This study is exploratory research on a relationship between changes in cultivated area of major crops and farm income by regions. We investigated level of income, volatility of income, and migration of suitable region by climate changes as factors influencing changes in cultivated area. Research processes are as follows. First, we classify the regions where cultivated areas are expanded or reduced through the trends of cultivated area by region and crop during recent 10 years. Second, we compare the changes in income related factors between groups during the same periods. Finally, the results from portfolio analysis show changes in stable income-based optimal crops. From these procedures, we found that the changes in cultivated area are not simply explained by income-related factors. In cases of vegetables, however, we also found that high volatility of income could contribute to reduce cultivated area of the crops. The results from portfolio analysis are not always consistent in all of cases. This means that crop selection can be decided by other factors than stable income.
This study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant activities and the contents of antioxidant compounds in extracts derived from 23 medicinal crops. Dried plant materials were extracted by 80% methanol and the extracts were used to experiment. The levels of total phenolic compounds were much higher in Oenothera biennis, Houttuynia cordata, Cedrela sinensis, Rhus javanica, Artemisia annua, Reynoutria sachalinensis, and Dendropanax morbifera compared with other crops. On the other hand, the total phenolic compound levels in Carthamus tinctorius, Polygonum multiflorus, Ginko biloba, Solanum nigrum, and Saposhnikovia divaricata were relatively low. The total flavonoid contents were highest in H. cordata, followed by D. morbifera, A. annua, A. continentalis and O. biennis. DPPH activity was significantly higher in A. annua, R. javanica, C. sinensis, D. morbifera and O. biennis, and ABTS activity was significantly higher in R. javanica, C. sinensis, O. biennis, R. sachalinensis, A. annua, and D. morbifera than other plants. These results suggest that O. biennis, A. annua, R. javanica, D. morbifera, and R. sachalinensis can be utilized as food additives and natural antioxidants due to their strong antioxidant activity.
본 연구는 농촌경관의 잔여경관요소로서 중요한 기능을 수행하고 있는 경작지 내 소규모 습지 및 소하천의 경관생태적 특성 및 가치분석을 토대로 현실적인 개선방안을 제시해 보는데 가장 큰 의의를 두고있다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1) 총 7개의 공간에서 출현하고 있는 습지비오톱의 경관생태적 특성분석 결과, 일례로 사례지 5의 경우 수면의 크기가 로 비교적 넓게 형성되어 있었으며, 수변의 기울기, 띠숲의 폭, 식생조성상태 등에서 매우 양호한 것으로 평가되었다. 또한 굴곡성은 사례지 8-1에서 주요 돌출부의 수가 2개로 가장 높았으며, 형태적 다양성 역시 1.47로 가장 높은 값을 보였다. 2) 습지비오톱의 문제점 분석 결과, 대부분의 습지들은 여과기능을 수행하기 위한 초본 띠숲의 폭이 1m 내외로 조성상태가 미흡한 것으로 분석되었으며, 특히 사례지 8에서 나타나고 있는 4곳의 습지들은 수변의 기울기가 이상으로 사면식생이 생육하기에는 어려움이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 3) 총 6개의 공간에서 출현하고 있는 소하천의 경관 생태적 특성분석 결과, 일례로 사례지 4의 경우 수변 폭은 55m로 가장 넓었으며, 흙, 돌, 자갈 등의 자연재료로 형성되어 있는 것으로 조사되었다. 반면 사례지 2-2의 경우 수변 폭은 4m로 가장 좁았으며, 사면의 경사각은 로 직각의 형태를 이루고 있었다. 또한 식생의 생육이 이루어지고 있지 못한 것으로 나타났던 바, 생태적 가치는 매우 낮은 것으로 평가되었다. 4) 소하천의 문제점 분석 결과, 사례지 2-1은 수변 띠숲의 폭이 5m 정도로 수변 폭에 비해 매우 좁았으며, 주변 경작지로부터 유해 화학물질이 여과없이 방류되고 있었다. 또한 사례지 2-2는 전구간이 콘크리트 포장면으로 형성되어 있으며, 직선적인 하천구조로 인해 자연정화 능력, 홍수방지, 생물서식공간 확보의 측면에서 그 기능이 매우 미약한 것으로 분석되었다. 5) 이상과 같은 경관생태적 특성분석, 문제점 분석 결과를 토대로, 습지의 경우 크게 형상, 식생, 지형구 조적 측면에서, 소하천의 경우 크게 종단구조, 횡단구조적 측면에서 주요 개선방안을 설정하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 최근 농촌지역의 대규모 개발사업, 농지정리사업 및 도로건설 등에서 야기되는 습지및 소하천의 훼손을 방지할 수 있는 기초자료를 제공해 줄 수 있을 것을 판단되며, 또한 이들의 추가조성을 위한 가이드라인을 제시해 줄 수 있을 것으로 사료된다. 그러나 본 연구의 결과를 타 지역으로 확대 적용해 나가기 위해서는 무엇보다 다양한 사례연구를 통한 객관화된 모형개발 및 검증이 뒷받침되어야 할 것으로 생각된다.
마늘을 각종 기능성 식품 재료로 이용하기 위한 기초자료를 제공하기 위하여 산지별 마늘의 화학성분 및 항균활성을 조사하였다. 색도 중 L값은 53.41∼57.15, a값은 -3.49∼-4.38 및 b값은 11.47∼17.55였으며, 일반성분 중 수분, 조단백질, 조지방, 가용성 무질소물, 조섬유 및 회분 함량은 각각 65.24∼71.96, 6.24∼9.35, 0.21∼0.49, 19.01∼22.72, 0.58∼0.95 및 1.01∼2.01%로 나타났다. 산지별 마늘의 주요 무기성분으로는 Na, Mg, K, Ca 및 P였으며, 그 함량은 각각 27.22∼112.03, 18.17∼32.56, 242.16∼569.28, 28.60∼63.93 및 117.72∼265.21 mg%였고, 유리당은 sucrose, glucose 및 fructose였다. 마늘은 17종의 아미노산이 분석되었으며, 그 중 proline, arginine, glutamic acid 및 aspartic acid가 주요 아미노산으로 나타났고, 총 아미노산 함량은 2,709.33∼4,561.04 mg%이었다. 비타민 C 함량은 2.966∼8.673 mg%이었다. 산지별 마늘의 주요 지방산으로는 linoleic acid, oleic acid 및 palmitic acid였으며, 불포화지방산이 72.18∼74.35%였고, 포화지방산은 25.65∼27.82%였다. 산지별 마늘 물 추출물을 이용하여 항균활성을 측정한 결과, 농도 의존적으로 그램 음성 및 양성 모든 세균에서 높은 항균활성을 보였다.
서울과 같은 대도시의 농경지는 인간의 간섭이 끊임없이 이루어지는 준자연지역으로 생산성보다는 도시의 생물다양성보존 및 경관다양성을 통한 일반시민의 자연체험이라는 측면에서 관리.보호될 필요가 있다. 그러나 도시지역의 농경지는 개발용지로 토지이용이 전환되어 급속히 감소하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 서울시를 대상으로 농경지 패취의 시간변화에 따른 토지이용변화를 살펴보고 서울시 비오톱유형도에 근거한 농경지 패취를 분석하여 서울지역 농경지의 경관생태학적 구조와 특성을 파악하고, 이러한 분석결과를 토대로 생물다양성 증진을 위한 농경지 관리모델을 구상하는데 그 목적이 있다.
This study was conducted to increase the utility and productivity of forage crops at high altitued areas. For that purpose, 21 cultivars of corn and 2 cultivars of rye were cultivated for 3 years using a randomized block designed with 3 replications. The
주(主) 재배품종인 의성종과 영천종의 유효성분을 HPLC 및 TLC로 분석한 결과 주(主)성분인 paeoniflorin 함량은 의성종이 영천종보다 높으며 albiflorin과 oxypaeoniflorin의 함량을 두 재배종에서 비교하면 의성종은 albiflorin 함량이 많고 영천종은 oxypaeoniflorin의 함량이 많았다. 생산지에 따른 paeoniflorin의 함량차이는 2.15% 에서 4.08% 의 범위였고 의성과 거창의 것은 비슷하였으며 영천의 것이 가장 낮았다. 18종의 재배종들은 품종에 따라 다양한 paeoniflorin 함량 차이를 보이며 작약성분분석의 HPLC 크로마토그랍을 albiflorin, oxypaeoniflorin 및 paeoniflorin 피크를 기준으로 비교해본 결과 크게 3가지 패턴으로 분류할수 있었다. 이 세가지 유형은 의성종 패턴 9종, 영천종 패턴 4종 풍기표준종패턴 5종 이었다. 수확시기에 따른 작약의 paeoniflorin의 함량변화를 조사한 결과 3월과 9월에 수확한 것이 낮았으며 5월과 11월에 수확한 작약의 paeoniflorin 함량이 높았다.
Background : Atractylodes macrocephala is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the family Asteraceae and should be cultivated in field soils with good water dripping due to plant characteristics. However, cultivating farmers mainly have recently been cultivated in paddy soil due to their regional characteristics, which causes the decrease in yield due to poor drainage. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the cultivation in high ridge and subsoil breaking effect for stable paddy soils cultivation technology of A. macrocephala.
Methods and Results : Soil was paddy soils in the fall of 2017, and the pH (1 : 5) was 6.61 ± 0.15 as a result of chemical and physical properties. EC was 0.49 ± 0.05 dS/m, and organic matter content was 28.69 ± 69 g/㎏ and effective phosphoric acid was 306 ± 17.8 ㎎/㎏. As a result of the soil layering survey, the surface layer was 0 - 26 ㎝ deep as paddy soil mounded with sandy loam in the past. In the surface layer, there was a light layer after 17 ㎝ depth, and volume density was 1.71 ± 1.3 g/㎤. The porosity of the plow pan was 33.41 ± 2.34%. The cultivation methods were cultivation in high ridge (30 ㎝ or more) and level row (10 ㎝ or less) at 2 levels and 3 repetitions. In subsoil breaking, the depth of the plow pan was increased from 17.1 ± 0.5 ㎝ before treatment to 31.1 ± 3.6 ㎝ after treatment and the hardness was 24.8 ± 1.5 ㎜. In the case of rotary plowing, the depth of the plow pan was 17.1 ± 1.9 ㎝ before treatment and 26 ± 2.4 ㎝ after treatment and the hardness was 25.8 ± 2.9 ㎜. The medium growth characteristics of A. macrocephala per treatment showed the tendency of increase in plant length, culm length, number of nodes, number of leaves, and fresh weight in level row cultivation after subsoil breaking. Root growth of cultivation in high ridge after subsoil breaking tended to be good with rhizome weight of 11.6 g per hill. The survival percentages were 98.8 - 100% and the bolting rate was 93.4 - 96.2%
Conclusion : In cultivation in high ridge after subsoil breaking in the paddy field of Gangwon area, the decrease of yield of A. macrocephala due to drainage was expected to be alleviated, but final conclusion should be drawn after analyzing soil temperature and soil moisture data.
Background : Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is a medicinal plant corresponding to 'raw materials for food use' in Korean food standards codex, and it is known that it has the same origin although it is classified into wild ginseng, cultured ginseng and red ginseng. It varies morphologically, molecularly, depending on the cultivation or habitat environment. In this study, we carried out experiments for the morphological differentiation of cultured ginseng (Hongcheon, Gunsan, Miryang) and adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng (by company).
Methods and Results : Morphological observations were made with resin sectioning method (RSM). The test method was sampled, preprocessed, embedded, segmented, slid and then observed with an optical microscope. The epidermis, cortex and vascular tissues were identified in the inner cross section of adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng. Phloem was formed at the center, and xylem was formed at the side. In cultured ginseng, the organs of the vascular tissues were differentiated into two, whereas in the adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng, one vascular tissue was formed due to the thin adventitious.
Conclusion : Plant resources have the diversity of using the same or different origins depending on their distribution. The morphological differentiation method of ginseng and adventitious roots culture of wild mountain ginseng is expected to be based on domestic fair trade to prevent discrimination.
This study consists of an observation of the changes in management and agricultural production of Shinbuk-eup based on the data from the Agricultural, Forestry & Census Report Survey. The following is a short summary and suggestions of the research. First, taking a look at the farming conditions of Shinbuk-eup, it shows that it is extremely polarized into rice paddies and vegetable cropping. Second, using the Tobit model to analyze the factor of determination of farmable lands of the farmers in Shinbuk-eup, the higher the number of family members, the less the hired work, and the more the experience in farming, have larger farmable lands. Meanwhile, the younger the farmer, their land mass is higher, however, after reaching their threshold age, their lands decrease.
The contents of index components in 5 medicinal crops cultivated at different heights in Andong area. Thecontents of allantoin in Dioscorea batatas Decne and catalpol in Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz were not differentby cultivation heights (100~200m). But the contents of index components in Astragalus membranaceus and Angelica acutilobaKitagawa were higher in samples cultivated at elevated heights. At 700m of heights, the contents of formononetin andastragaloside I in Astragalus membranaceus were 1.20 and 201.2㎍/g, respectively. The contents of decursin and nodakeninin Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa were 68.3 and 4.20㎎/g, respectively. Thus Astragalus membranaceus and Angelica acutilobaKitagawa are recommended to be cultivated in higher altitude.
The concentration of heavy metal were studied for the estimation of quality in herbal medicines which is Bupleuri Radix, Paeoniae Radix, Dioscoreae Rhizoma and Astragali Radix in products of north Gyeongbuk area. And we collected soils from several area in Gyeongbuk, and determined heavy metal concentration of soils by ICP. We compared with herbal medicines in products of Gyeongbuk and their soils. For the heavy metals contents of Gyeongbuk area, in Gong Jung Ri, represented the higher level, it may be due to a near the road. The Cd contents in soil was not a wide difference. For the As and Pb contents in soil, Song Sa Ri (Bupleuri Radix) represented the higher level (0.68㎎/㎏, 1523㎎/kg).
Heavy metal contents in cultured herbal medicines and their soils did not give reproducible results. But the degree of correlation between a few heavy metal contents of Dioscoreae Rhizoma and their soil showed the good transfer from the soil.
We compared with heavy metal concentration of herbal medicines in products of Gyeongbuk and the other area of Korea. The concentration of heavy metal were studied for the estimation of quality in herbal medicines which is Bupleuri Radix, Paeoniae Radix, Dioscoreae Rhizoma and Astragali Radix in products of north Gyeongbuk area. The average levels of heavy metal of herbal medicines in Gyeongbuk area are as follows:Mercury is 0.037㎎/㎏, Chromium is 0.093㎎/㎏, Nickel is 0.108㎎/㎏, Copper is 0.475㎎/㎏, Zinc is 3.14㎎/㎏, Manganese is 1.52㎎/㎏, Iron is 7.83㎎/㎏, and Cadmium, Lead and Arsenic is not detected. It was very lower in concentrations than those of average Korea area.
Therefore, Gyeongbuk area appear to be more proper to cultivated land than other area. Minerals such as Ca and K were extracted more than Na and P in herbal medicines products of Gyeongbuk respectively. Minerals and heavy metal concentrations distributed in herbal medicines were analyzed. Little or no relationship was observed between minerals and heavy metals.
Proximate composition , volatile compounds, free amino acids, fatty acids and inorganic compounds in leaf, stem and root of Houttyunia cordata Thunb cultivated from two different area, Bosung and Sunchon , were analyzed. Each part of Houttuynia cordata Thunb from both local area showed moisture contents of 80-84% and crude ash contents of 2.1 ∼2.8%. Crude fat and protein contents were less than 3 % showing slightly higher contents in leaf than in both stem and root . Twenty six volatile compunds were identified from the parts of the plant, the volatile contents were high in the oder of leaf, root and stem. Major volatile compounds were mostly derivatives of decanoic acid ; decanoic acid, 20 tridecanoie, decanal and dodecanoic acid. Of free amino acids in leaf asparagine was the highest, while in stem hydroxyproline, proline and arginine were the major free amino acids. Linoleic acid was the highest in the stem and root, and linolenic acid was highest in leaf. the major minerals of all parts were K, Ca. Mg, P, Fe, Zn and Cu, showing highest with K.