PURPOSES : This study presents an application plan for parking spaces for shared e-scooters using the clearance widths of sidewalks. The detailed purposes are as follows: firstly, to present appropriate spaces for installing parking lots for shared E-scooters. Secondly, to derive the specifications of parking unit spaces for shared E-scooters. Thirdly, to derive the formula for calculating the parking angle of shared E-scooters. Lastly, to provide examples of calculating the parking angle using the derived formula. METHODS : Based on the literature review, appropriate locations for installing parking spaces for shared E-scooters on sidewalks were proposed. We also investigated design factors based on a literature review to derive the specifications of parking unit spaces for shared E-scooters, and utilized the geometric characteristics of clearance widths of sidewalks to derive a formula for calculating the parking angle. Finally, we provide examples of calculating the parking angle for shared E-scooters using the derived formula. RESULTS : The results of this study are as follows. We proposed clearance widths of sidewalks as appropriate spaces for installing parking spaces for shared E-scooters. Next, we derived the specifications of parking unit spaces for shared E-scooters considering anthropometric measurements, specifications of shared E-scooters, and clearance dimensions. Moreover, we derived a formula for calculating the parking angle of shared E-scooters considering clearance widths of sidewalks. Finally, we presented examples of calculating the parking angle for shared E-scooter parking unit spaces based on clearance widths of sidewalks. CONCLUSIONS : It was concluded that the application for parking spaces for shared e-scooters using the clearance widths of sidewalks was presented. We derived the standard and compact specifications of parking unit spaces for shared E-scooters, and provided foundational data for estimating the parking capacity using a formula for calculating the parking angle of shared E-scooters. Future research directions include presenting case studies of estimating parking capacity using the parking angle of shared E-scooters.

PURPOSES : This study aimed to identify factors affecting the duration of traffic incidents in tunnel sections, as accidents in tunnels tend to cause more congestion than those on main roads. Survival analysis and a Cox proportional hazards model were used to analyze the determinants of incident clearance times. METHODS : Tunnel traffic accidents were categorized into tunnel access sections versus inner tunnel sections according to the point of occurrence. The factors affecting duration were compared between main road and tunnel locations. The Cox model was applied to quantify the effects of various factors on incident duration time by location. RESULTS : Key factors influencing mainline incident duration included collision type, driver behavior and gender, number of vehicles involved, number of accidents, and post-collision vehicle status. In tunnels, the primary factors identified were collision type, driver behavior, single vs multi-vehicle involvement, and vehicles stopping in the tunnel after collisions. Incidents lasted longest when vehicles stopped at tunnel entrances and exits. In addition, we hypothesize that incident duration in tunnels is longer than in main roads due to the reduced space for vehicle handling. CONCLUSIONS : These results can inform the development of future incident management strategies and congestion mitigation for tunnels and underpasses. The Cox model provided new insights into the determinants of incident duration times in constrained tunnel environments compared to open main roads.

Anthropomorphism is a prevalent marketing practice that fosters consumer perceptions of a brand as humanlike. In today’s hyperconnected marketplace, firms are increasingly imbuing their brands with human features with the hope that the favorable perceptions of humanlike attributes in nonhuman objects could lead to consumers’ positive evaluation of humanized products. For example, Amazon has imbued Echo, a voice-activated Bluetooth speaker, with the human name Alexa, a female voiced virtual assistant that employs familiar human speech pattern, and some advanced personality traits. Similarly, Hormel Foods has used Mr. Peanut, the advertising logo and mascot of Planters that embodies the brands’ selling points. Mr. Peanut is depicted as a humanized peanut with arms, legs, top hat, and monocle and became a vessel of brand meaning and personality, taking on the product quality that the brand aims to communicate. Prior studies that use brand anthropomorphism as a foundation have investigated the impact of brand anthropomorphism on various outcomes such as product evaluations, emotional responses, and intentions to replace a product. However, what is missing from prior work is an understanding of the impact of brand anthropomorphism on the purchase intentions for clearance products which are sold under a retailer’s promotional strategy as an inventory management tool. The lure of cheapened goods may expand the range of consumers who can afford to buy merchandise from the company or may provide existing customers with an appealing purchasing option. In light of this, clearance sales are known to be effective not only for increasing store traffic by alluring price-conscious consumers but also for reducing excess inventory in a retail location or a chain of product fulfillment. The strategic importance of clearance sales has increased since the breakdown of COVID-19 which forced retailers to close their stores and caused demand for many product categories to plunge in early 2020. After the initial shock of the pandemic, consumer spending recovered fairly quickly, giving rise to record levels later in the same year. This surprising recovery continued into the next year as consumer sentiment and spending levels surged together, resulting in consumer demand that surpassed retailers’ stock levels. However, due to inflation and amounting fears of recession, consumer spending started to slow down again in 2022, resulting in the opposite of what happened in the previous year. Such a reversal caused many retailers to face high inventory levels and declining profitability, forcing them to cut prices to move excess inventory out of stores, which increases the importance of conducting clearance sales effectively. Clearance sales are prevalent in retail markets, where considerable discounts are typically offered for leftover items (Zhang & Cooper, 2008). Retailers widely use clearance sales to liquidate their unsold products at the end of a selling season (Nocke & Peitz, 2007). They have strong incentives to get rid of the remaining items in order to make room for the new products (Sällström, 2001). Previous research suggests that anthropomorphism leads consumers to apply human schema to a product, which in turn affects their attitude toward the product (Aggarwal & McGill, 2007, 2012). In this research, we aim to identify the negative effect of anthropomorphism on consumers’ attitude toward clearance products.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to propose a method of quantitative bus deceleration and acceleration time based on automatic vehicle location data generated by a bus operating system. METHODS : The digital tachometer graph (DTG) data of commercial vehicles and the bus departure and arrival time data collected through the Korean bus information system (BIS) were matched and utilized to accurately reflect the deceleration and acceleration position of the bus. It was determined whether the bus arrived (or departed) at bus stations based on the BIS data, and the acceleration and deceleration times were calculated by classifying the bus status section (deceleration-stop-acceleration-driving) based on the DTG speed data. RESULTS : The deceleration and acceleration times calculated using the proposed method were analyzed using the z-test for the bus type and peak and non-peak times. Notably, there was a difference in the acceleration time for each vehicle type. The results were compared with the reference values of TCQSM and the calculated values, and the results were similar. CONCLUSIONS : This study is meaningful in that it conducted basic research on calculating the acceleration and deceleration times by fusing currently available data. In addition, new types of buses that have not been presented in the existing reference values have the advantage of being able to be calculated without a separate investigation if only data are produced according to the current bus management system.

전세계적으로 컨테이너선은 대형화되고 있으며, 2005년 9,200 TEU에 불과하였던 컨테이너선의 크기가 최근에는 24,000 TEU 급으로 확대되었다. 컨테이너선의 대형화와 함께 우리나라에서도 대형 컨테이너선들의 입·출항이 잦아지고 있어 안전 통항에 대한 검토의 필요성이 강조되고 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 24,000 TEU 컨테이너선을 대상 선박으로 우리나라의 항만 및 어항 설계 기준에 따라 부산신항 및 부산신항 입항을 위해 통과해야 하는 가덕수로에서의 UKC를 산출하였다. 또한 UKC 기준을 충족하면서 항해 가능한 최대속력을 다양한 squat 식을 활용하여 구하였고, 이 결과를 현재의 속력제한 기준과 비교하였다. 연구결과 부산신항에는 흘수대비 10 % 여유수심을 요구하며 이를 만족하는 squat값은 0.95 m였으며, 가능한 최대속력은 11 kts였다. 가덕수로에서는 흘수대비 15 % 여유 수심을 요구하며 이를 만족하는 squat값은 1.78 m였으며, 가능한 최대속력은 15 kts였다. 부산신항에서는 계산결과인 11 kts보다 제한속력이 12 kts로 높게 설정되어 있어 안전측면에서 재고려가 필요하며, 가덕수로에서는 계산결과인 15 kts보다 제한속력이 12 kts로 낮게 설 정되어 있으므로 원활한 통항을 위하여 필요시 속력제한 규정을 높이는 것을 고려해 볼 수 있다. 본 연구는 제한된 요소만을 고려하여 UKC 및 항해 가능한 속력을 산출한 한계를 가지고 있으나 이 연구를 토대로 추가연구가 진행된다면 정확한 UKC 및 안전속력을 제한할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Single-layered grid space steel roof structure is an architectural system in which the structural ability of the nodal connection system greatly influences the stability of the entire structure. Many bolt connection systems have been suggested to enhance for better construct ability, but the structural behavior and maximum resistance of the connection system according to the size of bolt clearance play were difficult to identify. In particular, the identification of bending stiffness of the connection system is very important due to the characteristics of shell structures in which membrane stresses based on bending force effect significantly. To identify effective structural behavior and maximum bearing force, four representative nodal connection systems were selected and nonlinear numerical analysis were performed. The numerical analysis considering the size of the bolt clearance were performed to investigate structural behavior and maximum values of the bending force. In addition, the type of effective nodal connection system were evaluated. As a result, the connection system, which has two shear plane, represented high bending stiffness.

전자상거래를 이용한 해외직구는 가격과 품질을 우선시하고 합리적으로 물품을 구매하는 소비자의 인식변화, 모바일을 포함한 인터넷의 확산, 국제배송의 신속화, 온라인 쇼핑몰 운영자의 적극적인 마케팅과 결제방법의 편리성 등으로 인해 2011년부터 2017년까지 매년 평균 40% 이상 증가하고 있다. 해외직구물품은 목록통관을 원칙으로 하나, 밀수․관세탈루 방지와 미화 150불 이상에 해당하는 경우에는 목록통관을 배제하고 일반통관절차를 적용하고 있다. 그러나 일반통관절차는 기업이 수입하는 물품에 적용되는 절차이므로 개인이 수입하는 해외직구물품에 적용하는 것은 적합하지 않다. 따라서 본 연구는 간이통관이 배제되는 해외직구물품에 대한 관세 등의 납세신고 방법 개선, 물품신고시 전자 상거래에 적합하도록 신고항목 축소, 그리고 서류보관 의무 면제 등의 방안을 제시하였다.

선박의 유체 저장 탱크 내부의 적재용량에 의한 선박 운동 고유 특성의 변화는 많은 실험 과 연구를 통해 밝혀졌다. 또한 이러한 현상에 의한 선박 운동 특성 변화를 최소화하기 위한 장치는 지속적으로 연구 및 개발되고 있으며, 특히 횡동요 운동에 대한 저감효과에 대한 부분이 주를 이루고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 장치 중 하나인 저장탱크 내부의 격벽에 의한 횡동요 저감장치의 길이 변화에 따른 간극의 변화에 의한 선박 운동의 변화를 수치 시뮬레이션 하였다. 본 연구를 위해 경계요소법 기반의 부유체 운동 프로그램과 입자법 기반의 전산유체역학 프로그램이 동적 연성된 프로그램을 사용하였으며, 동적 연성된 프로그램은 동일 실험과의 비교를 통해 검증하였다. 검증된 프로그램은 격벽의 길이를 달리하여 간극에 변화를 준 다양한 경우에 대해 수치 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 그 결과 액체 저장률의 변화 및 액체 탱크 내부의 격벽에 의한 간극의 차이에 의해 선박 운동 특성이 변화함을 응답 진폭 함수의 비교를 통해 확인하였다. 주목할 만한 결과로써 적재용량에 따라 변화하는 선박의 운동 특성이 간극을 조정함으로써 동일한 선박 특성을 가지게 됨을 확인하 였으며, 이는 격벽에 의한 간극의 조종을 통한 선박 운동 제어가 가능함을 보여준다. 추후 격벽의 수 및 각기 다른 길이를 가진 격벽에 의한 연구를 수행하여 격벽 길이 조정을 통한 선박 운동 특성 제어에 대한 연구를 수행할 계획이다.

An interference fit is a fastening between two parts which is achieved by friction after the parts are pushed together, rather than by any other means of fastening. A fit is depending on which part has its size controlled to determine the fit. To select an amount of interference see KS standard tables for class from light to heavy drive fits. The aim of this paper is to find the optimal gap under the interference fit with lowest contact pressure to the two cylinders. To accurately determine the amount of interference clearance, must consider the fluctuation of the response parameters such as contact pressure, displacements and stresses. The response of the cylinder system is modelled with the probabilistic finite element method using the Monte Carlo simulation. The probabilistic design is carried out using ANSYS probabilistic design software. And then the optimal design of the interference gap is sequentially solved to find the solution. The practical optimal design is proposed for the design of the interference fit system. The numerical results are obtained where the displacements and stresses treated as constraints.

This paper proposes extension of Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) to avoid the necessity of using intervals with the same probability area where intervals with different probability areas are used. This method is called Weighted Latin Hypercube Sampling (WLHS). This paper describes equations and detail procedure necessary to apply weight function to WLHS. WLHS is verified through numerical examples by comparing the estimated distribution parameters with those from other methods such as Random Sampling and Latin Hypercube Sampling. WLHS provides more flexible way on selecting samples than LHS. Accuracy of WLHS estimation on distribution parameters is depending on the selection of weight function. The proposed WLHS is applied to seismically isolated structures in nuclear power plants. In this application, clearance-to-stops (CSs) calculated using LHS proposed by Huang et al. [1] and WLHS proposed in this paper, respectively, are compared to investigate the effect of choosing different sampling techniques.

The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of ozone in sanitizing water experimentally inoculated with the gram-positive food-poisoning bacterium Staphylococcus aureus. The bactericidal effect was measured after experimentally inoculated solutions were exposed to 0, 0.5, and 1.0 ppm ozone at several time points and different temperatures, in the presence of varying concentrations of different organic matter, namely, fetal bovine serum (FBS) or cattle liver. Results revealed inhibition of the bactericidal effect in the presence of the lowest percentage of FBS, but a lower extent of the inhibition occurred when liver was used as the organic matter. It was also apparent that a higher temperature and shorter ozone exposure time had led to a more reduced bactericidal efficacy than that under a lower temperature and longer ozone exposure. This study provides insight into the potential use of ozonated water as an effective and safe disinfectant in an abattoir setting.

생체적합성과 흡습 특성이 있는 polyamide6 (PA6)를 혈액투석용 분리막으로 사용하기 위해 16 wt% PA6 고분자 용액을 전기방사하여 제조하였다. 제조된 PA6 nanofiber membrane은 직경(fiber diameter), 표면특성, 기공의 크기 분석을 통해 혈액투석용 분리막으로 최적화하였다. PA6 nanofiber membrane는 제 올라이트가 첨가된 친수성 고분자 용액으로 개질하여 혈액 속 노폐물인 creatinine 흡착 제거용 분리막으로 사용하고, creatine의 흡착효과는 UV-visible 분석으로 확인하였다.

ASCE 4 requires that a hard stop be built around the seismic isolation system in nuclear power plants. In order to maintain the function of the isolation system, this hard stop is required to have clearance-to-stop, which should be no less than the 90th-percentile displacements for 150% Design Basis Earthquake (DBE) shaking. Huang et al. calculated clearance-to-stop by using a Latin Hypercube Sampling technique, without considering the rocking behavior of the isolated structure. This paper investigates the effects on estimation of clearance-to-stop due to 1) rocking behavior of the isolated structure and 2) sampling technique for considering the uncertainties of isolation system. This paper explains the simplified analysis model to consider the rocking behavior of the isolated structure, and the input earthquakes recorded at Diablo Canyon in the western United States. In order to more accurately approximate the distribution tail of the horizontal displacement in the isolated structure, a modified Latin Hypercube Sampling technique is proposed, and then this technique was applied to consider the uncertainty of the isolation system. Through the use of this technique, it was found that rocking behavior has no significant effect on horizontal displacement (and thus clearance-to-stop) of the isolated structure, and the modified Latin Hypercube Sampling technique more accurately approximates the distribution tail of the horizontal displacement than the existing Latin Hypercube Sampling technique.

In recent years, the Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Plastic (GFRP) structural shapes are available in civil engineering applications. Among many manufacturing techniques used for GFRP structural shapes, pultrusion process is one of the most widely used techniques to produce the structural members in civil engineering applications. This study was focused on the mechanical behavior of singly bolted lap-joint connection with various hole clearances (tight-fit: 0.5mm, 1.0mm, 1.5mm, 2.0mm, 3.0mm) in Pultruded GFRP structural members. The specimens with single bolt-hole have been tasted in tension under bolt-loading conditions. The failed specimens were examined for their failure load and fracture patterns with respect to the various hole clearances.

To evaluate the biological response of sea squirt Halocynthia roretzi with different body size to heavy metals and its suitability for ecotoxicity assays, the effects of Cr, Cu and Zn on its clearance and oxygen consumption rates were investigated. Clearance and oxygen consumption rates of H. roretzi with various body sizes were calculated at different metal concentrations. Both clearance and oxygen consumption rate were negatively correlated with body sizes. Clearance rate of H. roretzi decreased gradually with increasing concentration of heavy metal, the decreasing rate was in an order of Cr¤Cu¤Zn. The oxygen consumption rate first increased at low metal concentration (below 100 μg L-1) and then decreased rapidly with increasing metal concentrations. The decreasing rate was in an order of Cu¤Cr=Zn. There was a trend that the clearance rate and oxygen consumption rate decreased drastically under a concentration of 400 μg L-1, and then decreased smoothly when the metal ion concentration increased continually. So the oxygen consumption and clearance rate at a concentration of 400 μg L-1 Cu could be thought as a suitable biological tool for exotoxicology analysis.

살모넬라증은 대표적인 인수공통전염병의 하나로서 세포내 기생하며 질병을 유발하며 장염과 식중독 등을 유발하여 공중보건학적으로 심각한 문제를 야기하고 있다. 본 연구는 삼백초의 수용성 추출물을 (SCWE) 이용하여 숙주세포에 대한 안전성, S. typhimurium 균에 대한 항균효과 및 대식세포 내 균 증 식억제 기능을 규명하였다. 본 실험을 통하여 SCWE 1, 10 및 100 μg/ml 농도로 첨가한 배지에서 RAW 264.7 체포와 24 시간 반응 후 평가해본 결과 세포독성이 인정되지 않았으며, S. typhimurium 균에 대하여 시간 경과에 따라 항균효과가 증가되는 것을 확인하였고, SCWE 처리에 의해 대식세포의 형태적 변화가 증가되는 것으로 나타났으며 (p<0.05), 살모넬라균의 탐식능력 및 대식세포 내 균 증식 억제 능 력이 비 처리군에 비해 현저히 증가되는 것이 확인되었다. 또한 SCWE 처리 한 대식세포에 살모넬라균 감염을 수행하였을 때 대식세포의 nitric oxide (NO) 산생능력이 비 처리 군에 비해 저하되는 것으로 나타나, 살모넬라균에 의한 대식세포의 세포독성을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 종합적으로 SCWE의 숙 주세포에 대한 안전성, 살모넬라균에 대한 항균효과 및 대식세포 내 균 증식 억제 효과가 있는 것으로 나타나 SCWE를 이용한 세포내 기생세균의 치료제 개발이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.