In the article by Im et al., that appears in the International Journal of Oral Bilogy 2013;38(4):155-160. In page 155, Yoon Kyung Imshould be changed as Yun Kyong Lim.

본 연구의 목적은 한우사료 내 아마씨앗의 급여가 등심 내 오메가 6와 3 지방산 비율(n-6/n-3) 감소효과 및 n-6/n-3 균형 한우고기를 섭취한 사람의 혈액 중 LDL-C 감소효과를 조사하는 것이었다. 단계별로 거세한우 20마리를 이용하여 대조군과 아마씨앗을 함유하는 n-3 처리구로 각각 10마리씩 나누어 완전임의 배치하였다. n-3 사료군은 대조군과 비교할 때 혈액 및 등심 내 n-6/n-3가 4:1이하로 감소하였으며 단일불포화지방산으로써 올레인산은 52.79%까지 증가하였다. 임상실험자의 70% 이상에서 나타난 균형 한우고기를 섭취한 그룹의 중성지방, 총콜레스테롤 및 LDL-C은 각각 25.35, 5.22, 17.59% 감소하였고 수입 쇠고기는 9.05, 8.21, 21.70% 증가하였으나 일반한우는 큰 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 균형 한우고기를 섭취한 그룹의 HDL-C는 6.07% 증가하였으나 수입 쇠고기와 일반한우는 각각 14.46, 11.46% 감소하였다. 혈당은 균형 한우고기와 일반 한우고기가 각각 6.42, 11.82% 감소하였으나 수입 쇠고기는 15.19% 증가하였다.

본 연구는 계란 난황을 경구투여 한 랫드에서 혈액 지질감소에 관한 생화학적 대사기전을 규명하기 위하여 수행하였다. 36마리의 Sprague Dawley 숫컷 랫드를 4처리구 3반복으로 완전임의 배치하였다. 6주 동안 동일한 정제고형식이를 급여하면서 매일 한번 씩 난황을 경구투여 하였다. 대조군(C; 생리식염수 1.0 g), T1(삼겹살 기름 1.0 g), T2(난황 1.0 g), T3(삼겹살 기름 1.0g 과 난황 1.0 g을 각각 1주일씩 교체 투여군)으로 구분하였다. 일일평균 증체량은 T1이 가장 높았고 T3, T2, C 순서로 낮게 나타났다. 혈액 중성지방과 총콜레스테롤은 T1이 가장 높았고 C, T3, T2 순서로 낮게 나타났다. HDL-C는 T2가 가장 높았고 C, T3, T1 순서로 낮게 나타났으나 LDL-C는 T1이 가장 높았고 T3, C, T2 순서로 높게 나타났다. 간 기능을 나타내는 지표 AST, ALT는 T1에서 가장 높았고 T2가 가장 낮게 나타났다. 복강지방을 제외한 간, 비장, 신장의 무게는 각 처리구 사이에 차이는 없었다. 복강지방은 T1이 가장 높았으나 C, T2, T3사이의 차이는 없었다. HMG-CoA reductase activity는 T1이 가장 높았고 T3, C 순서로 낮게 나타났으며 T2는 가장 낮았다. 분을 통하여 배설되는 일일 총스테롤, 중성스테롤, 산성스테롤의 배설량은 T2가 가장 높았으나 T1은 가장 낮았다. 본 연구결과는 계란의 섭취가 동물의 간에서 콜레스테롤 합성효소의 활성을 억제함과 동시에 분을 통한 스테롤의 배설을 촉진시켜줌으로써 혈액 지질을 낮춘다는 사실을 확인하였다.

본 연구는 고콜레스테롤 식이를 섭취한 랫드에서 파리유충 에탄올추출물(Ethanolic extract of fly maggot, EM)의 경구투여가 혈액 지질감소에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. Sprague-Dawley 수컷 랫드를 이용하여 4 처리구(EM 투여량; 대조군=0, 5.0, 7.0, 9.0 mg/100 g 체중)로 구분해서 6주 동안 진행하였다. EM 투여군은 대조군과 비교할 때 혈청 중성지방, 총콜레스테롤, LDL-C가 유의하게 낮았다 (p<0.05). HMG-CoA reductase activity는 대조군과 비교할 때 EM 투여군에서 낮았으나 총스테롤, 중성스테롤 및 담즙산 배설량은 EM 투여군에서 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). EM의 혈액 콜레스테롤 감소와 관련한 생물학적 작용기작을 규명하기 위해서 고콜레스테롤 식이를 섭취한 랫드에서 유도된 생체유전자 sterol response element binding proteins (SREBPs) 및 the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARα) 발현을 측정하였다. EM은 고콜레스테롤 식이를 공급받은 랫드의 간에서 SREBP-1α, SREBP-2 mRNA 발현을 억압함과 동시에 PPARα mRNA 발현을 촉진시키는 것으로 나타났다 (p<0.05). 본 연구의 결과는 파리유충 에탄올추출물이 고콜레스테롤 식이를 섭취한 랫드에서 지질대사와 관련한 생화학적 매개변수 및 유전자발현 조절을 통하여 혈액 콜레스테롤을 낮춘다는 새로운 사실을 발견하였다.

The major issue in the development of nucleic acid based therapeutics is the inefficient delivery of these agents into cells. We prepared cholesterol conjugated spermine and evaluated its usefulness as a delivery modality for antisense oligonucleotides in HeLa-Luc cells. A 2’-O-methyl antisense oligonucleotide sequence, designed to correct splicing at an aberrant intron inserted into a normal luciferase reporter gene, was used for complex formation with cholesterol conjugated spermine. Effective delivery of this antisense agent into nucleus would results in the expression of a luciferasereporter gene product. The cholesterol-spermine formed stable complexes with the antisense oligonucleotide and showed modest delivery activity. Furthermore, this delivery activity was maintained even in the presence of serum proteins, mimicking in vivo conditions. Cholesterol-spermine thus has potential as a delivery system for antisense oligonucleotides into cells.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the biological mechanism of orally administered fly maggot ethanol extracts (EM) on hypocholesterolemic in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. SDS male rats were divided into four groups (EM dose control=0, 5.0, 7.0, and 9.0 mg/100 g BW) and were treated for 6 weeks. EM groups revealed a significant reduction in serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol when compared with the control group. HMG-CoA reductase activity in EM groups were significantly lower than those of the control group, but total sterol, neutral sterol, and bile acid excretion were significantly increased in EM groups when compared with the control group. It was discovered that EM suppress the expression of SREBP-1⍺ and SREBP-2 mRNA in the liver tissues of high-cholesterol diet fed rats, while simultaneously increasing the expression of PPAR⍺ mRNA. This finding indicates that EM has a hypocholesterolemic effects in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet, by regulating cholesterol metabolism-related biochemical parameters and SREBP-1⍺ SREPB-2 and PPAR⍺ gene expression.

Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) is the major protein component of high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol in blood, and ApoA1 genetic polymorphisms modulate the blood lipid profiles. This study was conducted in order to investigate the association between three genetic polymorphisms (rs670, rs5069, and rs5070) of ApoA1 and blood lipid profiles in postmenopausal Korean women. A total of 130 post- menopausal women who visited a hospital in order to undergo screening tests were subjects of this study. Genetic polymporphisms and blood lipid profiles were determined using a direct sequencing and spectrophotometric assay, respectively. A significant linkage disequilibrium was observed between all tested single nucleotide polymorphisms. ApoA1 rs5070 genetic polymorphism showed a marginally significant association with HDL cholesterol levels (p=0.066). After adjusting for age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol drinking, medication, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, we found that the ApoA1 rs5070 genetic polymorphism is a significant determinant of HDL cholesterol levels (β=4.421, p=0.037). According to the results of this study, ApoA1 rs5070 genetic polymorphism may be an important genetic marker associated with HDL cholesterol in postmenopausal Korean women.

마늘 숙성 중 생성되는 S-allylmercaptocysteine의 콜레스 테롤 생합성 억제 효과에 대하여 Hepatocytes를 이용하여 조사하였다. HepG2 cells을 Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM)에 배양하여 S-allylmercaptocysteine의 농도를 20, 40, 60, 80 및 100 mL 씩 각각 첨가하여 cell viability를 살펴본 결과 20~40 μg/mL에서는 높았으며, 60 μg/mL 농도에서 약 50%가 유지되었다. S-allylmercaptocysteine을 5, 10, 15 및 20 μg/mL 농도로 [14C]-acetatecholesterol에서 처리하였을 경우 15 μg/mL 농도에서 cholesterol 생합성이 79%로 억제되었다. Fatty acid synthase의 활성은 0.95 nmol에서 19%의 억제효과를 나타내었으나, Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH)의 활성에는 거의 영향을 미치지 않았다. S-allylmercaptocysteine의 3- hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase의 활성은 용량 의존형으로 감소하였다. 이상의 결과로 보아 마늘 숙성 과정에서 생성되는 주요 성분인 S-allylmercaptocysteine은 간 세포에서 cholesterol의 생합성을 억제하는데 기여하는 것으로 나타났다.

In the present work, ZnO nanofibers were applied to electrode materials for the detection of cholesterol. ZnO nanofibers were synthesized using the electrospinning technique with zinc acetate as a precursor. Electrospinning-synthesized ZnO nanofibers were uniformly distributed by properly controlling the electrospinning parameters. After the calcination treatment, nanofibers of pure ZnO phase were synthesized. Then, these fibers were successfully placed on Au-coated glass substrates by dispersion of ZnO nanofibers in ethanol, dropping, and drying, in sequence. Cholesterol oxidase was then immobilized onto the surface of the ZnO nanofibers. To enhance the immobilization, Nafion was additionally applied. The sensing performances of the fabricated ZnO nanofibers-based sensors were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry in terms of cholesterol concentration ranging from 100 to 400 mg/dl. In the I-V curves, measured by cyclic voltammetry, the ZnO nanofiber-based sensor showed a proportional current behavior with cholesterol concentrations in phosphate buffered saline solution. The sensitivity was measured and found to be 30.7nA/mM·cm2, which is comparable to the values reported in the literature. After not only optimizing the shape of the ZnO nanofibers but also improving the adhesion nature between the ZnO nanofibers and the Au conducting layer, these fibers can be a good candidate for electrode materials in devices used to detect low concentrations of cholesterol in blood.

SD-rat에 대조구(Control), 고 콜레스테롤(HC), 3.5% 펙틴-가수분해 효소(Viscozyme L)로 처리된 토마토 케이크(ETC) 를 각각 4주 간 급이하였다. 첫 일주일에는 HC-급이군의 체증 증가가 151.7%로 유의적 증가를 보였지만(p<0.05), ETC- 급이군의 경우는 115.4%를 보였다. Control- 및 ETC-급이군의 사료 효율은 각각 0.236±0.041 및 0.447±0.030으로 HC-급 이군의 경우(0.355±0.034)에 비하여 유의적인 차이를 보였다(p<0.05). ETC-급이군의 신장 및 부고환의 지방체는 각각 0.303 및 0.274 g 씩 감소하였다. HC-와 ETC-급이군 간의 혈청 콜레스테롤, 트리글리세라이드, HDL- 및 LDL-콜레스테 롤 수치의 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았다. ETC-급이군의 경우 2주 급이시 ABTS radicals로 평가한 총 항산화 활성은 약 1.1배 높았으며, 2 및 4주간 급이시 glutathione peroxidase 활성은 각각 2.5 및 1.3배 높게 나타났다.

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between concentration of urea nitrogen, glucose, cholesterol and number of transferable embryos for the purpose of improving reproductive performance in blood of Hanwoo donors. Fifty five, at random stages of the estrous cycle, received a CIDR. Four days later, the animals were superovulated with a total of 28AU FSH (Antorin, 2AU=1 ml) administered twice daily in constant doses over 4 days. On the 3th administration of FSH, CIDR was withdrawn and 25 mg PGF2α was administered. Cows were artificially inseminated twice after estrous detection at 12 hr intervals. The cows received 100μg GnRH at the time of 1nd insemination. Embryos were recovered 7 or 8 days after the 1st insemination. Cows with BUN ＜10, 11～18 and ≥19 mg/dl had number of transferable embryos of 4.3±1.3, 5.8±1.8 and 4.7±2.1 respectively. The mean numbers of total ova from < 10 and 10≤ of corpora lutea(CL) was 8.9 and 14.3, respectively. The number of transferable embryos differed between < 10 and 10≤ CL was 4.8 and 5.6, respectively.

This study was undertaken to find out the effect of methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MBCD) on cold shock and membrane cholesterol quantity of sperm during the freezing process in miniature pigs. For this study, semen ejaculated from PWG M-type miniature pig was diluted that freezing solution (with egg yolk group) and m-Modena B (without egg yolk group) treated with 0, 1, 5, 10 and 20 mM MBCD before freezing process. The diluted semen was monitored sperm ability at room temperature, after cooled until 5℃ and after forzen-thawed for cold shock test of spermatozoa. Also, membrane cholesterol of sperm was extracted by folch solution at the same time. sperm ability was assessed for viability and acrosomal status. The membrane cholesterol quantity was measured by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method. The result, viability and acrosome integrity in semen diluted without egg yolk groups were decreased at all temperature range by increasing of MBCD concentration. In particular, sperm of egg yolk group was showed that significantly higher viability and lower acrosome damage when treated with 5 mM MBCD (p<0.05). The results of TLC experiment, cholesterol amounts were increased with MBCD cocentration in egg yolk, and decreased with MBCD concentration in m-Modena B. In cryopreservation efficiency, there was no significant difference at viability, and acrosomal state of sperm in 5 mM MBCD concentration was significantly lower in acrosome damage than other groups (p<0.05). Therefore, the addition MBCD in egg yolk was protected spermatozoa from cold shock injury. This protective effect of MBCD may be due to addition of sperm membrane cholesterol.

The objective of this study was to analyze contents of trans fatty acid and cholesterol of bakery products (bread: 17, pastry: 20, and whipping cream cake: 17) sold at retail in Seoul area. The average values of crude fat contents in bakery products were as follows [mean (minimum-maximum), %)]; bread 6.46 (3.51~8.69), pastry 16.23 (3.55~25.56), and whipping cream cake 16.26 (8.61~31.58). Palmitic acid was the most abundant fatty acid in these products. The average values of saturated fat (SFA) contents and unsaturated fat acid (USFA) contents in these items were as follows [(mean SFA ± SD%] bread (54.04 ± 5.27), pastry (53.41 ± 4.80), and whipping cream cake (70.09 ± 8.64). The high contents of trans fatty acid was analyzed in whipping cream cake. The average values of cholesterol contents in bakery products were as follows [mean (minimum-maximum), %)]; bread 2.36 (0.0~12.86), pastry 8.11 (0.0~42.80), and whipping cream cake 30.55(0.0~132.99).

This study was undertaken to find out the effect of cholesterol and serum albumin on sperm ability and lipid peroxidation levels period to the liquid storage of miniature pig sperm. Ejaculated semen from miniature pigs was collected by gloved-hand method into a pre-warmed () thermos bottle, and extended with Modena solution {with and without BSA, methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (-cholesterol) and cholesterol loaded cyclodextrin (+cholesterol)}. Each semen was assessed for viability (SYBR-14/PI staining) and acrosome intactness, intensity and capacitation status by chlorotetracycline (CTC) staining at 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days of storage. At for the effects of cholesterol and serum albumin on lipid peroxidation, semen were incubated with (), and lipid peroxidation level were measured by flow cytometry using the lipid peroxidation reporter probe . The result, lipid peroxidation level in sperm added with cholesterol were lower in compared to the added sperm with serum albumin. Also, added cholesterol to sperm had significant (p<0.05) higher viability when storage for 7 and 10 days and lower when 10 days of storage percentage of acrosome-reacted sperm (AR pattern) in acrosome state as say result compared to other treated groups. In conclusion, role of cholesterol during lipid storage in miniature pig spermatozoa was protected boar spermatozoa from lipid peroxidation prior to lipid storage. Addition serum albumin during lipid storage in sperm may be induce sperm membrane damage by lipid peroxidation. Therefore, addition of cholesterol to miniature pig sperm will be lead to extension of liquid storage periods.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Korean red pine bark extract as an antibiotic replacements on cholesterol, fatty acids and the shelf-life of chicken meat. To accomplish this, chickens were fed the optimal level of red pine bark extract that was found to replace antibiotics in the diet of broilers. A total of 180 male broilers(Ross strain 308) were divided into three treated groups, T1(control group), T2(8 ppm of avilamycin) and T3(65 ppm of red pine bark extract per kg diet). The lipid content was reduced by 24.67% and 20.49% in T3 group, while the cholesterol level also decreased significantly in the T3 group by 20.49% and 20.55% when compared to the T1 and T2 groups, respectively. In addition, the saturated fatty acid level was lower in the T3 group than in the T1 and T2 groups, while the unsaturated fatty acid level of the T3 group was significantly higher than those of the other groups. The TBARS value of chicken thigh muscle containing its skin on the 7th day of low temperature storage was significantly lower by 23.86% and 21.17% in the T3 group than in the T1 and T2 groups, respectively. Evaluation of the color of the meat revealed that the L*value (lightness) and b*value(yellowness) were higher in the T3 group than in the T1 and the T2 groups, but that the pH was significantly lower in the T3. Based on the results of this study, the addition of 65 ppm red pine bark extract to the diet of broilers should improve their meat quality with respect to the lipid contents and shelf-life when compared to the addition of antibiotics.