본 연구는 브라질 공교육에서 사용되는 고등학교 사회과 교과서의 한국에 대한 정보를 토대로 올바르게 정보가 전달되고 있는지 확인하는 것을 목적 으로 한다. 이에 따라 브라질 고등학교 사회과 교과서에서 한국에 대해 언 급하고 있는 부분을 중점적으로 분석하여 문제점을 파악하고 이를 개선하기 위한 방향성을 제시하고자 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 2015년에서 2021년 사이에 발간된 브라질 고등학교 사회과 교과의 역사·지리 교과서 45권을 대상으로 정량적·내용적 분석을 진행하였다. 본 연구는 정치, 경제, 사회·문화, 역사, 환경 및 지리의 다섯 가지 주요 분야에 걸쳐 진행되었다. 이 중 특히 역사 및 사회·문화 분야에서 한국에 대한 잘못된 정보가 다수 발견되었다. 이러한 정보의 오류는 청소년기에 학습되어 성인기까지 지속적 인 영향을 미치게 되며, 이는 한국에 대한 인식과 이미지의 왜곡으로 이어 질 위험이 크다. 따라서 교과서 속의 잘못된 정보를 바로잡는 것은 단순한 교육적 필요를 넘어 장기적인 관점에서 볼 때 매우 중요하다고 할 수 있다. 특히, 2000년대 이후 브라질 사회는 한류 열풍을 경험하고 있으며, 이는 한 국에 대한 관심과 호감도를 높이는 계기가 되고 있다. 이러한 맥락에서, 한 국에 대한 잘못된 정보를 정확하게 교정하는 작업은 단순히 오류를 수정하 는 것을 넘어서 한국과 브라질 간의 양자 관계를 강화하고 한국의 글로벌 이미지를 제고하는데 크게 기여함과 동시에 한국과 브라질 양국의 문화적 이해와 상호 작용의 향상에 중요한 역할을 할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

This paper presents on overview of variations of languages attitudes across generations of Korean Brazilians. For this study I surveyed a total 60 Koreans living in Bom Retiro and in Piracicaba. The surveys and interviews were divided into the following four categories: Korean language usage, Determinants of language choice, Unconscious language attitude and Impression about language. As a result, it was confirmed that as the generations passed, the identity gradually changed in favor of the country of residence. However, it was found that the 1.5 generation had a more positive image of Brazilian Portuguese than the second generation. However, it can be seen that all generations have a more positive image of Korean than Brazilian Portuguese. In addition, the second generation Korean Brazilians were twice as likely to feel both Brazilian and Korean as those who only feel Brazilian. Thus, it can be seen that there are still many overseas Koreans in Brazil who maintain their identity of Koreans. In this situation, if the educational environment for the next generation of overseas Koreans in Brazil improved, it is expected that the subsequent generations will also be able to maintain their Korean identity and blend it into the identity of their country of residence.

여성 지도자들은 남성중심적 문화가 지배적인 정치영역에서 영향력을 확보하기 위하여 많은 노력을 기울여 왔으며, 여전히 부족한 수준이긴 하나 오늘날 여성의 정치적 대표성은 세계적으로 점증하고 있는 추세에 있다, 그럼에도 불구하고 2016년 한국과 브라질에서 여성 대통령 탄핵 사태를 중심으로 불거진 일련의 젠더 관련 이슈는 정치권에서 또 다른 성차별 논란을 촉발시켰다. 대통령으로서의 정치적 실정에 대한 비판보다는 성차별적 비난으로 가득했던 양국의 탄핵 과정을 어떻게 설명할 수 있을까? 본 연구는 Glick과 Fiske (1996)가 제시한 양가적 성차별주의 (ambivalent sexism) 개념을 분석틀로 활용함으로써 한국과 브라질 여성 대통령의 탄핵을 둘러싼 정치적 과정 속에서 양가적 성차별주의가 어떻게 만연했는지 비판적으로 검토한다. 궁극적으로 본 고는 양가적 성차별주의의 전형적인 특징이 양국 여성대통령의 탄핵 과정에서 현저하게 두드러졌으며 여성에 대한 차별은 여전히 여성의 정치적 리더십을 방해하고 전통적인 남성 중심의 성 역할을 강화하는 방식으로 오늘날 사회에 상존하고 있음을 주장한다.

In Brazil overwieght people represent 58,2%, in the USA 40% of women’s population. Plus size is a standard of USA fashion industry that applies to woman who wears more than 12, and in Brazil it begins on 44. They are frustrated, because retails provide few options and don’t understand them.

Purpose: The objective of this study is to verify whether cultural aspects influence consumers’ product appraisal by analyzing how consumers from two different countries choose products by designers with a diverse cultural background. Design/Methodology: A questionnaire was applied, with 321 female respondents (217 from Brazil, 104 from Israel) who chose swimsuits from two different styles (“Classic” and “Trendy”) in four different options: bikini, one-piece, solid colors, and print options. Findings: Both countries presented a preference for design from the same cultural background, but while Brazilian respondents opted mostly for designs by Brazilian designers, Israeli respondents chose more openly. Israeli respondents presented a much higher restriction on bikini models compared to one-pieces, while Brazilians presented the opposite type of rejection. Research implications: The results suggest that cultural aspects influence consumers’ choices in product appraisal, as respondents tend to choose designs made under the same cultural influence. Originality/value: behavior, product appraisal, swimwear, cross-cultural 1 Yael_

The choice of strain, substrate, and environmental conditions are fundamental factors that determine the ability of a fungus to develop and produce mushrooms with high quality. The objective of this study was to compare the strains of Lentinula edodes and Ganoderma lucidum originated from South Korea and Brazil in relation to their vegetative development in different culture media, to obtain isolates with high quality. The strains of the two mushroom species from Brazil and South Korea grew slowly, possibly because of abiotic factors or storage technique used. However, it may be concluded that temperature, humidity, light, pH, and nutrients from the substrate, if not regulated appropriately may affect the vegetative species.

In Brazil, agricultural sector accounts for 15 percent of total employment and agricultural export takes 36 percent of the national merchandise exports. Particularly agricultural export has played an important role in Brazilian economic growth and stabilization. Brazil is a substantial agricultural exporter which obtains huge trade surplus in agricultural trade amounting USD 73,300 million. Major agricultural exports are grain and grain-processed products such as soybean, soybean cake, corn and soybean oil. Particularly soybean is the top exporting commodity in Brazil. Our Study overviews the situation of Brazilian agriculture and analyzes the export competitiveness of Brazilian soybean in the World and Korean markets. We employ several indexes such as price competitiveness, Market Share (MS), Revealed Comparative Advantage Index (RCA), and Comparative Advantage by countries (CAC) to analyze international competitiveness of Brazilian soybean. The main results of our study are as follows : First, U.S. Argentina, Paraguay and Canada are rivals with Brazil in the global soybean market. Second, Brazilian soybean has the 3rd highest price competitiveness following Paraguay and Argentina. Third, Brazilian soybean is second highest following Paraguay in a sense of export competitiveness through RCA and CAC index. Brazilian soybean has competitiveness in respect of comparative advantage not only in Korean market but also in global market. Especially CAC index of Brazilian soybean in the Korean market is higher than those of USA and China which have larger Korean market share than Brazil. However, the competition seems to be even more intensifying because Korea has already agreed on FTA with USA and China, and also Paraguay expands soybean export to Korea recently.

This paper presents a study of the port logistics activities at the port of Santos (Brazil). The study follows a qualitative approach and it is based on in-depth interviews with some key actors from Santos port logistics chain. Based on these interviews, the main dysfunctions and improvement opportunities associated to the container port logistics processes at Santos were identified. The results show that the main dysfunctions are related to the existing information flows. Due to this, a new information flow related to the studied port is proposed and some probable results of the implementation are identified. The findings contribute both to the studied port and to the academic community, as the number of studies addressing port logistics activities is still limited.

본 연구에서는 브라질에 진출할 때 한국기업들이 선택하는 운영모드의 결정요인을 알아보고자 하였다. 비즈니 스 네트워크 관점에 근거하여, 기존의 해외 자회사를 통해 얻을 수 있는 혜택을 잘 활용할 수 있는 운영모드를 선택할 것이라는 가설을 설정하였다. 이를 위해, 구축되어 있는 비즈니스 네트워크를 지역 및 국가수준으로 구분 하였으며, 운영모드는 국제화과정에서 자원의 투입 및 위험의 정도가 가장 큰 두 개의 모드, 즉 판매법인 모드와 생산법인 모드에 초점을 맞추었다. 1개 이상의 해외 자회사를 가진 241개의 한국기업을 대상으로 실증 분석한 결과, 기존의 해외자회사들을 통해 구축한 비즈니스 네트워크가 브라질 운영모드 선택에 미치는 영향은, 그 비즈 니스 네트워크를 구축한 지역과 국가에 따라 다른 것으로 나타났다. 추가분석의 결과, 지식이전에 대해서 문화적 거리가 지닐 수 있는 부정적 영향은 해외 비즈니스 네트워크의 심화 정도에 따라 감소 될 수도 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 실증결과는 국제화와 관련된 위험과 불확실성에 대처하기 위한 수단으로 해외 비즈니스 네트 워크가 중요하며, 해외 비즈니스 네트워크와 지식이전의 관계를 연구함에 있어서 네트워크의 존재여부와 그 심화 정도를 함께 고려하는 것이 필요하다는 시사점을 제공해 주고 있다.

Brazilian Government faced international crises by implementing fiscal stimulus to raise internal consumption while sustained a high interest rate with flexible exchange rate system and low capital flow control. The mix of economic policies has increased the internal expenditure level, lowered income differences and has sustained inflation controls. The composition of internal expenditure has changed and external firms captured the higher demand. Therefore, an imbalance in transactions account is an increasing macroeconomic problem. This paper analyses the relation between recent shifts in macroeconomic policies in Brazil, the growing importation of final goods and a different insertion and external sharing of Brazilian exportation. Fiscal policies, instead of increasing sales and firms revenues, has increased imbalances in transaction account and has feed the discussion about Dutch Disease and Deindustrialization in Brazil. We can define deindustrialization as a lower share in industrial jobs in the total employment in the country (Rowthorn & Ramaswany 1999). The broad concept is a decrease in the industrial value added share to gross domestic product in addition to a lower industrial employment share (Tregenna 2009). In the first part, we discuss three different interpretations of causes of deindustrialization. Follows an analysis of consumption in Brazil and transaction account data. For some economists Brazil faces a historical and structural trend to currency valuation, related to commodities exports. These phenomena must be corrected through export taxation in order to sustain product diversification and national firms in manufacturing sector (Bresser-Pereira 2011). Others consider that the mix of economic policies combined with low capital controls and pre-salt announcement, led to deindustrialization and devaluated currency. In addition, we can find in the literature that deindustrialization is a recent phenomenon closely linked to 2008 crisis (Bacha 2013). Finally, some economists think that deindustrialization is a natural phenomenon and as economy growth, we can observe a pattern where service sector grows more than manufacture sector. This is related to the income increases and family demand (services has higher income elasticity of demand than manufacture goods). In the second part of this paper, we show how a wage-led strategy to growth has increased imports and decrease exports instead of increasing national firms’ sales and revenues. Recent data shows an imbalance in external accounts and a huge change in imports and exports composition. In the third part, we show the consumption contribution to growth, aggregate demand since 2008, the increase in importation and the consumption pattern for durable, no durable goods. We also analyze the growing indebtedness of households and shifts in income sharing. Finally, a shift in composition of exports and imports ends the third part showing a different insertion of Brazilian economy. The conclusion shows that firms in national territory fails in benefiting from increases in demand and in competing for exports. We raise questions about when one country should adopt fiscal stimulus to fight against crises and poverty. When fiscal policy is combined with monetary contraction and currency appreciation, the results are that firms cannot benefit from a growing demand and we call that Access Theory: exchange rate is strongly related to consumption level for national goods.

An acoustic method for discriminating plankton from fish, in Lake Dom Helvecio of Brazil, is developed. The flow of data from this method is comprised of time varied threshold (TVT), dilation filter, bitmap and mask functions. The TVT can, of itself, precisely explain how to select an appropriate value. The final results of the echogram, which only shows plankton by masking fish signals, is used to examine the acoustic density of plankton by depth and time. The results indicate that the acoustic density of the plankton is at a depth of between 5m to 15m, its density is especially high at 10m to 15m. The results of the acoustic density of plankton by time indicate that May 7 is higher in density than May 8. Future study plans include the use of net samples, environmental datasets to identify the abundance and ecology described by the Chaoborus spp. from other species.

To find an efficient solution for the globalization of Korean food in Brazil, we conducted a survey about the satisfaction of Brazilian natives who had visited a Korean restaurant, and possible suggestions for improvement. We also conducted indepth interviews with 13 owners of Korean restaurants in Seo Paulo, Brazil, about their plans to improve Korean food to be more appealing to the Brazilian palate. Our research shows that Korean restaurants had a below average reputation for employee kindness, menu taste and variety, interior, mood, and accessibility. As a result of the survey, we found that Korean restaurants were considered in general to be below average. The survey also showed that the higher the level of a person's economic standing, the less satisfaction they had with Korean food restaurants. We also found that the most common pieces of advice that Brazilian women had regarding Korean restaurants were to offer more variety in the menu, maintain a cleaner restaurant, and to actively engage in public relations. The general concerns of everyone surveyed focused on cleanliness and public relations of the restaurant. However, food-related people focused more on the taste and quality of the food. Sao Paulo is currently the most well-developed economic center in South America, so the world's food service industry is pushed to the front of its ongoing development. For Korean food to make inroads into Brazil, Korean restaurants need to change the niche that they occupy. First-generation family businesses and second-generation specialized family businesses coexist in that city. So first of all, to localize the Korean food for Brazilian tastes, a menu system that will easily allow natives to access Korean food must be established. And second of all, it must support the total food culture by improving distribution, sanitation management, and marketing methods that can get the natives to like Korean food ingredients.

This purpose of this study is to explore the experiences of correctional privatization in the U.S., U.K., Brazil, and Australia and suggest the way to implement correctional privatization in Korea. For this purpose, it explores the background, system and type, and current issues of correctional privatization and examines their strengths and weaknesses. By doing so, it provides Korea with a guideline for establishing effective and efficient correctional privatization strategies in Korea.

The preliminary results of the study on the physics of rain using disdrometer data are shown for an area located on the northern coastal board of Maceiб, Alagoas (9˚33'17.24' and 35˚46'54.84' W), at approximately 80 meters above the sea level. The data were obtained during January 2002 using a disdrometer RD-69 (Joss-Waldvogel). After definining the criteria for determining rain type (convective and stratiform), a set of Z-R pairs was analyzed for estimating the Z-R relation for each rain type. The results were quite similar to those for other regions of the globe. This preliminary analysis will be used to study the structure of rain with the meteorological radar as well as to permit a better understanding of the physics of tropical rain.