This study applied the text frequency method to analyze the crops prevalent during the Chosunwangjoshilrok dynasty, and categorized the results by each king. Contemporary perception of grains was observed by examining the staple crop types. Staple species were examined using the word cloud and semantic network analysis. Totally, 101,842 types of crop consumption were recorded during the Chosunwangjoshilrok period. Of these, 51,337 (50.4%) were grains, 50,407 (49.5%) were beans, and 98 (0.1%) were seeds. Rice was the most frequently consumed grain (37.1%), followed by pii (11.9%), millet (11.3%), barley (4.5%), proso (0.8%), wheat (0.6%), buckwheat (0.1%), and adlay (0.05%). Grain chronological frequency in the Choseon dynasty was determined to be 15,520 cases in the 15th century (30.2%), 11,201 cases in the 18th century (21.8%), 9,421 cases in the 17th century (18.4%), 9,113 cases in the 16th century (17.8%), and 6,082 cases in the 19th century (11.8%). Interest in grain amongst the 27 kings of Choseon was evaluated based on the frequency of records. The 15th century King Sejong recorded the maximum interest with 13,363 cases (13.1%), followed by King Jungjo (8,501 cases in the 18th century; 8.4%), King Sungjong (7,776 cases in the 15th century; 7.6%).

19-20세기 조선 사회는 격변의 사회였다. 개화기 시점에서 서양 과의 무역통상 조약을 맺음으로 강제화 된 개방을 해야 했다. 조선개화 와 더불어 19세기 서구 선교사들은 조선에 복음을 전하기 위해 다양한 방법을 통해 입국했지만, 폐쇄적이고 서구 종교에 대해 배타적인 자세 로 일관했던 조선에서 선교는 상당한 어려움을 맞았다. 이러한 입장에 서 19-20세기 서구 개신교 의료선교사들은 조선에 입국하여 병원을 세우고 가난하고 병든 조선 사람들을 치료하고 보살핌으로 조선에서 기독교 형성의 발판을 마련했다. 의료선교는 조선 개신교 형성의 출발 점이 되었으며 신앙 공동체의 모체가 되었다. 또한 조선 사회를 새롭게 변혁시키는 변혁의 주체가 되었다. 의료선교사들은 조선에서의 선교적 헌신을 통해 그리스도의 사랑을 실천했으며, 근대 병원 건립을 통해 선진화된 의료기술을 전수했다. 교육의 불모지지였던 조선에 위생교육 을 통해 복음의 접촉점을 마련했다. 나아가 조선간호협의회를 만들어 여성 리더십을 고취시키는 일 등을 마련함으로 조선 개신교 형성과 선교 사역에 지대한 공헌을 하게 되었다.

This study examines the construction method of lime tomb of royal tombs in the Choseon Dynasty based on reference. This was primarily published as 『The Five Manners and Courtesy of the Annals of Sejong』as examples, which were followed by the influence of Koryo's culture in the beginning foundation of Choseon, were organized in the time of Sejong; and later, in the time of Sungjong, 『The National Five Manners and Courtes y』was published. Such old reference explains the stone materials and construction method of the royal tomb's pit yet there were not many studies regarding the pit of royal tomb in the Choseon Dynasty. And there exists no historical research or reference study in regard to the pit of royal tomb which is formed as a lime tomb. This is believed to be impossible to excavate the royal tomb since ancestral ritual formalities are still given by the descendants and because of our country's culture of giving ancestral ritual formalities which value formalities and filial duty. However, the current excavation of Guhui Tomb, which was the early burial site, was important since it gives an opportunity to look at the shape and structure of lime tombs in the Choseon Dynasty. Thus, this study, based on the excavation of Guhui Tomb, will look into the construction method of the pit of lime tomb and will examine the structure, shape, construction method, etc. of the lime tomb which was formed after the time of Sejo in a way with reference history. This is an important data to learn the construction method of limb tomb of royal tombs in the Choseon Dynasty and is believed to have a very important value as historical materials as to understanding the structure of the pit of royal tombs in the Choseon Dynasty which yet has not been excavated.

Old Russian Legation(1890) has been attracted public attention in terms of politics and foreign affairs than architectural style because of conditions of location and historical incident. Though it was heavily damaged during the Korean war, and only the tower has been restored, it is very important in architectural history in Korea, because it is the oldest western style brick building which is existing with the old bishop's house in Myeong-Dong. But it has been impossible to reveal exactly the original form as there has been few reliable materials(picture, drawing, document) and it's remains were nearly destroyed owing to development of the surroundings. Recently the decisive document(site outline map) was found, and new research on the architect Sabatine was studied. So I can get into close with the original form by the results. In this study, I tried to conjecture the original form of the old Russian legation(the size, style, plan and indoor space, arrangement of attached facilities) and I checked the location and structure of the room where King Gojong stayed when he took refuge, and the use of the passage in the basement.

‘Lu' is one of the Korean traditional building structure. The architectural characteristics of the ‘Lu’ can be classified two types with its use. One is single building type and the other is a part of building type within building complex. This study is about the two-storied 'Lu' that was built on part of building complex. 'Lu' built in building complex such like Sa-chal, Hyang-gyo, Seo-won, Jae-sil, has the similar characters . 1. It is built by taking slope site. 2. Ii is one of four buildings that forms court yard. 3. It uses simple building structure on the purpose of openness 4. It can control view with using window. The column type of 'Lu' can be classified with 3 style. These are 5x2 Kan style, 3x2 Kan style and 5x3 Kan style. It would be assumed with the result of study that 5x2 Kan style has its origin in Hoe-Rang structure, 3x2 Kan style is originated from Joong-Moon(middle gate) structure, and 5x3 Kan is originated from Kang-Dang structure.

豆滿江은 白頭山에서 발원하여 중국의 동북지방, 러시아의 연해주 사이의 국경을 거쳐 동해로 흘러들어가는 강이다. 한민족에게 있어 두만강은 백두산과 함께 특별한 의미를 지닌다. 역사적으로 고려시대에는 尹瓘이 九城를 쌓아 영토를 확장하였던 곳이며, 조선시대에는 金宗瑞가 六鎭을 개척하여 강토를 굳건히 했던 곳이다. 현대사에선 만주·연변 지역과 더불어, 일제강점기와 한국전쟁 등 한민족의 애환이 담긴 곳이다. 조선시대 전기에는 대장부의 기개를 펼치고 자긍심을 느끼게 했던 두만강이다. 그러던 두만강이 근대시기에는 <눈물 젖은 두만강>으로 노래되기까지 하였다. 현재의 우리에겐 “두만강 푸른 물에 노 젓는 뱃사공… ”으로 시작하는 <눈물 젖은 두만강>이 가장 익숙하다. 두만강은 중국, 러시아와 경계를 형성하는 자연물일 뿐 아니라, 한민족의 대표적인 상징물로 인식된다. 많은 한민족의 작가들이 두만강을 소재로 작품을 창작한 것도 이 때문이다. 이 논문은 두만강이 조선시대 문인들에게 어떻게 인식되었는가를 살피기 위한 것이다. 조선시대의 史書와 文集類고문헌에서 두만강에 대한 기록을 발췌하여 정리하고, 이를 바탕으로 조선시대 문인들의 두만강에 대한 인식과 文學的形象을 살폈다. 그리고 이러한 두만강의 문학적 형상이 현대의 우리들에게 어떠한 의미를 제시하는 가를 밝혔다. 두만강은 시대에 따라 달리 인식되고, 형상화되었다. 중국과의 경계를 형성하고 있는 자연대상에서 확대되어 한민족의 역사 현실을 상징하는 시적 공간으로 인식된다. 朝鮮時代초기에는 자랑스런 한민족의 영토를 에워싸고 흐르는 강이며, 대장부의 기개를 펼칠 수 있는 공간으로 인식된다. 조선시대 후기에는 한민족이 회복해야할 영토에서 끊임없이 흐르는 역사의 강으로 인식된다. 일제강점기에서는 독립항쟁으로 얼룩진 공간으로 민족의 욕된 운명에 대한 죄책감을 느끼게 하고 있다. 남북분단 이후의 현실에서는 한민족 통일에의 염원으로 형상화된다. 한민족에게 있어 두만강은 영원히 함께 해야할 역사 현실의 공간이요 정신적 안식처이다.

This study aims to clarify the architectural characteristics of three houses of Choseon Exhibition. Exposition/exhibitions were thought to be a model for the world. It shows the real status of the development, and thinking with visions at that times; therefore, exhibited house models would be a good source for what to be considered for the ideal houses of that times. Through the study, we could find out as belows. 1. The houses exhibited conserved the sitting-on-floor living style, otherwise the most proposals for house improvement suggested a chair-and-table style because of its hygienic quality and integration of the life at home and at work(school, too). 2. The spacial scheme for-family prior over for-guest was emphasized, but models at the exhibition were structured with Japanese traditional spacial program, such as Jashiki(座敷), Kyakunoma(客の間) or Tsuginoma(次の間), which were all Tatami-floored. 3. Through this exhibition, it is clarified that the architectural society in colonial Korea also tried to improve the modern housings, not only direct reception of the developed proposals. These houses was planned with the acceptance of the locality, such like Ondol, a floor heating facility which the Japanese engineer improve the efficiency. 4. Also these exhibited houses became a start to recognize a house as a product, and spurred on commercialization. As the result, we could find out that these exhibited houses accepted the modern housing proposals selectively, and that even if the exhibitions shows the advance in usual these houses were planned with the very conservative notions.

Seowon(書院) is a representing institution in Choseon Dynasty not only educationally but also politically and economically. Due to the artificial crackdown by Daewon-gun in 1871 and destruction by wars, it is difficult to restore and interpret the Seowon accurately at present. It is well known that the 'Basic Form' of the Seowon consists of an inner court, enclosed by the rear gangdang (lecture hall), dongseo-jae (east and west dormitory), and the front munlu (gate pavilion or upper story bower for relaxation), represented by so called 'front-dormitory rear-lecture-hall type', that is, 'jeonjae hudang(前齋後堂) type'. However, it is overlooked that this Basic Form is a product of Youngnam School located only in Youngnam area. A different form, of 'front-lecture-hall rear-dormitory type', or 'jeonndang hujae(前堂後 齋) type' is located only in Gyeonggi, Hoseo and Honam area. It has been wrongly analyzed that the type is a result of the later period, emphasizing the memorial service rather than the lecture itself, and worshipping loyalists than Confucian scholars. Analysis encompassing each Seowon architecture has been mistakenly made by historians as "deterioration" of the original educational purpose of the Seowon from the early period to the later period. This paper raises the fact that the form of jeondang hujae type has been established since the early period of Seowon in the 16th Century. It has a unique order of space itself. Here, the lecture hall faces toward sadang (shrine). The inner court, enclosed by east and west jae and the lecture hall, becomes the outer yard of the shrine, and as a result two main spaces of the shrine and lecture area is merged into one. While the munlu of the basic type encloses the inner court of the main area, the munlu of jeondang hujae type is located at the vicinity area. This paper reinterprets the jeondang hujae type not as a form coming out of degenerated period but as a type that belongs to a different Confucian school, the area of Kiho, and concludes that the Seowon is a product of political struggles between the two schools and of the local economical situation. Each school has maintained his own type of form, therefore the remaining Kiho Seowon architecture can be reevaluated.

Choseon Dynasty, from many aspects, saw the institutional establishment of its royal palaces in the 17th and 18th century, with 'donggwol (east palace)' as the most representative form in the era. In that period, palaces were managed in the best way that fits the royal etiquette and order to maintain the Confucian framework of the times. While the royal palace was the place for the king to conduct state affairs, it was also a compound for the royal family to lead a life in. Since the royal family was also based on the Confucian system, women in the royal palace seldom revealed their existence to outside world. Yet daebi,(a Queen Mother) who was often called 'dongjo,' enjoyed the highest level of honor not only as a member of the royal family but in the hierarchical order of the dynasty. As they often engaged themselves in political affairs, daebi raised their reputation through rites and rituals. So, in the 16th century, they largely used Changgyeong-gung palace in the eastern part of the royal compound since they sometimes had to go out of the royal residence. While it was called 'dongjo' because it was seated in the eastern part, it was also used as a word symbolizing daebi. And, therefore, it has become a general principle of royal palaces to build the palace for daebi in the eastern wing of the compound. However, the residence for daebi was not always built in the eastern part in the 17th and 18th century and, instead, edifices for daebi were sometimes erected in several points within the royal compound. Beside, daebi’s residence in this period had additional spaces for ceremonies since they had a number of official events there. Construction of daebi’s residences in this era was not confined to the symbolic institutions and they became the peculiar palaces with specific characteristics for official ceremonies of the queen mothers. Consequently, it could be said that the architectural style of dongjo, which was the place of the supreme female in the hierarchical order, stemmed from donggwol where daebi spent the longest time of the royal life.

We arrange Korean ancient calendar with Solar calendar during Choseon Dynasty(A.D. 1392-1910). In this period, we have one representable history books and several books, and most of information for date are found from them, ChoseonWangjosillok(조선왕조실록) and Jeungbomunheonbigo(증보문헌비고), etc. In those books many astronomical data and calendar information data are contained, so we can make chronological tables. Most of the data are arranged based on those several books, and for doubtable data are identified from eclipse, historical events and lunar phase calculations etc. We find that arranged chronological tables during Choseon Dynasty are similar to that of China and somewhat different from that of Japan. In addition we summarize all misrecorded date data in ChoseonWangjosillok

Broadly speaking, this paper is concentrated on the trimming of the wood demanded for the palace, constructed in the 2nd half of the Choseon Dynasty. To be concrete, this is the study on the craftman and craftmanship corncerned with the trimming of the wood, its system, and terms of payment of his wages, Construction reports, financial reports, job slips, written estimates, bills for payment, and other documents in those days are examined for the study. Following conclusions have been reached through the study. 1) The operation system of whole construction office and its suboffice was very specialized and systematized from the early 19th century. 2) The craftman engaged in trimming of the wood was subdivided by work function. 3) The craftman for its first trimming, i.e. 'keojang' or 'seonjang' had been treated as a speacial labor recruited to the mid-l8th century, after that, was enrolled into the craftman. 4) A unit cost of its first trimming was firstly appropriated into the reconstruction of the Kyongwoon Palace in the early 20th century, and it was very subdivided for a personnel management. 5) Contract works were widely applied to all workers engaged in the reconstruction for an efficiency of the accomplishments.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] is an important source for protein, oil, carbohydrates, isoflavones, and many other nutrients to humans and animals. Lipoxygenase protein is the main antinutritional factor in mature soybean seed. Soybean cultivar, "Choseon" with yellow medium seed size and free of lipoxygenase 2,3 protein was developed. "Choseon" was selected from the population derived from the cross between cultivar, "Jinpum 2" and germplasm, PI408155. "Choseon" has purple flowers, tawny pubescence, a determinate growth habit, and light yellow pods at maturity. The seed of "Choseon" has yellow hilum and yellow seed coat color. Seed protein and oil content on a dry weight basis were 34.2 and 16.9%, respectively. "Choseon" has shown a resistant reaction to soybean necrosis, soybean mosaic virus, Cercospora leaf spot and blight, black root rot, pod and stem blight, and bacterial pustule. "Choseon" matured in 5 October with plant height of 51 cm and a 100-seed weight of 15.1 g. Average yield of "Choseon" was 2.66 (Ton/ha) on the regional yield trials of 2013 at 4 locations. "Choseon" has been registered as a soybean cultivar (registration number: 5985, registration date: April 11, 2016) by Korea Seed & Variety Service, Republic of Korea.

울릉도, 독도를 다루는 책이나 논문의 경우 독도영유권을 고려해서 울릉도의 개척사를 긍정적으로 그려내고, 초대 군수 배계주와 4대 군수 심흥택의 경우 긍정적으로 그려내고 있다. 본 필자는 ‘개항기의 역사’는 ‘실패의 역사’라고 생각하고 있다. 그렇기 때문에 고종과 순종, 대원군과 민비(명성황후)를 부정적으로 보고, 대한제국의 조정 관리들과 울도 군수롤 긍정적으로 보지 않고, 부정적으로 보고 있다. 개항기의 경우 울도군수의 행적은 한계성이 많았다. 첫째, 울도군수 제1대 배계주·제2대 강영우·제3대 배계주·제4대 구연수·제5대 심흥택·제6대 심능익·제7대 전태흥은 사료상으로 보건대 독도에 가지 않았다. 1905년 3월 28일 시마네현 관리가 도동에 있는 군청을 방문하여 심흥택 군수를 만나면서 “독도가 이번에 일본의 영지가 되었기에 시찰차 나온 것이다”라고 하여 반드시 관할구역인 독도에 가야 한다. 그러나 자료상 심흥택 울도군수의 경우 독도에 간 일이 없다. 또 심흥택은 일본에 의해 울릉도 2개의 망루를 설치하고 죽변과 울릉도 사이에 해저전선을 부설하여 연결하였다는 것을 수수방관하고, 심흥택 울도군수는 자료상 중앙정부에 보고하지 못하였다. 그리고 新高號도 울릉도에 도착하였다는 것을 중앙 정부에 보고하지 못하였다. 둘째, 전 울도군수와 신임 울도군수의 직접 업무 인계를 하지 못하였다. 1대 군수 배계주는 최병린이 창룡호에 편승하여 본토로 편승하여 도주하였다. 제2대 울도군수 姜泳禹가 1901년 12월 30일에 울릉도에 도착하였다보니 직접 인수인계가 안 되었다. 제3대 군수 배계주는 1901년 3월 7일에 울도군수로 임용되었지만 1902년 9월 15일까지 울도군에 부임하지 못하였다. 제2대 강영우 울도군수와 제3대 배계주 울도군수는 직접 업무 인계를 하지 못하였다. 배계주와 관련된 소송이 1903년 1월 5일까지 지속되었다보니 1902년 12 월 28일에 제4대 울도군수 심흥택이 임명되었다. 배계주와 심흥택이 직접 업무 인계를 하지 못하였다. 구연수는 1907년 6월 26일자로 5대 울도군수에 임명되었고, 25일 만에 7월 21일자로 警務使에 임명되었다보니 25일 만에 경무사로 임명된 것으로 보아 실제 도임하지 않았던 것으로 보인다. 심능익은 1907년 8월 울도군수에 임명되었는데, 전 군수 였던 심흥택이 3월 횡성군수로 임명되었기 때문에 그로부터 직접 업무 인계를 받지는 않았 을 것이다. 그렇기 때문에 전 군수와 신임 군수와 직접 업무 인수를 안받았다보니 울릉도에 파악하는 것이 늦다. 개항기의 역사는 실패의 역사이다. 대한제국에 임명한 울도군수는 울릉도 업무에 몰랐고, 무능하였다. 그 이유 때문에 현재의 한국과 일본 사이에 독도를 자기네 땅이라고 한다.

흔히들 일본의 독도점취는 러일전쟁의 전략적 차원에서 이루어 진 것이라고 한다. 그렇지만 일본과 러시아의 경우 그 이전부터 울릉도와 독도에 대한 야욕을 갖고 있었음을 지금까지 간과하고 있는 것이 아닌가 한다. 그런 문제의식 하에서 본고의 경우 일본 의 독도 점취는 러일전쟁을 수행하기 위한 일본 정부의 조치였다 는 시각에서 벗어나 1850년대 러시아가 시베리아를 개척한 뒤 남 하의 향방을 동아시아로 정하면서 울릉도와 독도를 둘러싼 러시아 와 일본의 각축이 시작되었다는 점을 부각시키고자 하였다. 부동항의 확보에 관심을 가진 러시아는 1854년 조선 동해안을 샅샅이 탐사하였고, 그 결과를 바탕으로 러시아 해군이 1857년에 ‘朝鮮東海岸圖’를 처음 발행하였다. 여기에 울릉도와 독도가 한 국영토로 파악되었고, 이 지도는 1862년, 1868년, 1882년에 증보 간행되었다. 일본 해군은 1868년 러시아의‘조선동해안도’를 입 수하였고, 태정관과 외무성 은 일본 관리를 파 해 조선의 사정을 내탐하였다. 이때의 문서인‘조선국교제시말내탐서’에는 러시아 의 조선 경략론과 함께 울릉도와 독도가 조선의 부속으로 된 시말 을 조사하라는 것이 포함되었다. 이것은 러시아가 울릉도와 독도 를 부동항으로 주목하게 될 상황을 염려하여 조사항목에 포함시킨 것으로 볼 수 있다. 일본과 러시아의 블라디보스토크와의 교역이 증대하자 일본은 조선을 개국시키면서 원산을 개항장에 포함시켰다. 그에 따라 울 릉도와 독도에 관심이 고조되어 개척논의를 활발하게 전개하면서 불법적으로 울릉도에 들어와 벌목과 어로활동을 하였다. 러시아는 고종의 아관파천 때 울릉도 삼림채벌권을 획득한 뒤(1896.8.28.), 1899년 일본의 울릉도에 대한 삼림채벌 등에 이의를 제기하면서 러시아 군함이 몇 차례 울릉도에 기항하여 병력을 주둔시키기도 하였다. 결국 이로 인해 대한제국은 울릉도를 군으로 승격시키고 독도를 관할하게 하는 칙령 제41호를 발표하였다. 이런 일련의 사 태를 경험한 일본은 러일전쟁의 전략상 목적에서 독도를 자국의 영토로 편입할 필요성을 강하게 느꼈을 것이다. 1905년의 무주지 선점론 역시 그 과정에서 다듬어진 것으로 볼 수 있다.