The objective of this research is to analyze the importance of Virtual Reality (VR) in digitally promoting perceived online trust toward green brands. We propose a conceptual framework based on Stimulus-Organism-Response to understand whether VR can increase cognitive and affective experiential state and customers' perceived trust toward green brands.

This study aims to propose a conceptual design of information displays for supporting responsive actions under severe accidents in Nuclear Power Plants (NPPs). Severe accidents in NPPs can be defined as accident conditions that are more severe than a design basis accident and involving significant core degradation. Since the Fukushima accident in 2011, the management of severe accidents is increasing important in nuclear industry. Dealing with severe accidents involves several cognitively complex activities, such as situation assessment; accordingly, it is significant to provide human operators with appropriate knowledge support in their cognitive activities. Currently, severe accident management guidelines (SAMG) have been developed for this purpose. However, it is also inevitable to develop information displays for supporting the management of severe accidents, with which human operators can monitor, control, and diagnose the states of NPPs under severe accident situations. It has been reported that Ecological Interface Design (EID) framework can be a viable approach for developing information displays used in complex socio-technical systems such as NPPs. Considering the design principles underlying the EID, we can say that EID-based information displays can be useful for dealing with severe accidents effectively. This study developed a conceptual design of information displays to be used in severe accidents, following the stipulated design process and principles of the EID framework. We particularly attempted to develop a conceptual design to make visible the principle knowledge to be used for coping with dynamically changing situations of NPPs under severe accidents.

이 논문은 지속가능한 사회·기술시스템으로의 전환을 지향하는 기업의 혁신활 동 특성을 논의한다. 우리 사회의 지속가능한 전환을 위해 사회문제 해결에서 기업활동의 ‘목적’을 찾고 새로운 비즈니스 모델을 구현하고 있는 기업을 ‘전환지향적 기업’으로 정의한 다. 이 논문은 시스템 전환론의 틀을 활용해서 1) 전환비전과 임무설정, 2) 전환을 위한 비즈 니스 모델 혁신, 3) 전환을 위한 네트워크 형성, 4) 전환의 정당성 확보 측면에서 전환지향적 기업 혁신활동의 주요 특성을 살펴본다. 그리고 사례연구를 통해 전환지향적 기업혁신 활동 에 대한 가설과 이슈를 토의한다. 사례연구 기업은 생활자·시민중심의 예방·치료·돌봄통합시 스템을 지향하고 있는 한국에자이다.

본 연구는 다음 두 가지 목표를 가진다. 첫째, 미시오 데이(missio Dei)를 신자들의 삶에서 경험하는 영성으로 측정하는 개념적 틀을 구상하는 것이다. 둘째, 이 틀을 바탕으로 영성을 양적으로 또한 질적으로 조사할 수 있는 설문지를 만드는 것이다. 이 연구는 미시오 데이(missio Dei)와 사람들의 영적 경험 간의 관계를 살펴보는 문헌 조사를 시작으로 수행된다. 그 다음에는 미시오 데이(missio Dei)를 주관적 영성 경험으로 측정할 수 있는 틀을 구상하고, 윤리적 고려사항에 대한 권고와 2020-2021년 봉쇄, 고립, 격리 기간에 사람들의 영성을 측정한 설문 조사 결과의 데이터 분석으로 마무리된다. 본 연구는 미시오 데이(missio Dei)를 영적 양과 질로 측정할 수 있는 개념적 틀을 고안하여 미래 연구 설계의 기반으로 사용된다는데 큰 의의를 가진다.

This paper suggests a theoretical conceptual framework focusing on the individuals' affective process of country image evaluation, through the examination of the positive relationship among the country's responsiveness to individuals A-R-C needs with, and the country's emotional attachment. The main contribution of this paper is that it is operating as countries’ “BIAS map” for their future actions and policy strategies for their individuals’ well-being safeguard.

Consumers’ desire for beauty has become a driving force in the beauty service industry which was further developed through specialization and segmentation. Nail-care service, which is one of the beauty services, is showing rapid growth, and intense competition among salons has become apparent. Thus, service management method and marketing strategy are required for customer satisfaction. Therefore, in this study, we tried to classify the nail-care services on the basis of systematization and realization of its characteristics which are fundamental when developing management and marketing strategies. The subjects of this study were women in their 20s and above living in Seoul, Gyeonggi, and Incheon areas. As a result, the nail-care service factors are classified as “external environment” (interior, celebrity, newness), “internal environment” (equipment and products, cleanliness, and environment), “location” (location and transportation convenience), “reputation” (good reputation), “technician skill,” “kindness,” “relationship” (relationship, empathy, and affinity), and “price and discount.” The consumer types of nail-care services were classified into three groups according to the degree of involvement of these concept systems. These results can be used as marketing basics and will be the basis for studying marketing strategies. However, the consideration of setting up a marketing strategy for each consumer type will be presented in a follow-up study.

Although many studies have found a positive relationship between learning orientation and performance, there is still a debate in the learning literature that learning-oriented behaviours may be inefficient or even dysfunctional under certain circumstances (Bunderson and Sutcliffe, 2003, March, 1991) when learning without assurance of results can be time-consuming and negatively influence performance (March, 1991). The learning literature shows that whether learning orientation, of any level, can improve or restrain performance depends on different contexts, suggesting the look for a moderator for this relationship. Furthermore, it can be seen from the literature of learning orientation that all of studies up to now have examined learning orientation only at a single level, individual-level or organization-level. This shows an important lack of literature, given the multilevel nature of learning when individuals act as learning agents for organizations and organizations create environments for learning of individuals (Argyris and Schön, 1978). Therefore, this study is among the first to investigate the effect of learning orientation on performance in the sales management context at two levels: salesperson-level and sales team-level. The next contribution of this study to the literature is the argument of the double-edged effects of team-level social capital moderating the link between learning orientation and performance. Very few studies have discussed the dark side of social capital, (Villena et al., 2011) although the dark side of social capital has been warned in studies of sociology (Granovetter, 1985), strategy (Adler and Kwon, 2002). This study extends the literature by investigating the curvilinear moderating role of social capital on the relationship between learning orientation and performance.

This work aims to deepen how to cope with marketing challenges of XXI century, characterized by turbulent and dynamic environments. Specifically, it explores the theoretical underpinnings to develop an Agile Marketing Capability’s framework and propositions. This study performs an in-depth literature review on IT and Dynamic Marketing Capabilities to provide the features, components, functions and types of an Agile Marketing Capability. Given the extreme innovativeness of this topic in marketing realm, it represents a first attempt to understanding the Agile Marketing Capability, which requires further theoretical and empirical contributions and refinements. The framework and propositions of this research may be useful for managers and decision makers to figure out the advantages of the Agile Marketing Capabilities’ employment in current marketplaces.

Introduction For the past decade, luxury brands have become increasingly interested in portraying themselves as purveyors and curators of a “luxury lifestyle” (Dauriz & Tochtermann, 2013). Some of the world‟s largest fashion brands, for instance, have expanded their offerings to include lifestyle products and services such as housewares, furniture, fine dining, hotels, and private residences (e.g., Ralph Lauren, Giorgio Armani, Bottega Veneta, Hermès) (Mellery-Pratt, 2014). Given that “lifestyle” is now one of the major buzzwords in luxury marketing (Dauriz & Tochtermann, 2013), it is useful to attempt to provide a solid theoretical perspective on this topic. The objective of this paper is to deepen our understanding of “luxury lifestyle” in a contemporary context. To do so, we first examine the existing definitions of lifestyle as a marketing concept. Next, we link the concept of lifestyle to customer segmentation and provide an integrative conceptual framework on lifestyle segments within luxury marketing. Finally, we highlight key insights and important lessons concerning luxury lifestyle segmentation for both theoretical and practical applications. Literature Review Multiple definitions of lifestyle exist in the literature. In this paper, we focus on the major accepted definitions. The concept of lifestyle was first introduced by Lazer (1964) in marketing research. According to his pioneering work, lifestyle is a distinctive mode of living, embodying the aggregative patterns that develop and emerge from the dynamics of living in a society. Building on this notion, Plummer (1974) specifically conceptualized lifestyle as a unique behavioral style of living that includes a wide range of activities (A), interests (I), and opinions (O). His AIO framework served as an important building block in the development of lifestyle scales as shown in Table 1. Table 1. A Summary of Lifestyle Scales Since the introduction of Rokeach Value Survey (Rokeach, 1973), the concept of lifestyle has been combined with personal values as exemplified in VALS (Mitchell, 1983). According to Schwartz (1994), values are one‟s desirable, relatively stable goals that serve as guiding principles in life. In other words, values contribute to the formation of a certain lifestyle (Gunter & Furnham, 1992) in that: (a) values are transsituational in nature influencing a wide range of behaviors across many different situations; and (b) individuals prioritize their world views based on their values varying in importance (Seligman et al., 1996). In the context of consumer behaviour, values are commonly regarded as the most deeply rooted, abstract consumer traits explaining how and why consumers behave as they do (Vincent & Selvarani, 2013). In line with this perspective, we thus conclude that luxury lifestyle is a multi-faceted construct focusing on a luxury consumer’s personal values manifested in the consumer’s activities, interests, and opinions. Conceptual Framework We propose a new framework of luxury lifestyle segmentation, including Conspicuous Emulators, “I-Am-Me” Uniqueness Seekers, Self-Driven Achievers, Hedonistic Experientials, and Societally Conscious Moralists, based on the review of related literature (e.g., Mitchell, 1983; Vigneron & Johnson, 2004; He, Zou, & Fin, 2010). The description of each segment and related firm strategies are shown in Table 2. Table 2. Lifestyle Segmentation Framework for Luxury Marketing Discussion and Implications Lifestyle is now the focal point for the marketing activities of most luxury firms (Dauriz & Tochtermann, 2013). In this study, we focused on the concept of lifestyle, one of the most compelling and widely used approaches to luxury market segmentation. Our conceptual framework built on the notion that luxury markets are heterogeneous, consistent with prior research describing the heterogeneity of luxury consumers (e.g., Vigneron & Johnson, 2004; He, Zou, & Fin, 2010). Since the 1960s, lifestyle has been viewed as a key marketing concept and has been the focus of a significant part of the market segmentation literature. The basic concept of lifestyle has not been greatly altered. Many of the fundamental approaches to lifestyle research are still valid today. The essence of the AIO approach outlined by Plummer (1974) is still evident in the work by Ko, Kim, and Kwon (2006) that defines a fashion lifestyle. Other advances in lifestyle research use personal value theories to specify different consumer segments. Despite the underlying stability of the basic concept of lifestyle, recent advances in digital communications and social media platforms and the trend toward globalization are introducing a discontinuous change to the adoption and implementation of segmentation strategies in luxury markets. Information technology has dramatically affected the nature of the communication and distribution options for luxury firms. As exemplified in specific industry examples in Table 2, consumers now interact with luxury firms through myriad touchpoints in multiple channels and media. These changes are altering the concept of luxury lifestyle segmentation. Thus, there is much room for additional research to strengthen the overall conceptualization of luxury lifestyle segmentation. One important topic involves the question of whether specific lifestyle segments prefer specific forms of touchpoints. For example, Hedonistic Experientials may prefer social media platforms whereas, for other segments, traditional vehicles such as print advertising and flagship stores may still remain crucial. Given a sizable and growing number of global luxury brands, another important issue for future research is to investigate whether the five lifestye segments conceptualized in this study can be empirically replicated on a global scale. We conclude that the concept of lifestyle segmentation, once adjusted to reflect the impact of the digital revolution and the globalization of luxury brands, has a great potential to advance both theory and practice in luxury marketing.

This paper presents an analytical framework of Conceptual Understandings of Earth Systems (CUES) that shows a relationship between disciplinary knowledge of Earth systems and the specific thinking skills required to understand that knowledge. This framework is developed through an extensive literature review of students’ and teachers’ understandings of earth systems concepts and systems thinking in earth science context. This study first presents the categories of disciplinary knowledge of Earth systems, Earth System Knowledge (ESK). This study then illustrates a relationship between categories of ESK and the ontological categories (Matter, Process, Systems) that has been used to study students’ conceptual understandings of Earth systems. Finally, this study presents the CUES framework to show the relationship between disciplinary knowledge and thinking skills. The implications of using this framework for curriculum development, assessment, and teacher education and ESS research are discussed.

The aim of this study is to design an intelligent pattern-based real-time trading system (PRTS) using rough set analysis of technical indicators, dynamic time warping (DTW), and genetic algorithm in stock futures market. Rough set is well known as a data-mining tool for extracting trading rules from huge data sets such as real-time data sets, and a technical indicator is used for the construction of the data sets. To measure similarity of patterns, DTW is used over a given period. Through an empirical study, we identify the ideal performances that were profitable in various market conditions.

한자는 의심할 여지없이 중국어 학습에 있어 가장 매혹적인 부분 중 하나이며, 동시에 중국어를 학습하려는 사용자(일본이나 한국인을 제외하고)에게 가장 머리 아픈 부분이기도 하여, 어떤 학습자는 심지어 중국어의 한자 쓰기나 읽기를 무시 하고, 오로지 말하기와 듣기에만 집중하고자 한다. 더 심각한 것은 그것이 또한 대부분의 학습자들이 중국어 학습을 포기하게 되는 원인이 된다는 것이며, 이런 점에서 대부분의 교재들에서 학습자의 특성이 무시당하고 있다는 점이다. 최근 들 어 한자교육에 대한 연구는 진일보하고 있지만, 규칙성을 유지하면서도 전면적인 한자교육의 방법은 아직까지 보이지 않는다. 본문의 목적은 한자의 구성(結構)을 분석하는 교수-학습 방법을 이용하여 규칙성과 전면성이라는 두 가지 측면을 함 께 가지는 한자교육 교수 학습 방법의 기초를 마련하고자 함이다. 왜 우리는 한자의 구조(結構)를 파악해야 하는 것일까? 심리학자이가 인지기억 력 전문가인 케네스 박사(Kenneth L. Higbee Ph.D)는 학습자가 어떤 하나의 자 료를 기억하기 위해서 가장 중요한 요소는 바로 그 자료가 학습자에게 어떤 의의 를 가지는가라고 주장하였다. 때문에, 학습자가 개별적인 한자에 대한 이해도를 높이는 것은 바로 학습자가 새로운 한자를 학습할 때 효과적이라는 것이다. 많은 중국어 교사들이 자형을 분석할 때 “너무 어렵다”고 느끼며 중문과 교수들만이 가능하다고 여기는 것에는 크게 두 가지 원인이 있다. 하나는 일반적인 중국어 모 국어 사용자들은 자형을 분석하는 방법으로 학습을 하여 본 경험이 없으며, 이로 인해 자형을 분석하는 습관이 없다는 것이다. 두 번째는 허신의 『설문해자』를 근거로 육서에 의해 설명하는 것은 실제적으로 매우 어려운 일인데, 이는 육서에 대한 개별적인 설명이 매우 불분명한 것들이 있기 때문이다. 예를 들어, 학계에서 는 여전히 ‘전주’에 대해 많은 이설들이 있는데 裘錫圭는 《文字學概要》에서 이들을 9개의 대표적인 학설로 정리한 바 있다. 이외에도 육서의 유형 분류 사이 에도 중첩되거나 아주 미세한 차이만 존재하는 것들이 있다. 예를 들어, 詹鄞鑫는 《漢字略說》에서 「意符兼表讀音」의 회의자와 「聲符具有表意功能」형성 자를 말하기도 하였다. 물론 이러한 각각의 세분화된 연구는 문자학 연구자에게는 있어서는 매우 중요한 연구 영역이라고 할 수 있다. 그러나 제2언어 학습자에게 이러한 사실들은 오히려 부담만을 가중시키고 있다. 이처럼 전통적인 육서법은 한 자교육에 있어 적절하지 않다. 때문에 한자교육에 있어 이루어지는 자형의 구조 분석은 논리성과 일치성을 가져야 하며, 이는 또한 간단하고 간결하며 동시에 한 자의 본질과 부합되어야 한다. 본문에서는 한자의 구조를 3종류 (즉, 표의자, 표음 자와 기호자)와 4종의 부건을 기능헤 따라(표음, 형으로써의 표의, 의로써의 표의 와 형으로써의 교체) 제시하였다. 이러한 자형 구조 분석은 쉽게 학습할 수 있는 것이 아니지만, 학습자가 더 많이 개별 한자의 의부와 성부의 기능과 같은 자형 구조를 이해함으로써 한자의 계통성에 대한 이해를 진작하고, 이를 통해 신습한자 의 자음과 자의를 추측하고 판단하는 능력을 배양시킴으로써 한자에 대한 기억 능력을 높일 수 있으리라 기대한다.

The writing system is certainly one of the most fascinating aspects of the Chinese language, but at the same time, it is also one of the most frustrating aspects for learners (with the exception of learners from Japan and Korea), causing many students to focus solely on the speaking aspect of Chinese. Even worse, the writing system is virtually ignored by most learning materials and teachers and is one of the main reasons learners abandon their study of the language altogether. In recent years, Chinese character pedagogy has made some strides, but a holistic and systematic pedagogical method has yet to appear. The aim of this paper is to present the basis for such a method, that is to provide a learning-centered conceptual framework for understanding Chinese characters that can act as the basis for a holistic and systematic pedagogical method.Is there really a need for yet another conceptual framework for Chinese characters? According to psychologist and memory expert, Dr. Kenneth L. Higbee, the most important factor for effective memorization is that the learner understands that which is to be memorized. Therefore, increasing the learner's understanding of each individual Chinese character to be learned is tantamount to increasing the effectiveness of their learning. Analyzing the structure of Chinese characters has long been seen by most teachers as "too difficult." The main two reasons for this are: 1. the average Chinese native speaker did not learn characters by way of analysis and thereby is not in the habit of analyzing them; and 2. using the Six Principles Theory (六書 LiùShū), the traditional framework presented by XǔShèn (許慎) in the Shuōwén Jiězì (說文解字), to analyze characters is indeed quite difficult due to overlapping categories which are not clearly defined. For example, even in the academic world, explanations of what the Derivative Cognate (轉注 Zhuǎnzhù) category is exactly vary greatly between scholars. As Mr. Qiú Xíguì (裘錫圭) points out in his book Chinese Writing (文字學概要 Wénzìxué Gàiyào), there are at least nine different theories as to what this category is. In addition, the differences between some categories are quite subtle, Mr. Zhān Yínxīn (詹鄞鑫), in his book A Few Words about Chinese Characters (漢字略說), points out the difference between an associative compound (會意字) for which one of the meaning components also expresses sound and a phono-semantic compound (形聲字) whose sound component also expresses a meaning. While this type of difference may be very important to a researcher, to a second language learner, it is a huge burden. As such, it is obvious that the traditional framework for analyzing characters is not suitable for language pedagogy. A conceptual framework which is suitable for teaching Chinese characters must be logically consistent, simple, concise and be consistent with the nature of the characters themselves. The framework presented here has three types of characters (meaning characters, sound-meaning characters and symbols) and four types of character components (sound components, components which express meaning by their form, components which express meaning by their meaning and components which act as a substitute for an earlier form). This conceptual framework is not only easy to grasp, but it also helps the learner to truly understand the form of each character, in other words, to understand how meaning components (or form components) and sound components work. At the same time, the framework helps learners to understand the system of Chinese characters as a whole, fosters learners' ability to guess at the sound and meaning of characters they have not yet learned and increases their ability to recall characters they have already learned by triggering their memory with sound and meaning clues.

본 연구는 농업의 서비스화 현상에 대한 대응 전략으로서 농촌경제 활동을 다각화하는 농촌시장 개발의 방향을 모색하였다. 먼저 농촌시장의 대두 배경을 포함한 농촌시장 형성 조건으로서 향토자원의 중요성에 대해 이론적으로 고찰하였다. 전라북도남원을 사례지역으로 현지 방문조사를 통해 농촌시장개발여건 및 향토자원을 분석하였고, 전문가 집단의 평가를 중심으로농촌시장의 개발 방향을 제시하였다. 농촌시장개발은 지역에서 생산되는 농산물 생산․판매활동을 촉진하는데 본질적인 목적을두고 마케팅 촉진 수단으로 농업․농촌의 공간적 서비스를 활용해야 할 것으로 본다.

컴퓨터 기반 기술이 제품에 응용되어 제품의 본질이 변해감에 따라 제품의 외관보다는 제품을 쉽고 효과적으로 사용할 수 있게 하는 사용성이 제품 성공의 매우 중요한 요인이 되었다. 하지만 지금까지의 사용성에 대한 개념이나 연구들은 주로 사용자의 수행도로 직결되는 객관적인 측면만이 강조되었다. 이제 사용자들은 제품의 기능 수행도 측면뿐만 아니라 제품을 사용하면서 느끼는 감성적인 만족까지 가져다주기를 원하고 있다. 지금까지 인간의 감성에 대한 연구는 감성공학분야에서 많이 진행되었지만 기존의 감성공학관련 연구들을 살펴보면 대부분 제품의 외관과 인간의 감성에 관련된 것이 많다. 하지만 제품을 사용하면서 표출되는 인간의 감성에 관련된 연구는 아직 많이 이루어지고 있지 않는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 사용자들이 제품을 사용하면서 느끼는 감성의 변화를 조사하여 제품의 사용성이 인간의 감성에 어떤 영향을 미치는지에 대하여 밝혀 보고자 한다. 금번 연구에서는 모바일 폰을 대상으로 제품의 사용성과 인간의 감성연구를 위한 conceptual framework을 제시하였다. 또한 제품의 외관에서 느끼는 인간의 감성이 아니라 제품을 사용하는 도중에 표출되는 감성을 파악하기 위한 감성어휘를 추출하였다. 감성어휘는 다양한 문헌연구를 통한 기존의 감성어휘 조사, 웹사이트에서 사용자들이 남긴 제품 사용후기를 통한 수집 , 소리내어 생각하기(link aloud)를 활용한 실험을 통한 수집 등의 방법을 이용하여 추출한 후 웹 서베이를 통해 적합성을 검증하였다. 본 연구를 통해 추출된 감성어휘는 제품을 사용하면서 표출되는 인간의 감성 측정자료로 활용할 수 있고, conceptual framework은 사용자의 감성을 고려한 인터페이스 개발을 위한 기본 골격을 제공할 수 있으리라 기대한다.

본 연구는 백두대간의 통합적 관리를 위한 관리공간구획모형의 필요성으로부터 계획되었으며. 개념적인 백두대간의 관리범위모형을 수립할 목적으로 수행되었다 이를 위해 국.내외 공간구획 관련 이론 및 연구의 문헌고찰을 통하여 토지이용 및 관리의 범위 설정의 개념을 파악하고 이를 토대로 개념적인 백두대간관리모형 수립에 접근하고자 하였다. 제시된 관리범위모형은 탄력적 관리를 위해 백두대간의 관리범위를 적극적 보전, 완충, 다목적 이용의 세 구역으로 구분하고 있으며 이에 적합한 관리목표를 설정하여 관리하도록 되어 있다. 각 구역의 구획은 생태적 환경, 물리적 환경, 그리고 사회.문화적 환경을 대표하는 지표인자들의 평가에 의해 구분될 수 있다. 제시된 모형의 효율적인 적용은 백두대간 공간구획을 위한 적절한 지표인자의 선정 및 그에 대한 적합한 평가에 의해 좌우된다고 할 수 있다 그러므로 후속 연구를 통해 그 효율성 또는 효과성이 객관적으로 평가되어야하며 사례연구를 통해 적절한 지표인자 선정 및 평가기준의 마련에 대한 접근이 이루어져야 할 것이다