본 연구는 고속도로 다주식 교각 두부보를 대상으로 철근 보강과 철근 대체 GFRP 보강의 균열 손상 거동을 3차원 유한요소 해석으로 비교ㆍ평가하였다. 콘크리트는 ABAQUS의 CDP 모델을 적용하고, 균열 분포는 인장 손상 변수를 핵심 지표로 사용하였다. 선형해석 결과, 두부보 중앙 상단부의 압축 응력 지배 구간과 중앙 하단부 및 접합부 주변의 인장ㆍ전단 영향 구간이 명확히 구분되었 으며, 향후 실험 계측 위치 선정에 활용 가능한 정보를 제공하였다. 비선형 해석 결과, 전반적으로 각 Case의 최초 균열하중 및 최대하 중, 균열 발생 시 변위 및 최대 변위는 큰 차이 없이 유사 범위에 분포하였으며, 균열 면적과 분포 형상 역시 대체로 유사하여 GFRP 보강 두부보의 구조적 안정성이 확인되었다. 특히 일부 Case는 초기 강성과 파괴 저항 측면에서 철근 보강 대비 경쟁력 있는 결과를 보여, 실무적 대체 가능성을 뒷받침하였다.

Efficient donor-acceptor (D-A) molecular scaffolds should be developed for the advancement of organic solar cells (OSCs). Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) studies provide an effective methodology to perform initial studies to design and investigate D-A molecular systems. Two fluorine-substituted bis-benzothiadiazoles (FBBTs) are designed and optimized using the DFT method. The results show better planarity for FBBT2, which is attributed to π-extension between the FBBT units. A series of D-A small molecules CB1-4 are designed utilizing FBBT2 to study the effect of systematically substituting carbazole donor and cyano-based acceptor groups on the optoelectronic properties of FBBT. DFT calculations are performed using the B3LYP functional. The designed D-A scaffolds exhibit systematic tuning of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), HOMO-LUMO gap (from 2.333 eV to 1.825 eV). The observed HOMO-LUMO gap follows the trend CB1 > CB2 > CB4 > CB3. The Voc (open-circuit voltage) and power conversion efficiency (PCE) for CB1-4 are presented with the PC71BM acceptor. The overall trend observed for the Voc follows the order CB1 < CB4 < CB2 < CB3. The PCE trend observed using the Scharber model follows the trend CB3 > CB4 > CB2 > CB1. The results show that end cap modeling of π-extended FBBT with cyano-based acceptor groups significantly improves the observed PCE and Voc.

본 연구에서는 철근의 부식 문제를 근본적으로 해결하기 위하여 고속도로 교각 두부보에 GFRP 보강근을 적용하고 구조설계 및 3차원 유한요소해석을 수행하였다. AASHTO LRFD 설계기준에 근거하여 교란영역(D-region)인 두부보를 설계하였으며, 기존 연구결 과를 바탕으로 설계기준보다 완화된 계수를 적용하여 결과를 비교하였다. 또한, 두 가지 설계에 대해 각각 3차원 유한요소해석을 수행 하여 설계 결과를 검증하였다. 본 연구의 결과로부터 완화된 계수 적용을 통해 GFRP 보강 교각 두부보의 경제성 확보가 가능하다는 결과를 얻었으며, 이는 다양한 GFRP 보강 콘크리트 구조물의 실용화에 기여할 수 있을 것이라 기대된다.

본 연구에서는 철근 부식 문제의 근본적인 해결책으로 각광받고 있는 GFRP 보강근을 교각의 두부 보에 적용하기 위해 철근 보강 콘크리트로 설계된 고속도로 교각의 두부보를 철근 대신 GFRP 보강근 으로 대체하여 설계하고 실용화를 위해 필요한 요소를 발굴하였다. 교란영역(D-region)인 두부보 설계 를 위해 8도로교량의 콘크리트 바닥판, 콘크리트 방호울타리 등의 휨 지배 구조물9의 설계로 적용범위 를 한정하고 있는 국내 설계기준 대신 8AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Guide Specifications for GFRP-Reinforced Concrete 2nd Edition9을 적용하여 설계하였다. 이를 통해 철근 대비 지나치게 보 수적인 설계 요소 및 GFRP 재료가 철근 대체재로 활용되기 위해서 보완되어야 할 점을 제시함으로써 향후 GFRP 보강근 적용 부재의 확대 및 실용화에 기여할 수 있을 것이라 기대한다.

Pleurotus ostreatus is a globally cultivated mushroom crop. Cap color is a quality factor in P. ostreatus. However, cap color can spontaneously mutate, degrading the quality of the mushroom on the market. Early detection and removal of mutant strains is the best way to maintain the commercial value of the crop. To detect the cap color mutant Gonji7ho, molecular markers were developed based on insertion/deletions (InDels) derived from the comparison of mitogenomes of Gonji7ho and Gonji7hoM mushrooms. Sequencing, assembly, and comparative analysis of the two mitogenomes revealed genome sizes of 73,212 bp and 72,576 bp with 61 and 57 genes or open reading frames (ORFs) in P. ostreatus Gonji7ho and Gonji7hoM, respectively. Fourteen core protein-encoding genes, two rRNA, and 24 tRNA with some OFRs were predicted. Of the 61 genes or OFRs in the wild type, dpo, rpo, and two orf139 were missing (or remnant) in the mutant strain. Molecular markers were developed based on the sequence variations (InDels) between the two mitogenomes. Six polymorphic molecular markers could detect the mutated mitochondria by PCR. These results provide basic knowledge of the mitogenomes of wild-type and mutant P. ostreatus, and can be applied to discriminate mutated mitochondria.

Roto cap is usually used to diesel engine, especially, big-sized diesel engine such as ship, power plant and so on. Intake and exhaust valves are essential parts of diesel engine and thus roto cap is one of the most important parts of intake and exhaust valves. Roto cap consists of body, disc spring, spring & steel ball, retainer and stop ring. In this study, the body and disc spring in parts of roto cap were simulated using static structural analysis. The purpose of this study is to achieve the data for designing and improving the roto cap. As the results, the body of roto cap showed safety factor of 6.3 in even 2 times of 1370N(target load) and the disc spring showed safety factor of 4.9 in 2370N load.

본 연구는 유한요소 해석모델을 이용해 아치 형상을 갖는 석션 상판의 거동을 분석하였다. 평판형 및 아치형 상판의 기본적인 구조 성능에 대해 비교함으로써 아치형 상판의 이점을 설명하였다. 또한 아치형 상판의 기하 및 보강재 배치 변화에 따른 거동 변화를 비교하여 각 인자가 상판의 응력 및 변형에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 추가로 아치형 상판 가장자리의 경계조건 영향을 수치적으로 분석함으로써, 아치형 상판의 보강재 배치와 가물막이 벽체와의 상호거동 영향을 규명하고 이를 통해 보강형 아치형 상판의 구조설계의 기본 개념을 도출하였다. 평판형 상판과 달리 환형 보강재가 아치형 상판의 구조 거동을 확연히 개선시킬 수 있음을 확인하였으며, 방사 보강재의 역할은 상판 가장자리의 구속상태에 의존적이었다.

Currently many companies are interested in reduction of the carbon emissions associated with their supply chain activities such as transportation and operations. Operational decisions, such as modifications in order quantities could an effective way in reducing carbon emissions in the supply chain. Cap-and-trade regulation, sometimes called emissions trading, is a market-based tool to limit greenhouse gas emissions. Under cap-and-trade regulation, emission credits are allocated to the firms and the firms trades emissions under cap-and-trade schemes. In this paper, we propose a single-manufacturer single-buyer two-echelon supply chain problem under the cap-and-trade mechanism incorporating the carbon emissions caused by transportation and warehousing activities where a single manufacturer produces a family of items in order to deliver a family of items to a single buyer at a fixed interval of time for effective implementation of Just-In-Time (JIT) Purchasing. An integrated multi-product lot-splitting model of facilitating multiple shipments in small lots between buyer and manufacturer is developed in a JIT Purchasing environment. Also, an iterative heuristic algorithm is developed to derive the common order interval, the number of intervals for each product and the number of shipments between the buyer and the manufacturer during the common interval. A numerical example is given to illustrate the savings in reduction of total cost and carbon emissions by the inventory model incorporating cap-and-trade mechanism compared to the classical inventory model. The proposed inventory model could be useful for the practical solution of two-echelon supply chain inventory problem under cap-and-trade mechanism.

본고는 조선후기 조선과 청나라에서 착용한 방한용 모자의 종별과 형식적 특징을 비교하여, 조선 모자의 종류가 많고 조선만의 고유한 특징을 지니고 있음을 밝혔다. 유교를 국시로 삼았던 조선은 衣冠을 갖추어 예의를 지키고자 하였기에, 항상 모자를 착용하여 종류가 많았다. 중국의 모자는 太平巾과 抹額뿐이었지만, 조선의 모자는 網 巾․탕건․笠[갓]을 비롯하여 程子冠․朱子冠․濂溪冠․東坡冠․沖正 冠․方冠등 10여 가지로 다양하였다. 이러한 모자는 선비들의 미적 취향으로 발전된 것이면서, 그것을 만드는 장인의 제작기술은 오늘날까지 전승되어 우리의 고유문화가 되었다. 조선의 방한모자 또한 중국의 것보다 종류가 풍부하였다. 중국의 방한모자는 耳套․耳衣, 태평모에서 개선된 風帽, 抹額에서 발전한 臥兎兒, 氈笠形이나 鉢笠形 으로 제작한 貂帽등 비교적 한정되었으나, 조선의 것은 耳掩을 비롯하여 볼끼 및 額掩[아얌]․護額․護項․風遮(項風遮․小風遮․披 肩․三山巾․陽轉巾) 등 다양하였다. 특히 조선 선비의 상징인 갓을 비롯한 관모들은 추위에 약하여 이것을 보완하기 위해 검은색에, 상투를 세울 수 있도록 위가 트인 독특한 형태로 발전하였다. 이러한 남자들의 방한모자가 점차 여자용과 어린이용으로 확산되면서도, 그 색과 형태는 여전히 유지되어 한국 방한모자의 특징이 되었다.

The push-out tests have been conducted on the specimens which consist of the steel beam with U-shape section and the continuous cap-type shear connector. Existing formulas for the elevation of shear connector capacity were investigated on the basis of test results. The shear capacities of continuous cap-type shear connectors distinctly declined as the diameters of side-hole in the shear connector increased. The rebars through side-hole for the transverse reinforcement improved the shear capacity of continuous cap-type connector by 20 to 30 percent. It was not feasible to obtain the appropriate capacity values of continuous cap-type shear connectors made of thin steel plate like those of in this study, using the existing formulas. The new formula for reflecting the shear strength of penetrative bars was proposed based on the shear equation of Eurocode 4. The slip capacities of continuous cap-type shear connectors were shown to exceed the limit value of 6mm for the sufficiently ductile behavior.

In pursuing carbon emission reduction efforts, companies have focused for the most part on reducing emissions due to the more efficient equipment and facilities. However they overlook a significant source of carbon emissions, one that is driven by operational policies. Currently companies are looking for solutions to reduce carbon emissions associated with their operations. Operational adjustments, such as modifications in order quantities could an effective way in reducing carbon emissions in the supply chain. Also, Cap-and-Trade mechanism is generally accepted as on of the most effective market-based mechanism to reduce carbon emissions. In this paper, we investigate a supply chain with single manufacturer and multiple retailers multi-product inventory model under the cap-and-trade system incorporating the carbon emissions caused by transportation and warehousing activities. Also, we provide an iterative solution algorithm and derive the common order interval and the number of intervals for each product. We show by numerical example that the inventory model incorporating cap & trade mechanism can reduce total cost and carbon emissions compared to the classical inventory model. Using the numerical examples, we also investigates different carbon price on the performance of the inventory model.

The push-out tests have been conducted on the specimens which consist of the steel beam with U-shape section and the cap-type shear connectors with constant intervals. Existing equations for the evaluation of shear connector strength have been investigated on the basis of test results. The reinforcing bars for longitudinal reinforcement and the penetrative bars for transverse reinforcement didn’t have much effect on the shear capacity of the cap-type shear connector. The larger the width of cap-type shear connector was profiled, the greater the shear strength turned. The shear capacities of cap-type shear connectors with constant intervals were evaluated on the basis of push-out test results, and those were possible to be determined with proper safety margin using the Eurocode 4. The slip capacity of cap-type shear connector was shown to exceed the limit value of 6mm for sufficiently ductile behavior.

We investigate the effect of the modification of cellulose acetate propionate as an organic vehicle for silver paste on solar cell efficiency. For the modification of cellulose acetate propionate, poly(ethylene glycol) is introduced to the hydroxyl groups of a cellulose acetate propionate backbone via esterification reaction. The chemical structure and composition of poly(ethylene glycol) functionalized cellulose acetate propionate is characterized by Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. Due to the effect of structural change for poly(ethylene glycol) functionalized cellulose acetate propionate on the viscosity of silver paste, the solar cell efficiency increases from 18.524% to 18.652 %. In addition, when ethylene carbonate, which has a structure similar to poly(ethylene glycol), is introduced to cellulose acetate propionate via ring opening polymerization, we find that the efficiency of the solar cell increases from 18.524% to 18.622%.

These days, the Composite Slabs with Deep Deck plate was commonly used in domestic construction site, and, the application of the Slim Floor system was increased from the Enlargement and High-rise Building. But, Slim Floor system using the Deep Deck was shown safety problem caused by the deflection and local buckling in construction phase when used to more than 6m. Therefore, for solving the problem, the installation of the shores is essential. This study is realize the long span slab without shores from control the deflection through applied the pre-tensioning elements in CAP deck. In addition, by applying the pre-tensioning member as the tensile member of the CAP Deck slab, the pre-tensioning member for the shores tries to be used as the structural member. Accordingly, to determine the flexural performance of the CAP Deck slab through the pre-tensioning force in tensile member, and, the composite effect of the CAP Deck slab by the experiments.

To precisely assemble the fuel test rod, an orbital TIG welding system was designed and developed to accurately conduct orbital TIG welding for the nuclear fuel test rod. Using this system, a welding process needs to confirm the welding properties for orbital TIG welding. Therefore, preliminary weld tests were performed on the cladding tubes under various conditions, and the results show that the width and depth of HAZ of the cladding specimen welded using identical power during an orbital TIG welding cycle was continuously increased from a welded start-point to a welded end-point because of heat accumulation. The performance tests were conducted under the welding conditions considered through preliminary welding tests, and the properties of the specimens were conformed through surface and microstructure analyses.

These days, the Composite Slabs with Deep deck plate was commonly used in domestic construction site, and, the application of the Slim Floor system was increased from the Enlargement and High-rise Building. But, Slim Floor system using the deep deck was shown safety problem caused by the deflection and local buckling in construction phase when used to more than 6m. Therefore, for solving the problem, the installation of the shores is essential. This study is realize the long span slab without shores from control the deflection through applied the pre-tensioning elements in cap deck. In addition, by applying the pre-tensioning member as the tensile member of the Cap Deck composite slab, the pre-tensioning member for the shores tries to be used as the structural member. Accordingly, to determine the flexural performance of the Cap deck composite slab through the pre-tensioning force in tensile member, and, the composite effect of the cap deck composite slab by the experiments.

팽이버섯과 느타리버섯의 색깔이 다른 계통과 부위별로 갓과 대로 나누어 아미노산 및 유리아미노산 분석을 실시 하여 성분 조성과 함량을 비교하였다. 그 결과 버섯 종류 와 계통, 그리고 부위에 따라 서로 다른 아미노산 종류가 검출되었다. 팽이, 느타리 모두에서 tryptophane은 검출되 지 않았으며, 느타리에서는 특이적으로 alanine이 검출되 지 않았다. 또한 팽이에서는 glutamic acid 함량이 가장 높았으며 methionine과 phenylalanine은 극히 적게 검출 되었다. 느타리버섯에서는 glutamic acid 함량이 가장 높 았고 phenylalanine과 cysteine이 낮았으며 특이하게 흑색 변이계통에서 leucine이 검출되지 않았다. 또한 부위별로 는 팽이와 느타리 모두 아미노산 종류별 비율은 동일한 경향을 보였으며, 일반적으로 대보다는 갓에서 아미노산 함량이 더 높은 경향을 보였다. 유리아미노산 분석 결과 에서는 버섯계통별로 검출되는 아미노산 함량이 서로 달 랐으며, 버섯의 갓과 대에서도 검출되는 아미노산 조성이 일치하지 않는 것으로 나타났다.