To clarify the concepts of dialects, vernacular and regional languages used with similar meanings, this study attempted to reveal the usage patterns and concepts of these expressions based on written corpus. The written corpus of printed newspaper articles from the online Naver News Library that archived newspaper articles from 1920 to 1999 and the news article corpus crawled by the online Naver News portal from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2021 were extracted and analyzed. In particular, this paper analyzed the relationship between collates and keywords based on the corpus linguistic research methodology of the news article corpus for the past eighteen years and how they were being used in official records and press documents by corresponding with the 'dialects, vernacular, and regional languages' in socio-linguistic terms of modern Korean. The results are summarized as follows. First, the concept of linguistic norms that a dialects have terms corresponding to the words or standard languages was established after the 1930s. Second, in the library of newspaper articles published in the 20th century, dialects or vernaculars were perceived as negative objects to be removed in preparation for standard language. Third, it can be seen that the positive value judgment on 'vernacular' has increased in the corpus of news articles over the past decade. Fourth, dialects and vernacular, regional language, and standard language were used to be compatible with each other, and it can been seen that dialects were mainly used in academic contexts and vernacular were mainly used in everyday contexts. Fifth, it can be confirmed that the positive perception of standard language has been maintained in the 20th-century newspaper article corpus and the 21st-century news article corpus for the last eighteen years after the recognition of standard language.

This study examines whether the lexical pitch accent of the Kyungsang dialect and /wɑ/ monophthongization are imitated by Seoul dialect speakers in an auditory naming task. The goal of the study relates to what is imitated in the phonetic signal. To answer this question, the study examines how relative salience between two linguistic features affects phonetic accommodation. Fifty words as produced by a speaker of the Kyungsang dialect served as stimuli for a shadowing task. The first and second formants of disyllabic words containing the diphthong /wɑ/ and the F0 of disyllabic words with the HL tone were acoustically analyzed for phonetic accommodation. Overall, the results suggest that in terms of the diphthong /wɑ/, participants were more likely to converge toward the Kyungsang model talker, producing their vowel as more monothongized. With respect to the lexical pitch accent, participants were less likely to converge to the model talker, producing the target words with the same tone.

Tianjin is the largest economic and trade center in northern China. Tianjin dialect is a representative dialect of Tianjin local culture. Tianjin dialect is a vivid and wonderful flower in the garden of Chinese language and culture. The simple and unsophisticated folk customs of the people of Tianjin produced the warm and humorous qualities of the Tianjin people, which are mainly reflected in the Tianjin dialect. The Tianjin dialect does not refer to the language spoken by people in every part of Tianjin. It usually refers to the dialect spoken by local residents in six districts of Tianjin, parts of western and southern suburbs and parts of eastern suburbs. It is a special phenomenon of dialect island. Since the 1980s, some social language experts have devoted themselves to studying Tianjin dialect. This paper briefly introduces the formation history, phonetic characteristics and special vocabulary of Tianjin dialect island. Through the actual survey, the emphasis is to investigate the current situation of Tianjin dialect and the people's attitude toward Tianjin dialect, analyze the reasons for the change in the use of Tianjin dialect, and forecast the development prospects of Tianjin dialect in the future. More scholars are expected to study Tianjin dialect and study Tianjin dialect. The protection and propaganda of words play a positive role.

This study investigates phonological variations of the Gyeongsang dialect speakers in dialect contact situations in Seoul. This study also examines what factors have significant effects on these phonological variations. It focuses on social factors: ‘gender’, ‘language attitude’, ‘length of residency in Seoul’ and in particular, ‘age group’ that is classified based on whether the participants received compulsory education where standard Korean is used. The tendency of the phonological variation is disproportionate for each phonological variable. In direct dialect contact situations in Seoul, Gyeongsang dialect speakers undergo phonological variation almost all the phoneme and phonological rule but the relatively low toneme. But this quantitative loffwness of the variation degree on toneme variant is not absent in the knowledge of the phonological pattern of Seoul Korean, but rather is hard to adapt or habituate it. In other words, the achievement of toneme variation requires a certain amount of acquisition period compared to the other variants. This study shows that it may take about 20 years to adapt to the phonological patterns of Seoul Korean. The statistical analysis of phonetic data suggests that all social factors investigated in this study influence a speaker's frequency of use of the Seoul Korean variants. Especially, each age group shows different tendency of influence of social factors. Old speaker group influences by social factors in the following order: ‘gender’, ‘length of residency’ and ‘language attitude’. In the case of young, on the other hand, the order is ‘language attitude’, ‘length of residency’ and ‘gender’.

Wu Wu dialect; late Qing Dynasty; interpretation on The Sacred Edict; function words; colloquial words dialect translation of The Sacred Edict was written in colloquial and dialectal Chinese. Function words in the book reflected the lexical and grammatical features in Wu dialect during late Qing Dynasty, including prepositions (ex. Da), modal particles (Lao), negative words (Fu, Wu), etc. This article explores these features through the comparative analysis of the other two editions. Based on the depictions and discussions of function words, the paper provides evidence and supplements for studies on the function words of Wu dialect in the late Qing period.

However, with the rapid development of information technology, dialects are slipping away. People are gradually ignoring and forgetting local dialects and traditional culture. The loss of dialects will surely lead to the loss of traditional culture. As a language and culture research enthusiast, I hope to make people know more about their own language by studying and comparing more dialects. As the mother tongue, dialect will directly affect the acquisition of the second language when we learn the second language, which not only has a positive role in promoting, but also has a negative role in hindering, which requires us to have a deep understanding of the two languages and a comprehensive comparative study. Suzhou and Hefei belong to the wu-speaking area and the jianghuai guanhua area respectively. Although they are two dialects, they are connected with each other from the geographical position. It can be seen that there must be some common characteristics and differences between the two dialects. Based on a comparative study of the languages of Suzhou and Hefei, the author chooses to present the modern pronunciation of the Chinese ancient pronunciation of rusheng characters in the two places, and analyzes and explains the differences between the initial and final vowels of the dialects respectively, so as to find out the differences between the two dialects.

입성(入声)이란, 중세 중국어(中古汉语)에서는 평성, 상성, 거성, 입성으로 이루어지는 4성 성조체계의 일부분을 말하며, 현대 중국어(现代汉语)에서는 중세 중국어의 입성에 연원을 두는 ‘성조 범주(调类)’를 가리킨다. 본 논문에서는 광둥 메이센 방언(广东梅县话(커자 방언, 客 家话)), 푸젠 푸칭 방언(福建福清话(민 방언, 闽语)), 베이징 방언(北京话(북방 관화, 北方官 话))의 입성에 대하여 간략히 기술하고, 최적성이론을 통하여 이 세 방언에서 입성의 실현 양상이 왜 달리 나타나는가에 대하여 설명을 시도하였다. 10개의 제약조건 Ident(Place), Ident (Cons), MAX, DEP, Ident(Manner), No-CodaOral, No-CodaCons, No-Coda, No-MonoCoda, No-CodaObs 간의 제약등급관계에 따라, 메이센 방언에서는 중세 중국어의 입성 운미가 유지되었고, 푸칭 방언에서는 3개의 구강 파열음이 모두 성문 파열음으로 수렴되었으며, 베이징 방언에서는 운미가 모음으로 변하거나 탈락되었다

Spoken words tends to be verbal communication, because the source of the words is different, or for use in different groups, it produced the sound homophones nearly glyph (written symbols) through the synchronical and diachronical spread, which is a spoken word may become phonetic variations occurred in the communication process, and lead to produce multiple variants including the shape of words and the numerous, complicated and changeful usage of words, sometimes even cover up their original real feature. This article focuses on spoken word about the same word but variant character of the oral literature (including abroad), which reflected Beijing dialect in the late Qing and early republic period

Kim, Deok-ho. 2017. “A Study on the Analysis of the Changing Process of Dialect Distribution with a focus on Methodology of Geolinguistics”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 25(1). 1~26. The purpose of this study is to analyze the process of changing the distribution of dialects through a geolinguistic approaches. Traditional studies in dialectology were generally aimed at describing the geographically distributed variation of language. However, with traditional approach, it would be difficult to analyze the complex reason for the changes in dialectal distributions. Since the geographical factor is not the only reason for language change, it is necessary to consider more factors in examining language maintenance and change. To investigate the distribution of dialects and explore its changes, the primary work involves thorough field surveys, and the next step is to draw a language map with well-organized dialect data. The present study employs a field survey method and draws a language map based on the field survey results. The purpose of this paper is to propose geolinguistic methodologies for analyzing the change in the distribution of dialects that can be confirmed on a language map constructed on such a basis. Geolinguistics analysis methods are as follows: 1) analysis by non-verbal conditions, 2) real time analysis, 3) measurement of innovation wave spreading speed, 4) surrounding-zones dialect theory, 5) principles of adjacent distribution and around distribution, and 6) S-curve theoretical analysis.

Rather than being representations of a single graphic community at one particular time or place, Zhuang traditional manuscripts often show signs of internal dialect variation, as well readings derived from different historical strata of Chinese. Readings from different historical strata are discussed at some length in the author’s recent Mapping the Old Zhuang Character Script (Brill, 2013) and ‘A Layer of Old Chinese Readings in Traditional Zhuang Manuscripts’ (BMFEA 2015). In this article, I propose to look specifically at internal dialect variation. By internal dialect variation I mean that the characters or vernacular graphs used to represent the words in the recitation of a text show signs of having come from other localities and other dialects. I demonstrate that this phenomenon is related to the migration of Zhuang populations and social strata, as well as the circulation of texts, and can often be shown to correlate with known historical events which precipitated the movement of peoples. Furthermore, traditional texts provide evidence of hitherto unsuspected population movements, both upstream and downstream and further afield. I use a specific text as an example here: the Hanvueng scripture, for which Professor Meng Yuanyao and I have recently published a critical edition (Hanvueng: The Goose King and the Ancestral King, Brill, 2015). The theoretical implication of this discussion is that the internal analysis of vernacular texts can be used as a tool for reconstructing the history of Zhuang communities.

Categorizing dialect and the phonetic notation (《方言類釋》) written in 1778 is a specialized dictionary which collected and recorded Chinese language vocabulary in the middle of Qing dynasty. As far as stylistic rules and layout is concerned, Chinese character was the main index and their pronunciations of Mongolia, Manchu, Japan, and Korean were recorded in Korean alphabet spelling. Xu Mingying (徐命膺) and Hong Mingfu (洪命福), who accepted the king's command, wrote the book so as to easily communicate with Japan and China. Chinese language had been changing. On the contrary, North Korean language conserved a lot of ancient Chinese words leading to a lot of problem communication with the Chinese. This is the reason why two authors had to accept the king’s command to finish the book. The book included abundant Chinese vocabulary also with "Chinese dialect" from Guangzhou, Guangdong province, Shanxi Fen states and southern Jiangsu, Hunan Changsha. These materials are the most valuable complement for the research on the history of modern Chinese history. At the same time those exterior material can also be added by Chinese scholars in the Qing dynasty for enriching interior dictionaries. At the same time, the dialect also provided such clues that are vocabulary rooted in powerful dialect.

Cho, Tae-Rin. 2015. “On the change of Korean dialect and dialect research: Beyond the boundary of regional dialect and social dialect”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 23(1). 177~199. The purpose of this paper is to examine the changing shape of regional dialect and social dialect in Korea, finally in order to seek the possibility of change and development direction of the Korean dialect researches. Firstly, this paper reviews not only the conceptual difference between regional dialect and social dialect but also the changing shape of actual relation between regional dialect research and social dialect research in Korea. And then, signs of change in Korean dialect research are analyzed by looking at the current state and characteristics of Korean social dialect research. This analysis shows that the distinction between regional dialect research and social dialect research is no longer rigid, and that Korean dialect research needs a new approach and development direction in order to go beyond the earlier researches focused on regional dialect and level of phoneme, prosody, vocabulary, etc. Finally, this paper is concluded by proposing two development directions of Korean dialect research as follows. (1) Research on regional and social difference of Korean language on a level of discourse. (2) Research on aspect of contact among standard language and dialects in Korea.

Neither Chinese character (Hanzi) learning nor classicalChinese literature instruction should be done in isolation. This paperexplores the way to integrate Hanzi learning, classical Chineseliterature and comprehensive reading in primary schools. It firstdiscusses the hypothetical mental process of children’s readingcompetence development. Guided by this hypothesis, children couldeasily learn Chinese characters in their reading practice, higher gradeprimary school students could learn to fluently read simple classicalChinese articles with proper pause, and they do not need to spend extratime on Chinese learning. In this paper, all of the practices are guidedby the principles of teaching target category in the curriculum designtheories accepted worldwide, such as how we teach students learn tocorrectly write the commonly used Hanzi required by course standards, howwe teach students to write Hanzi in a standard way so that theirhandwriting looks good, how we teach students to learn Pinyin, and howstudents could improve both reading and writing skills in comparativeclassical Chinese literature reading exercises, etc..

『濟州島資料集』(1971) 속의 『漢字의 濟州名』는 방언자료 속에 한자의 음과 훈을 포함시킨 유일한 자료이다. 『漢字의 濟州名』는 석주명(石宙明)이 1943년부 터 1945년까지 제주에서 채집한 한자의 음과 훈을 기록한 것이다. 본 연구는 이 자료를 통하여 한자 훈의 다양한 모습을 살펴보았다. 본 연구에서는 『漢字의 濟州名』에서 제시된 제주명과 석주명이 제시한 표준명 이 다른 경우의 한자에 대해서 방언 훈, 이본 훈, 개인 훈으로 나누어서 고찰하였다. 비교의 대상으로 삼은 것은『千字文 資料集-지방 천자문편』(1995)의 훈이다. 방언자료는 지방 사람의 구술을 기록한 것이기 때문에 지방의 다양한 음운이 그대로 드러나고 구두 모방 암기 과정에서 와전된 훈이 화석화된 경우도 있다. 『漢字의 濟州名』는 방언자료인 만큼 제주방언 어휘로 된 훈이 특징이다. 방언 훈 중에 는 중세 어휘가 그대로 제주방언으로 남은 경우와 고어형(古語形)이 확인되지 않은 방언 어휘 훈으로 나눌 수 있다. 방언형이 우세한 어휘인 경우는 그대로 한자의 훈으로 사용되었다. 제주명과 석주명의 표준명이 다른 훈은『千字文』의 어느 이본 의 훈을 제시하느냐의 차이이다. 제주명은『千字文』내각문고본(1583)에 의한 것 이 많고 석주명의 표준명은 18세기 이후의『千字文』, 특히 임술본(1862) 이후의 훈으로 새긴 것이 많다. 오독이나 잘못된 이해가 아니라 개인의 언어관에 따라 유사 개념이나 용법의 예로 재해석하여 훈을 말하는 경우도 있다. 본 연구에서는 이런 경우를 개인 훈으로 명명하였다. 『千字文』의 훈은 보수적이고 방언적 요소가 거의 없는 것으로 알려져 있지만, 각 지방에서는 제시되는 고정된 훈을 사이에 두고 학습하는 과정에서 발생되는 훈은 다양하다. 지방에서는 훈의 개념을 방언으로 저장하기 때문에 개인이 소유하고 있는 훈은 다양할 수 있다. 제주방언 자료를 통해서 본 한자 훈의 특징은 지역 환경에 따라 재해석된다는 점과 개인 언어에 따라 재해석되었다는 점이다.

Choi, Jin-sook. 2006. Who Accentuates an Inter-group Dialect in an Inter-dialectal Place? The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 14(1). The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there is any relationship between dialect use and ethnolinguistic identity among Korean dialect speakers. It is hypothesized that those who have a strong perception of group identity and consider their dialect as more valuable than those of other groups are more likely to accentuate their language with cognitive efforts. This hypothesis was tested through questionnaires administered to 85 adults from five different provinces who were speaking their own dialect though they resided in Seoul. As a consequence of the analysis, it was found that dialect users in Seoul did not greatly require cognitive efforts when conversing with other dialect speakers. However, the results indicate that those who speak their dialect in a multi-dialectal situation can have a stronger perception of their local identity than those who do not. Thus, this study confirms that language is related to identity. Further, when various factors were examined, birthplace and residence period showed a weak relationship with strength of ethnolinguistic identity. However, results concerning age were meaningful in that the older participants were found to have a stronger identification with their dialect than the younger participants.

The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 14(1). The purpose of this study is to investigate whether there is any relationship between dialect use and ethnolinguistic identity among Korean dialect speakers. It is hypothesized that those who have a strong perception of group identity and consider their dialect as more valuable than those of other groups are more likely to accentuate their language with cognitive efforts. This hypothesis was tested through questionnaires administered to 85 adults from five different provinces who were speaking their own dialect though they resided in Seoul. As a consequence of the analysis, it was found that dialect users in Seoul did not greatly require cognitive efforts when conversing with other dialect speakers. However, the results indicate that those who speak their dialect in a multi-dialectal situation can have a stronger perception of their local identity than those who do not. Thus, this study confirms that language is related to identity. Further, when various factors were examined, birthplace and residence period showed a weak relationship with strength of ethnolinguistic identity. However, results concerning age were meaningful in that the older participants were found to have a stronger identification with their dialect than the younger participants.

이 글은 제주지역에 거주하는 여성결혼이민자를 대상으로 제주 방언으로 제작된 TV 드라마를 활용하여 제주 방언 교육과 문화 교육을 통합할 수 있는 방안을 살펴보고자 하였다. 드라마 ‘멩질 먹게 저 오라’는 모든 대사를 제주 방언으로 구사하고 있고, 등장인물은 여성결혼이민자가 늘상 만나는 친근한 인물들로 설정되었다. 이러한 설정은 여성결혼이민자가 드라마를 학습 도구로 활용할 때 큰 거부감이나 어려움 없이 드라마의 내용을 받아들이는 장치로 작용할 것이다. 이 드라마의 모든 대사에는 표준어 자막이 사용되었다. 이는 여성결혼이민자가 제주 방언을 제대로 알아듣지 못한다고 해도 드라마의 내용을 이해하는 데에 문제가 없다는 점을 내포한다. 오히려 이 자료로 교육이 제대로만 이루어진다면 표준어와 방언 교육의 효과를 동시에 거두고 아울러 제주 지역민의 사유 체계를 담아내는 문화까지 학습하여 일석삼조의 효과를 볼 수 있을 것이라고 생각된다. 드라마 ‘멩질 먹게 저 오라’로 여성결혼이민자의 표준어 교육과 동시에 제주 방언 교육이 이루어진다면 제주지역에 거주하고 있는 여성 결혼이민자들의 의사소통의 장애를 조금이나마 해결할 수 있을 것이 다. 또한 문화 교육의 측면에서도 제주만의 독특한 문화를 제대로 담아내고 있는 이 드라마를 자료로 활용한다면 여성결혼이민자가 제주 사회에서 하나의 구성원으로 적응하는 데에 도움이 되리라 판단하여 ‘멩질 먹게 저 오라’를 활용한 언어ㆍ문화 교육 방법을 모색해보았다.

본 연구는 대한제국 칙령 제41호 ‘석도=독도’설의 입증을 시도해 온 기존의 연구 성과들에 추가하여, 한국어는 물론 한국의 방언과 한국말의 한자표기 방식에 관한 지식이 전혀 없거나 익숙치 못한 국제사회의 외국인들에게 ‘석도=독도’임을 보다 쉽게 납득시킬 수 있는 접근방식으로서 이 주제와 관련해서는 국내 처음으로 사회언어학 이론들의 적용을 시도해 보았다. 구체적으로 당시 전라도 또는 경상도, 강원도 출신 울릉도 입도자들의 방언이 오늘 날 독도 명칭에 미친 과정과 관련해서는 사회언어학 분야의 “지역인구 변동과 지역어 변화의 상관성” 이론인 ‘도시 건너뛰기(city-hopping) 이론’을 적용해 보았다. 한편 시기적으로 비슷한 시점에서 ‘석도’ 명칭과 ‘독도’ 명칭이 혼재된 것처럼 보이는 부분에 대해서는 사회 언어학 분야의 “세대교체와 지역어 변화의 상관성” 관련 이론을 적용해 볼 수 있었다. 대한제국 칙령 제41호의 ‘석도(石島)’가 오늘날의 ‘독도(獨島)’임을 사회언어학적 관점에서 규명해 보는 것은 사회언어학 분야의 학술적 기여 뿐만 아니라 한국의 독도영유권 논리강화라는 정책적 기여 측면에서도 매우 의의가 있는 작업일 것이다. 특히 한국의 지역 방언과 음차, 훈차 방식 표기 등에 익숙하지 못한 국제사회의 외국인들을 이해시키고 납득시키는 데 특히 효과적이라는 점에서 독도영유권의 국제적 바른 인식 제고에 매우 중요한 의미가 있다.