This study aimed to enhance the safety of autonomous bus services by systematically identifying safety-related factors and establishing priorities based on real-world operating environments. An expert survey was conducted using a autonomous bus currently operating in Pangyo Zero City as a case study. Building on the concept of the Operational Design Domain, a two-layer safety framework was developed consisting of four primary categories (Layer 1): physical infrastructure, operating conditions, communication environment, and weather conditions, and their corresponding detailed elements (Layer 2). A fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) analysis revealed that physical infrastructure had the highest relative importance, with key safety-critical factors identified as intersection type, construction work zone, lane markings, and adverse weather. Subsequently, a strength, weakness, opportunity and threat (SWOT) analysis was employed to propose short-, mid-, and long-term strategic actions, including the enhancement of object recognition functions based on advanced camera sensor fusion, reinforcement of safety driver and onboard safety personnel systems, and establishment of infrastructure pre-notification systems for construction and maintenance activities. This study provides a quantitative prioritization of safety factors for autonomous bus services and links these findings to a practical technology and policy roadmap, contributing to the enhancement of safety and development of commercialization strategies for future autonomous public transportation services.

본 연구는 글로벌 해운물류에서 디지털 전환과 지속가능성 요구가 급격히 높아지는 시대적 흐름 속에서, 스마트항만의 효과적 인 도입과 평가체계 확립의 필요성에 대응하고자 수행되었다. 계층분석법(AHP)을 활용하여 스마트기술, 인프라, 운영, 환경·에너지, 거버 넌스 영역에 걸친 핵심 평가요인을 체계적으로 도출하고 우선순위를 산정하였다. 연구 결과, 사물인터넷(IoT) 및 센서 기반 기술이 가장 중요한 요인으로 나타났으며, 그 뒤를 5G 통신기술, 데이터 인프라, 자율형 항만설비가 이었다. 또한, 운영 자동화와 기관 간 협력 역시 항만 효율성과 회복 탄력성을 높이는 데 핵심적인 요소로 확인되었다. 이러한 결과는 스마트항만 평가를 위한 포괄적이고 계층적인 분석 프레임워크를 제시함으로써 이 분야의 이론적 기반을 강화한다는 점에서 의의가 있으며, 실무적으로는 안전한 스마트항만 개발에 당국이 자원 배분을 최적화하고 단계적 발전 전략을 수립하는 데 실질적 시사점을 제공한다. 향후 연구에서는 다양한 항만을 대상으로 실증 분 석을 확대하고, 신기술을 통합한 의사결정 모델 고도화를 통해 지속 가능하고 경쟁력 있는 스마트항만 생태계 구축을 더욱 촉진할 필요 가 있다.

In industry society, it is challenging to identify and prevent potential hazard factors since an industry is complex and changing variously. Particularly, as industrial accidents occur more frequently by secondary and tertiary indirect causes, rather than primary direct causes such as environmental changes or selfinduced disasters, it becomes more difficult to analyze the risk in safety management perspective. The purposes of this study are to reconsider the variable factors used in the existing Risk Priority Number (RPN) assessment method and to explore a new prioritization method for risks and disasters caused by various external environmental changes. To achieve this, various variables are considered including the currently used variables such as the occurrence frequency, the likelihood of occurrence, the severity. Among the variables, the eight key variables will be selected, and it is to take account of the relative weights between the variables.

생태미학의 담론은 생태적 가치와 미학적 가치에 머무르지 않고 경관미학을 넘어선 더욱 확장된 개념으로 강조되고 있다. 본 연구는 생태미학적 조경설계의 개념과 중요성을 고찰하고 설계과정 에서 고려되어야 할 핵심 가치들의 상대적 중요도를 평가하여 생태미학적 설계요인의 중요도를 규명하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 생태미학적 가치 평가 요소를 기반으로 프레임 워크를 구성하고 60 인의 전문가집단을 구성하여 AHP 방법론을 이용하여 분석을 수행했다. 분석결과 첫째, 전문가집 단은 생태미학적 가치중 생태적 가치를 가장 중요하게 평가하였고 예술적 가치, 기능적 가치, 그리 고 사회문화적 가치 순으로 중요도를 평가하였다. 둘째, 생태미학적 설계요인 16개 항목을 종합적 으로 분석한 결과 ‘시각적 아름다움’을 가장 중요하게 평가하였고 뒤를 이어 ‘치유회복의 환경제 공’, ‘풍부하고 다양한 식생’, ‘친환경적인 기술이용’순으로 중요하게 평가하였다. ‘접근성’과 ‘탐구 활동 및 참여촉진’은 가장 낮은 가중치로 조사되었다. 이러한 연구 결과 전문가들은 생태적 이점을 미적으로 승화시키는 것의 중요성은 인지하고 있지만 생태적 가치와 사회문화적 가치를 통합하려 는 인식은 낮음을 시사한다.

Virtual Reality Head Mounted Display (VR HMD)-based flight simulators have recently emerged as promising tools for enhancing pilot training effectiveness. This study aims to establish a set of evaluation criteria for the development of VR HMD-based flight simulators and to determine their relative importance and priority using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Through an extensive review of the literature, a hierarchical evaluation model was constructed, consisting of three primary criteria and ten sub-criteria. A structured questionnaire was administered to experienced pilots, and the collected data were analyzed using the AHP methodology to assess the relative weights of each criterion. The analysis revealed that the fidelity of system performance is the most influential factor in evaluating VR HMD-based flight simulators. These findings present a structured evaluation framework and offer practical insights for guiding the strategic development and optimization of VR HMD-based flight training systems.

국내의 반영구화장은 기존 메이크업과 문신의 단점을 보완한 새로운 메이크업으로 미용산 업의 주요한 분야로 평가되고 있다. 또한 메디컬시장과 다양한 연령층으로 확대되고 있기에, 반영구화장에 대한 대중의 요구가 더욱 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 반영구화장은 매우 섬세한 침습적 시술이라는 특성을 지니고 있으며, 재교육이 증가되고 있기에 체계적인 교육과 평가가 필요하다. 이러한 상황들을 배경으로 반영구화장 미용 전문가 배출을 위한 표준화되고 체계화 된 교육프로그램의 개발은 꼭 필요하며 중요한 일이다. 반영구화장NCS프로그램 개발연구를 위해 반영구화장 교육과 실무경험이 있는 총 27명의 현장 전문가를 구성하였다. 계층분석법 (AHP)을 이용하여, 학습 모듈로 사용이 가능한 교육 요소를 개발하고 항목 간의 중요도를 비 교하였다. 교육프로그램 18개 능력 단위 요소에 대한 전문가들의 중요도 인식에 관한 결과는 첫째, 반영구화장 시술의 현장에서 필요한 현장 적용 방법들과 디자인에 대한 항목이 매우 높 게 인식됨을 알 수 있었다. 둘째, 감염과 소독, 위생관리, 셋째, 반영구화장의 색소와 반영구 화장 기기 사용, 통증완화제 사용법, 메이크업 기초드로잉, 피부와 두피, 색의 개념, 넷째 고 객관리, 경영관리, 다섯째, 메이크업의 역사와 트렌드 순으로 그 중요도를 보였다. 반영구화 장분야의 선행연구가 부족한 상황에서, 반영구화장 전문가들의 의견을 도출하여 개발한 본 연구가 반영구화장전문가 양성 및 미용산업의 발전에 기초자료가 될 수 있을 것이다.

In this study, an evaluation system that can be used to evaluate the feasibility of developing and supplying hydrothermal energy for the operation of large-scale complex facilities was developed. To this end, this study derived factors to be considered when selecting a location for the use of hydrothermal energy using raw water from multi-purpose dams and regional water supply systems through literature survey and expert interviews. The evaluation indicators derived from this study are divided into four sectors: hydrothermal energy utilization factors, location factors, planning factors, and disaster safety factors, and are composed of 10 mid-level indicators and 34 detailed planning indicators. The relative importance of all factors was derived using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) technique, and the developed evaluation indicators and relative importance were applied to four multi-purpose dam regions in the country. As a result, it was found that in the development and use of hydrothermal energy utilizing regional raw water supply line the urban planning conditions of the supply site can have a greater impact on the location selection results than the hydrothermal energy development itself. Due to the characteristics of the evaluation indicators developed in this study and their nature as comprehensive indicators, it is believed that the results should be applied to determine the overall adequacy of site selection in the early stages of hydrothermal energy development. In the future, it is believed that it will be necessary to analyze the problems in supplying and operating hydrothermal energy using raw water from multi-purpose dams and regional water resources. Based on the analysis the evaluation system developed in this study is expected to be improved and supplemented.

어촌뉴딜 300사업은 300개의 어촌과 어항을 대상으로 하는 복합개발사업으로 낙후된 시설 개선 및 지역특화 자원활용 등 전문 프로그램을 제공하는 사업이다. 본 연구에서는 어촌뉴딜 300사업의 선정평가 항목 별 가중치 결정을 위해 다기준 평가방법인 AHP로 전문 가 설문조사를 통한 분석을 수행하였다. 평가결과, 상위계층 평가항목은 개발여건 및 기본구상, 사업효과, 사업계획, 사업 시행 및 관리 순으로 중요도가 높게 나타났다. 사업효과 항목은 가이드라인에서 6점으로 낮은 배점이었지만, AHP 결과 15.57점의 배점이 도출되었다. 본 연구에서 도출된 항목별 가중치는 향후 어촌어항 개발사업 평가항목 배점 선정에 참조할 수 있을 것이다.

국제해사기구(IMO)에서 선박으로부터 배출되는 온실가스 등 대기오염물질을 감축하기 위해 해운분야 환경규제를 강화하고 있 어 전 세계적으로 조선․해운산업의 패러다임이 친환경․고효율 선박으로 전환되고 있다. 우리나라도 친환경선박을 보급하기 위해 2020 년부터 친환경선박 보급 확대 정책을 추진하고 있다. 본 논문은 우리정부의 친환경선박 보급정책에 대하여 전문가 12명을 대상으로 설문 조사를 실시하고, 계층분석법(AHP)을 활용하여 정책의 중요도를 평가하였다. 분석결과, 6개 중점추진과제 중에서 무탄소 및 저탄소 선박 개발을 위한 “미래 친환경선박 세계 선도 기술확보” 정책이 가장 중요한 것으로 나타났다. AHP 분석을 통한 친환경선박 정책의 중요도를 분석한 본 연구는 국제해양환경규제에 선제적으로 대응하고, 우리 해운 및 조선 산업의 보호와 신산업 육성 측면에서 예산 배분 및 정책 개발 등 정책 집행의 효율성을 제고할 수 있는 방향 설정을 위한 자료로 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

Military aircraft R&D projects require large-scale investment in cost and time, and involve a complex coordination process in decision-making. The R&D project manager should determine the development management priorities as accurately as possible and focus on R&D capabilities, thereby reducing the risks of the aircraft R&D project. To this end, this study aims to reduce R&D risk by prioritizing cost, schedule, and performance, which are basic management factors used in R&D project management in defense project management regulations. Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is applied using a questionnaire for managers in charge of aviation R&D under the Defense Acquisition Program Administration. As a primary result, the importance of the factors that the aircraft R&D project manager should consider was derived in the order of performance, cost, and schedule, and the priorities of performance and cost in the lower layer were also identified. In addition, in order to provide practical risk management measures to aircraft R&D project managers, the results of analyzing 28 cases of US National Transportation Safety Board accidents were compared and analyzed with the AHP analysis results, and management measures suitable for the situation were specified.

Climate change effects are particularly apparent in many cool-season grasslands in South Korea. Moreover, the probability of climate extremes has intensified and is expected to increase further. In this study, we performed climate change vulnerability assessments in cool-season grasslands based on the analytic hierarchy process method to contribute toward effective decision-making to help reduce grassland damage caused by climate change and extreme weather conditions. In the analytic hierarchy process analysis, vulnerability was found to be influenced in the order of climate exposure (0.575), adaptive capacity (0.283), and sensitivity (0.141). The climate exposure rating value was low in Jeju-do Province and high in Daegu (0.36–0.39) and Incheon (0.33–0.5). The adaptive capacity index showed that grassland compatibility (0.616) is more important than other indicators. The adaptation index of Jeollanam-do Province was higher than that of other regions and relatively low in Gangwon-do Province. In terms of sensitivity, grassland area and unused grassland area were found to affect sensitivity the most with index values of 0.487 and 0.513, respectively. The grassland area rating value was low in Jeju-do and Gangwon-do Province, which had large grassland areas. In terms of vulnerability, that of Jeju-do Province was lower and of Gyeongsangbuk-do Province higher than of other regions. These results suggest that integrating the three aspects of vulnerability (climate exposure, sensitivity, and adaptive capacity) may offer comprehensive and spatially explicit adaptation plans to reduce the impacts of climate change on the cool-season grasslands of South Korea.

PURPOSES : In this study, drone highway route alternatives were evaluated using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique to investigate any difficulties or improvements while designing drone highway routes. METHODS : Based on the literature review and AHP analysis, 39 road and airport experts were surveyed to evaluate two alternate drone highway routes that connect the Seoul train station and Jamsil park near Gangnam business district. RESULTS : The AHP analysis results revealed that the environmental aspect was the most critical factor in designing a drone highway route, followed by social and technological factors. Among the investigated factors, noise and life-environment showed the highest geometric mean value of 0.21. This mean should be considered when developing plans and policies for drone highway design. CONCLUSIONS : Environmental and social agreement is more crucial than the technological and economic aspects when designing drone highway routes. Laws and policies should be updated and followed to support the drone highway system, which is vital in logistics.

Modern combat has been extended to the concept of real-time response to a variety of threats simultaneously occurring in vast areas. In order to quick command determination and accurate engagement in these threats, the combat system has emerged in frigate. Frigates conduct anti-surface, anti-submarine, and anti-aircraft as the core forces of the fleet. In this study, the combat effectiveness measures naval frigates using AHP (analytic hierarchy process) method. A hierarchical structure for measuring the combat effectiveness was developed, and weights of criteria were calculated by expert surveys and pair-wise comparisons. In addition, the combat effectiveness of frigates was synthesized and compared. The weights for each attribute were calculated, and the weights for the three main attributes were in the order of act (0.594), evaluate (0.277), and see (0.129). As a result of calculating the weight, anti surface warfare (0.203) was the highest. The combat effectiveness of FFG Batch-III, which has advanced hardware and software and improved combat system capabilities, see (1.73 to 2.56 times), evaluate (1.68 to 2.08 times), and act (1.31 to 3.80 times) better than the comparative frigate. In summarizing the combat effects of the frigate, FFG Batch-III was 1.41~2.95 times superior to the comparative frigate. In particular, a group of experts evaluated the act importantly, resulting in better combat effectiveness.

A warehouse is more than just a place to store goods but also creates a time utility gap between production and consumption that is important in the development of trade and commerce. Malaysia has a high aspiration to be the most popular gateway in Asia. However, Malaysia Productivity Corporation has claimed that particularly in efficiency and productivity aspects, the warehouse industry is less incline to innovate and make improvement to increase. There are ten failure factors that had been identified during literature survey affecting to the warehouse operations efficiency. Therefore, this study intends to analyse and select the main failure factors that mostly affecting the warehouse operations efficiency. A Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) technique has been used in this study to calculate the weight value of each variable through a pair-wise comparison method. The finding highlighted the four main failure factors which are ‘equipment’, ‘environment concern’, ‘special handling consideration’ and ‘human factor’ that influence directly to the warehouse operations efficiency. This paper has contributed to a new knowledge of complex warehouse operation area with recommendations action that shall be taken to manage the possible risk in future, which will also contribute to achieve the government goals.

In this study, we analyzed the factors affecting the introduction of Smart Factory by domestic SMEs through AHP analysis and tried to provide implications for the introduction of Smart Factory. It was confirmed that the manufacturing and introduction group, the non-manufacturing introduction group, and the already introduced group had the highest weight in the cost reduction in the first hierarchy standard. At this time, it can be seen that the weight for cost reduction is relatively high in the manufacturing introduction group and the introduction group, and the weight for the productivity improvement is relatively high in the non-manufacturing introduction group. It can also be seen that the portion of marketing enhancement does not have a significant impact on smart factory choices. It was confirmed that image enhancement is the highest in the manufacturing introduction group and the non-manufacturing introduction group in the first hierarchy standard, and the marketing has the highest weight in the introduction group. In the two - tiered standard, customer - friendly and proper inventory maintenance weights were relatively high in all the introduced groups, except for the high rankings.

The challenges faced by the Malaysian shipyard industry had led to the failure of local shipyards in catering to the demand of ship owners. The shipyard industry had recorded the least contribution (1.0%) to the world shipbuilding order book and had caused inconsistencies in the Malaysian shipbuilding ship repair (SBSR) industry’s demand and supply market. The objectives of this study had been to identify the factors that had contributed to the challenges faced by the shipyard industry in Malaysia, and to rank them according to their priorities. The factors of these challenges had been identified by using the cause-and-effect analysis method and were further illustrated in the form of an Ishikawa diagram. Subsequently, an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method was applied to determine the weightage of the priorities. The results had shown that ‘Market’ (41.66%) had been the most challenging aspect faced by the shipyard industry in Malaysia from all the five factors studied. As such, this research would help shipyard organisations to effectively prioritise these challenging factors as a way of sustaining their businesses and affecting the economic contribution from the shipyard industry.

목 적: 광주광역시 안경사를 대상으로 계층화 의사결정방법(AHP)를 활용하여 안경원 경영향상 요인 중 요도 및 우선순위에 대해 알아보고자 한다. 방 법: 안경원 경영향상 요인 중 중요요인을 이원비교하기 위해 광주광역시 안경사를 대상으로 계층화 의사결정방법(AHP)을 이용하여 상대적인 중요도 및 우선순위를 조사하였다. 안경원 경영향상 요인 중요도 및 우선순위 분석은 일관성 확보를 위해 일관성 비율 0.1 미만일 때 분석하였다. 결 과: 계층화 의사결정방법 분석 결과 안경원 경영향상 요인 중 Level 2항목 중요도는 상품/서비스가 가장 중요한 요인으로 분석되었다. Level 3항목별 중요도는 Level 3(01)은 전문안경사, Level 3(02)는 학교 에서 가까움, Level 3(03)은 홍보(전단지, 신문광고), Level 3(04)는 안경사의 신뢰성, Level 3(05)는 가격 의 적정성이 중요하다고 분석되었다. Level 3항목 우선순위는 안경사의 신뢰성(0.2552)으로 분석되었다. 결 론: 안경원 경영향상 요인 중요도 및 우선순위는 특정 관리자의 경험에 의존하던 안경원 경영을 좀 더 합리적이고 과학적 방법인 계층화 의사결정방법(AHP)을 적용함으로써 합리성을 높일 수 있으며, 그 결과 안경사의 신뢰성(0.2552)이 가장 중요한 요인으로 나타났다.