating and controlling the interaction of anion species, metal cations and PAHs during the synthesis of pitch precursors.

Medical cyclotrons have been used for dedicated medical of commercial applications such as positron emission tomography (PET) for the past tens of years. These cyclotron facilities have produced positron-emitting radionuclides (i.e. 11C, 13N, 15O, 18F, etc.). Among them, 18F, produced by 18O(p,n)18F reaction is the most widely used which has longer half-life (around 110 m) and lower energy of emitted positrons (around 0.63 MeV). Secondary neutrons produced during 18O(p,n)18F reaction could cause neutron activation of structures, systems, and components of cyclotron facilities. Therefore, International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) had addressed that during the operation of cyclotrons, concrete walls become radioactive over time and this radioactivity needs to be characterized for planning of the facility decommissioning. Moreover, several prior studies had estimated the neutron activation and levels of radioactivity of concrete wall of cyclotron facilities. Although those studies assessed the neutron activation of actual cyclotron facilities, however, the purpose of assessment was only for decommissioning each individual facility. Also, the assumptions, conditions or insights of conclusion may be limited to each individual case. For these reasons, this study focused on analysis of effects of major factors (e.g. concrete type, impurity contents of structural materials, etc.) about neutron activation of cyclotron facilities. In this study, the well-known methodology of neutron activation estimation was established and neutron activation products of concrete wall of cyclotron vault was calculated. Also, sensitivity analyses were conducted to figure out the effects of major factors of neutron activation and production of radioactive wastes during decommissioning of the facility. The methodology and results were validated by two steps: comparing with prior studies and comparing with another computer code. Concrete type did not affect that the decision of level of radioactivity waste criteria. Because of relatively longer half-lives, impurity contents of structural materials especially Co and Eu were turned out one of the most important factors for planning the facility decommissioning. It is hard to simply figure out the radioactivity levels of cyclotron facilities, however, rough predictions of minimum period for decay-in-storage as radioactive waste management can be possible with using information of thermal neutron spectra and major impurity nuclides (e.g. 59Co, 151Eu and 153Eu) for minimization of radioactive waste production and relief of charge of radioactive waste management.

The segmentation of activated components including reactor vessel and reactor vessel internals requires many information. The primary information is material composition, trace materials in the composition, neutron flux during operation, etc. According to the EPRI report the primary basis of activity in a decommissioning source term is the activated metals from the reactor vessel and vessel internal components. The report indicates that over 95% of the radioactivity from decommissioning, except from spent nuclear fuel, consists of activated metals. These are from the reactor vessel, reactor internal structures and expendable components which are constructed primarily of various grades of stainless steel. Stainless steel contains appreciable levels of impurity cobalt. The common primary radionuclides of concern for the disposal environment from activated metals identified in US and international studies include C-14, Cl-36, Ni-59, Co-60, Ni-63, etc. The most common types of stainless steels used in reactor vessel construction and internal components include the Type 304(L), Type 316(L) and various grades of Inconel. The components of stainless steel are mainly Ni, Cr, Mo, Nb, etc., and when these elements are activated, they produce nuclides such as Nb-94, Tc-99, Sr-90, etc. In this study, the current status of activation analysis is reviewed to understand the effects of many variables. Also, the effect of trace materials is reviewed, including transformation of radioactive nuclides.

Important medical radionuclides for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) are producing using cyclotrons. There are about 1,200 PET cyclotrons operated in 95 countries based upon IAEA database (2020). Besides, including PET cyclotrons, demands for particle accelerators are continuously increasing. In Korea, about 40 PET cyclotrons are in operating phases (2020). Considering design lifetime (about 30-40 years) and actual operating duration (about 20-30 years) of cyclotrons, there will be demands for decommissioning cyclotron facilities in the near future. PET cyclotron produces radionuclides by irradiating accelerated charged particles to the targets. During this phase, nuclear reactions (18O(p,n)18F etc.) produce secondary neutrons which induce neutron activation of accelerator itself as well as surrounding infrastructures (the ancillary subsystems, peripheral equipment, concrete walls etc.). Generally, experienced cyclotron personnel prefer an unshielded cyclotron because of the repair and maintenance time. In unshielded cyclotron, water cooling systems, air compressor, and other equipment and structures could be existed for operating purposes. Almost all the equipment and structures are consisted of steel, and these affect neutron distribution in vault especially thermal neutron on the concrete wall. In addition, most of them can be classified as very low level radioactive wastes by Nuclear Safety and Security notice (NSSC Notice No. 2020-6). However, few studies were estimating radioactivity concentrations (Bq/g) of surrounding structures using mathematical calculation/simulation codes, and they were not evaluating the effect of surrounding structures on neutron distribution. In this study, by using computational neutron transport code (MCNP 6.2), and source term calculation code (FISPACT- II), we evaluated effect of the interaction between surrounding structures (including surrounding equipment) and secondary neutrons. Discrepancies of activation distribution on/in concrete wall will be occur depending on thickness of structure, distance between structures and walls, and consideration of interaction between structures and neutrons. Throughout this study, we could find that the influence of those structures can affect neutron distribution in concrete walls even if, thickness of the structure was small. For estimating activation distribution in unshielded cyclotron vault more precisely, not only considering cyclotron components and geometry of target, but also, considering surrounding structures will be much more helpful.

Language use is divided into production and understanding in which each component has its own sub-parts, although they s hare core language p art (its f orm) in common. Given memory-based approach, it is claimed, at least five layers of our mind must simultaneously be activated to pass in a retrospective cycle in language use. A surface form, or a flow of sounds or letters, leads to a trigger to find an intention-in-action in any verbal communication that fits the situation of communication. This dramatically opens up a new phase to focus, once we deal with the overall aspect of language use.

Background: The presence of the lumbopelvic-hip neuromuscular chain is essential for dynamic spinal stabilization; its therapeutic effects on dynamic movements of the distal extremity segment and underpinning motor mechanism remain unknown and warrant further study on participants with low back pain (LBP). Objects: We aim to compare the effects of the broken chain exercise (BCE) and connected chain exercise (CCE) on electromyography (EMG) amplitude and onset time in participants with and without LBP. Methods: Randomized controlled clinical trial. A convenience sample of 40 nonathletic participants (mean age: 24.78 ± 1.70) with and without LBP participated in this study. All participants underwent CCE for 30 minutes, 30-minute daily. We measured EMG amplitude and onset times on bilateral erector spinae (ES), gluteus maximus (GM), hamstring (HAM), transverse abdominis (TrA), internal oblique (IO), and external oblique (EO) during the prone hip extension (PHE) test before and after the BCE and CCE. We used multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) to analyze the amplitude and onset time difference between exercises (BCE and CCE) and Pearson’s correlations to determine any synergistic relationship among the HAM, GM, bilateral TrA/IO, and ES muscles. The statistical analyses were used at p < 0.05. Results: MANOVA showed that CCE was more decreased on EMG amplitude in HAM and bilateral ES, while increased GM and contralateral TrA/IO than BCE (p < 0.05). MANOVA EMG onset time data analyses revealed that the main effect of the conditions was significant for all HAM, GM, and bilateral ES muscles, whereas the main effect for the group was significant only for GM and contralateral ES in healthy and LBP groups. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was computed to assess the relationship between BCE and CCE on dependent variables. In most of the muscles, there was a strong, positive correlation between the two variables, and there was a significant relationship (p < 0.001). Conclusion: CCE produced more effective and coordinated core stabilization and motor control mechanism in the lumbopelvic-hip muscles in participants with and without LBP during PHE than BCE.