손 위생 제품이 다양화됨과 동시에 각 활용 방법에 따 라 그 효능을 평가하는 여러 시험 방법들이 보고되고 있 다. 하지만 평가 방법에 따라 각 제품의 항균 효능은 다 르게 나타나며, 이로 인해 제품의 실제적인 효능을 확인 하는 데에 어려움이 있을 수 있다. 손 위생 제품의 효능 평가방법 비교에 초점을 둔 연구는 매우 제한적이며, 특 히 돼지피부를 이용한 ex vivo에 대한 연구는 극히 드물 다. 이에 본 연구는 손 위생 제품 중 리브온 소독제와 워 시오프 세정제에 대해 각각의 항균 평가 방법을 종합적으 로 비교했고, ex vivo 시험에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 요인을 파악하여 연구 단계에서 효율적인 ex vivo 시험의 신뢰성 을 향상시키고자 하였다. in vitro 시험으로써 액체 현탁을 기반으로 하는 time-kill 시험을 진행했고, in vivo 시험은 최소 20명의 참여자를 대상으로 진행되었다. ex vivo 시험 은 규격화된 돼지 피부를 이용하여 in vivo 시험과 동일한 방법으로 진행하면서 소독제의 최적 처리량과 세정제 사 용 시 첨가되는 물의 양을 제안했다. 시험에 사용된 손 소 독제는 in vitro 시험에서 모두 5 log 이상의 세균 감소율 을 보인 반면, ex vivo와 in vivo에서는 훨씬 낮은 살균 활 성을 보였으며, 특히 알코올 함량이 낮은 손 소독제에서 는 1 log 미만의 살균 활성을 나타냈다. 반면에 손 세정 제의 in vitro 시험 결과, 대장균에 대해서는 1 log 이하의 낮은 항균력을 보였으나, ex vivo 와 in vivo 시험 결과에 서는 이보다 높은 항균력을 유사하게 나타냈다. 본 연구 에서는 ex vivo 와 in vivo 시험 방법이 리브온과 워시오 프 타입 제품의 두가지 다른 항균 메커니즘을 반영할 수 있음을 확인했다. 이로 인해 최적의 조건으로 설정된 ex vivo 시험은 빠르고 정확한 항균 평가법이 될 수 있음을 제시한다.

A mono-type glycerine fatty acid ester compound was chemically synthesized using medium-chain fatty acids with antibacterial activity, and the physicochemical quality and antibacterial activity of the synthesized glycerine medium-chain fatty acid ester compound were measured. At a reaction molar ratio of MCT(medium chain triglyceride) to glycerine of 1:2.5, 48.15% mono ester was produced. The physicochemical analysis of the synthesized glycerine fatty acid ester compound showed an acid content of 0.38~0.60%, which tended to increase slightly as the glycerine molar ratio increased. The saponification value decreased as the synthesized molar ratio of glycerine increased from 218 to 284. The number of bacteria was measured to confirm the degree of antibacterial activity of glycerine medium-chain fatty acid esters against food poisoning bacteria, Bacillus cereus and Salmonella typhi. The number of bacteria significantly decreased as the MCT:glycerine molar ratio increased. In particular, the antibacterial effect between the treatment groups was the highest when at an MCT:glycerine molar ratio of 1:2.5.

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated and analysed its fermentation ability in triticale powder at different moisture levels. Furthermore, the antibacterial activity of fermented silage extract against cattle pathogens was also studied. The isolated strains were P. pentosaceus (TC48) and L. brevis (TC50) that confirmed based on biochemical and 16srRNA sequences methods. Extract from LAB fermented silage showed higher antibacterial activity (inhibition zone diameters: 18~24.2 mm) against E. coli P. aeruoginosa, S. aureus and E. Fecalis than the non-inoculated silage extract. TC48 and TC52 strains exhibited high tolerance to artificial gastric, duodenal and intestinal fluids. In summary, lactic acid bacteria mediated fermentation of triticale silage extract showed great antibacterial activity with significant probiotic characteristics might be an effective and safe way to provide new strategies for reducing the incidence of pathogenic bacteria associated diseases in animals.

β-mannanase from Trichoderma reesei was purified by DEAE Sephadex A-50 ion exchange chromatography and Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography. The molecular weight was determined to be 54 kDa by tricine SDS-PAGE. Trigonella foenum-graecum galactomannan was hydrolyzed by the purified β-mannanase, and then the hydrolysates were separated by Bio-Gel P2 chromatography. The main hydrolysates were composed of D.P. (degree of polymerization) 2, 3, and 4, 6 galactomanno-oligosaccharides. To investigate the effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum galactomanno- oligosaccharides on in vitro growth of L. plantarum, were cultivated individually on a modified-MRS medium containing carbon sources such as low- and high-molecular-weight galactomanno-oligosaccharide. Lactobacillus plantarum grew 1.8-fold after treatment with high- and low-molecular-weight galactomanno-oligosaccharides, compared to 1.3-fold for those with standard MRS medium. Bacteriocin was purified by Sephadex G-100 gel chromatography and determined to be 122 kDa by tricine SDS-PAGE. The bacteriocin activated doubly more effectively after treatment with galactosmanno-oligosaccharides compared to those with standard MRS medium. Bacteriocin showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The inhibitory compound lost activity when heated to temperatures greater than 30oC and when inhibited to pH changes that lowered the pH below 4 or raised it above 5. Furthermore, its effects were inhibited by treatment with proteolytic enzymes.

This study is Antimicrobial activity for bacteriocin produced by Lactobacillus acidophilus. Production of lactacin B was pH dependent, with maximum activity detected in broth cultures maintained pH 6. As a result of the antimicrobial activity against p. acnes in the pH culture, the clear zone was the largest at pH 6 and persisted for a long time.

This research was conducted to elucidate the optimum conditions for the antibacterial activity of konjak jelly using the evolutionary operation-factorial design technique. In the first set of experiments, concentration of a coagulation agent, soaking liquid, and temperature of water were set to 0.4%, 0.6×10－2 N, and 65℃ as a central point, respectively. The highest antibacterial activity was acquired at E21, in which the number of bacteria was 1.25 log cfu/g. Because the code of changes in the main effect was (-), it could be decided that the central point of the first set was not the optimum point. Although antibacterial activity in the second set was improved, the values of the main effect were higher than that of changes in the mean effect. The central point of third set was concentration of coagulation agent 0.8%, concentration of soaking liquid 1.0×10－2 N, and temperature of water 65℃. It was found that the antibacterial activity of central point in the third set was highest among all the tested set. Further, all the necessary conditions were appropriate to reach the optimum condition. The antibacterial activity of the central point in third set was more than 1,000 times higher than that of E11, in first set.

Licorice and rosemary contain a number of natural phenolic compounds which have a strong antibacterial and antioxidant activity. Ulleungdo stonecrop (US, scientific name: Sedum takesimense Nakai), indigenous island, is also known as a good antibiotic agent and skin whitening agent and is regarded as a promising materials in cosmetics field. Although the antibacterial activity of each material have been reported, little is known about the effect of using them together. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the synergistic effect on antibacterial activity when licorice and rosemary extract and US were used together. Since licorice and rosemary are lipid soluble materials and US is water soluble material, oil in water (O/W) emulsion system was used for this study. To manufacture O/W emulsions containing three kinds materials, first licorice and rosemary extracts and US was dispersed in soy bean oil and phosphate buffer (pH7) respectively. Decaglyceryl laurate was used as an emulsifier. There was slight decrease (-0.09~-0.46 Δlog) in the number of bacteria when O/W emulsion containing 300ppm of each licorice and rosemary extracts was mixed into B.subtilis. However, adding US (2,700ppm) into aqueous phase caused the rapid decrease in the amount of bacteria to -1.71 ~ -2.96 Δlog which were much higher decrement than US only in normal emulsion (-1.64 Δlog). In particular, there was a noticeable synergistic effect when rosemary extract and US was used together. The results obtained from this study could provide useful information for utilizing licorice and rosemary extracts and US as functional materials in the food and cosmetic areas.

In Korea, the production of edible mushrooms was estimated to be 614,224 ton a year. In addition, yield of L. edodes (Shiitake mushroom) was estimated to be about 37,000 ton a year. The shiitake mushroom (Phyogo mushroom in Korea) has mainly been cultivated on tree logs. However, recently, bag cultivation using sawdust is rapidly increasing yearly due to its high yield and easily process and currently, the sawdust cultivation of Phyogo mushroom is approaching to almost 50% of the cultivation in Korea. The mushroom growers faced on disposal problem of the SMS and required the available measures to recycle it without environmental hazard. Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is the post-harvest substrate and retains a variety of bioactive substances such as extracellular enzymes, antibiotics, secondary metabolites and carbohydrates produced during mycelium and fruiting body formation. Approximately, 5 kg of mushroom substrate are needed to produce 1 kg of mushroom, and consequently about 25 million tons of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is produced each year in Korea. Because this massive amount of SMS is unsuitable for reuse in mushroom production, it is either used as garden fertilizer or deposited in landfills, which pollutes the environment. SMS can also be considered as an easily available source of active compounds to protect plants from fungal and bacterial infections, helping alleviate the waste disposal problem in the mushroom industry and creating an eco- friendly method to reduce plant pathogens. We describe extraction of lignocellulytic enzymes and antibacterial substance from SMSs of different edible mushrooms and their potential applications.

The discovery of various activities of natural plants has increased interest in halophytes. Suaeda australis and S. maritime are perennial halophytes that belong to the Chenopodiaceae family. Extracts of S. australis and S. maritime plants were investigated for concentration and time-dependent antibacterial and antioxidant activities using bacterial species and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, respectively, as well as total phenolic content. The S. australis extract (500 μg/mL) showed activity against all the bacterial species including P. aeruginosa, P. mirabilis, A. baumannii, and VRE with 61.1, 42.3, 44.49, and 40.38%, respectively, inhibition and suppressed of these four species for 12 h. Overall, the S. australis extract showed marked antibacterial activities while, in contrast, the S. maritime extract had excellent antioxidant effects. However, the effects of the two extracts were much lower than that of quercetin. The present study identified antibacterial activities of S. australis, and it would be necessary to perform further phytochemical studies of S. australis.

This study investigated the antibacterial effects of Galla rhois extract (GRE) against Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of GRE against C. jejuni and C. coli were 0.28 and 0.55 mg/mL, respectively, and the corresponding minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were 4.4 and 5.5 mg/mL. C. jejuni treated with the MIC, MBC or 2×MBC of GRE showed significant inhibition of growth compared with that of the control group during the incubation period, and no viable bacteria were detected at 24 h after incubation. C. coli treated with MIC, MBC or 2×MBC of GRE also showed inhibition of growth compared with that of the control group during the incubation period, and in the C. coli cultures treated with MBC and 2×MBC of GRE, no viable bacteria were detected at 24 h after incubation. In conclusion, GRE is a candidate antibacterial agent against C. jejuni and C. coli, and may have applications for the control of Campylobacter infection in poultry.

Abstract - We are aim to evaluate lysozyme and antibacterial activity of cultured catfish, Silurus asotus, that fed supplementally with Galla rhois extracts for eight weeks. Lysozyme activity in the spleen and serum of administrated group was higher than not administrated group, but in mucus of the lysozyme activity was no regular than other organ. The lysozyme activity of the spleen, kidney, serum of administrated fishes were increased after 2 weeks and that was highest after 8 weeks. Ht and GLU in serum of administrated fishes were gradually increased but GOT was decreased after 8 weeks. There is no significant differences in HB (Hemoglobin) and TP (Total Protein) each groups. Furthermore, there is no pathohistological changes of kidney and liver of tested fishes. The cumulative survival rates of administrated group after intraperitoneal injection of Aeromonas veronii with 6.5×106 cfu mL-1 was presented 33% in 9 days. As the Results, Galla rhois extracts has any beneficial effects for immunity elevation and antibacterial activity in catfish, Silurus asotus.