In addition to general vocabulary, the Contemporary Chinese Dictionary also includes some common dialectal terms and dialectal meanings. With continuous revisions, the inclusion of dialectal entries in the dictionary has undergone dynamic evolution: some new entries have been added while others have been removed; some words have shifted from general terms to dialectal terms, and vice versa. These changes attest to the fluidity and development of language. This paper takes the dialectal entries in the 6th and 7th editions of the Contemporary Chinese Dictionary as the research objects. Through comparative statistics on the additions, deletions, adjustments, and modifications of dialectal entries between the two editions, it identifies issues in the current inclusion of dialects in the dictionary and proposes specific revision suggestions.

The Youxian dialect belongs to the Jicha cluster of Gan Chinese and exhibits typical Gan dialect features. The phonetic-semantic relationship of xia{下} in Youxian dialect is complex:The falling tone [xa⁵³] likely reflects the retention of the Middle Chinese voiced obstruent initials in the upper tone category and may serve a disambiguating function. The dipping tone [xa¹¹] originates from Middle Chinese voiced obstruent initials in the Departing tone category or the upper tone category. Its semantic range partially aligns with the Hu ya qie (胡雅切) and Hu jia qie (胡駕切) phonetic traditions, and it can also function as an adverb expressing totality. The high-level tone [xa³⁵], derived from the historical upper tone category of voiced obstruent initials, represents an internal evolutionary feature of Gan dialects and corresponds to the core meaning of “base/bottom” (底也) in Hu ya qie. Analyzing phonetic-semantic correspondences in Chinese dialects constitutes a critical task for Chinese phonosemantic studies.

This study emphasizes the need to preserve dialects in Gangwon Province amid the demographic decline and linguistic deterioration. Using a literature-based approach, this study first examines the relationship between depopulation and language vitality, reviews national and Jeju Province cases of dialect preservation, and then analyzes Gangwon’s demographic situation and current dialect policies. This discussion suggests that owing to low birthrates and population aging, many communities in Gangwon face the risk of extinction, along with the likelihood of dialect weakening and loss. This study proposes a twofold policy framework: preservation and revitalization. Although the 2025 revision of the provincial ordinance provides a legal foundation for dialect preservation and promotion, several limitations remain, indicating the need for further amendments. Except for Gangneung City, most measures are confined to documentation, with some areas lack identifiable practices. Drawing on Jeju’s experience, potential initiatives include using dialects in cultural tourism interpretation, bilingual signage, mobile applications, creative content such as films and literature, and commercial products featuring dialects. Therefore, securing linguistic data is essential. Finally, considering Gangwon’s social context, scholars should raise awareness and justify the cultural significance of preserving Gangwon dialects.

This study examines the intonational differences between Busan dialect speakers residing in Busan and those who have migrated to Seoul through experimental phonetic analysis, focusing on how intonation is realized across sentence types in dialect contact situations. To this end, experiments were conducted using two types of sentences: those containing Busan dialect vocabulary and those using standard vocabulary with dialectal lexical items excluded, and the intonational patterns between the two speaker groups were compared. The results showed that sentences containing Busan dialect vocabulary did not reveal significant differences in intonation according to migration status. By contrast, sentences using standard vocabulary exhibited noticeable differences in certain sentence types. In particular, speakers with longer residence in Seoul showed intonation patterns different from those of speakers residing in Busan in two specific sentence types: wh-questions and yes/no questions. This pattern can be interpreted as reflecting linguistic contact with speakers in the Seoul metropolitan area. This study is limited in that it focused on a specific age and gender group. Further research, including speakers of diverse age groups and backgrounds, is required.

Xinghua Village is a town under the jurisdiction of Fenyang City, Shanxi Province, located in the eastern foothills of the Luliang Mountains and the western edge of the Taiyuan Basin, known as “the first village in the world of poetry and wine”. The Xinghuacun dialect belongs to the small part of Fenzhou in the Jin Luliang area, which has certain regional characteristics, and its linguistic appearance has not been revealed so far, so the research in this paper is very meaningful. The phonetic research of Xinghua Village dialect is based on first-hand corpus obtained from field research, and the phonetic system of Xinghua Village is described in detail on the basis of traditional dialectological research. There are a total of 25 initials in the Xinghua Village dialect, including zero initials; There are 54 final vowels, including the final vowels that act as voiced fricatives; There are 5 word tones, among which the ancient full turbidity returns to the sound, and the ancient turbidity is flat, and the whole turbidity is returned to the yin. At the same time, the sound, rhyme, and tone of the Xinghuacun dialect are further compared with the middle sounds, revealing its phonetic characteristics and exploring its evolution laws.

본고는 포스터 부인(Amy Foster, Mrs. Arnold Foster, 1856-1938)이 편찬한 An E nglish and Chinese pocket dictionary, in the Mandarin dialect 분석을 통해 근대 시 기 서양인들에 의한 중국어 학습서 및 사전 편찬의 배경, 포켓 사전의 편찬 의의와 구성 및 체재, 초판과 제5판에 반영된 음운 표기의 특징, 베이징관화(北京官話) 및 한커우(漢口)음의 음운 양상을 고찰하였다. 분석 결과, An English and Chinese poc ket dictionary, in the Mandarin dialect는 초판 발행 이후 여러 차례 개정과 출판을 거듭하는 동안 구성 체재 수정, 서문 내용 보강, 표기 체계 변경, 한커우 음의 추가 등 실제 사용자의 요구와 시대적 변화에 발맞춰 변화하였음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 해당 사전에 반영된 음운은 당시 베이징관화와 한커우 방언의 특징을 보여주는 귀중 한 자료이며, 이는 사전이 단순한 언어 학습 도구를 넘어 역사언어학 연구에도 기여 할 수 있음을 시사한다.

Inspired by the Sound-change Trajectory Method to identify the original written form of a word proposed by Mr. Pan Wuyun潘悟雲, it is proved that the lost iconographic symbols for the orphanized lexical item used as a verb which means crying (read as [da31]) in Wenling and Yuhuan dialects of Wu吳language is “Tuo (沱)”, which is Change-resistant form of the grade 1 of non-labial vowel in Guo Auslaut 果摄开口一等. “Tuo (沱)” is an adjective, which extends its meaning along the line of “abundant water” “rain drooping” and “tears drooping”. With the expansion of collocation range, it is extended to a verb which means flowing. The verb “Tuo (沱)” which means crying in Wenling and Yuhuan dialects is derived from the verb which means flowing, and is a feature word in Wenling and Yuhuan dialects.

When examining the characteristics of ancient local chronicles compilation, it is evident that subsequent chronicles are often compiled on the basis of their predecessors, leading to a phenomenon of imitation. Therefore, a cautious approach should be taken towards the dialectal and colloquial materials recorded within them. Indeed, from the perspective of exploring the evolution of phonetics and vocabulary, the dialectal materials provided by ancient local chronicles do have certain limitations, and researchers need to adopt an attitude of “careful caution, to remove the dross and retain the essence, to verify and correct errors.” However, from the viewpoint of modern Chinese character research, the continuation of later chronicles from earlier ones is not merely simple copying. On the contrary, there are often differences in character usage, and these variant characters actually contain rich linguistic and textual information, which is also valuable for the revision of large-scale linguistic dictionaries. However, there is currently less attention given to the value of variant characters in ancient local chronicles. This paper examines two cases of dialect vocabulary variants in the old chronicles of Zaoyang, Hubei, including the “汆壺廬” from the 1853 edition of the chronicles during the Xianfeng era and the “氼壺盧” from the 1854 edition. Additionally, it discusses the two types of chronicles from the Xianfeng era, “ 黍” and the “萄黍” from the 1923 edition of the chronicles, exploring the reasons for the emergence of these variants and seeking insights from experts in the field.

To clarify the concepts of dialects, vernacular and regional languages used with similar meanings, this study attempted to reveal the usage patterns and concepts of these expressions based on written corpus. The written corpus of printed newspaper articles from the online Naver News Library that archived newspaper articles from 1920 to 1999 and the news article corpus crawled by the online Naver News portal from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2021 were extracted and analyzed. In particular, this paper analyzed the relationship between collates and keywords based on the corpus linguistic research methodology of the news article corpus for the past eighteen years and how they were being used in official records and press documents by corresponding with the 'dialects, vernacular, and regional languages' in socio-linguistic terms of modern Korean. The results are summarized as follows. First, the concept of linguistic norms that a dialects have terms corresponding to the words or standard languages was established after the 1930s. Second, in the library of newspaper articles published in the 20th century, dialects or vernaculars were perceived as negative objects to be removed in preparation for standard language. Third, it can be seen that the positive value judgment on 'vernacular' has increased in the corpus of news articles over the past decade. Fourth, dialects and vernacular, regional language, and standard language were used to be compatible with each other, and it can been seen that dialects were mainly used in academic contexts and vernacular were mainly used in everyday contexts. Fifth, it can be confirmed that the positive perception of standard language has been maintained in the 20th-century newspaper article corpus and the 21st-century news article corpus for the last eighteen years after the recognition of standard language.

This study examines whether the lexical pitch accent of the Kyungsang dialect and /wɑ/ monophthongization are imitated by Seoul dialect speakers in an auditory naming task. The goal of the study relates to what is imitated in the phonetic signal. To answer this question, the study examines how relative salience between two linguistic features affects phonetic accommodation. Fifty words as produced by a speaker of the Kyungsang dialect served as stimuli for a shadowing task. The first and second formants of disyllabic words containing the diphthong /wɑ/ and the F0 of disyllabic words with the HL tone were acoustically analyzed for phonetic accommodation. Overall, the results suggest that in terms of the diphthong /wɑ/, participants were more likely to converge toward the Kyungsang model talker, producing their vowel as more monothongized. With respect to the lexical pitch accent, participants were less likely to converge to the model talker, producing the target words with the same tone.

Tianjin is the largest economic and trade center in northern China. Tianjin dialect is a representative dialect of Tianjin local culture. Tianjin dialect is a vivid and wonderful flower in the garden of Chinese language and culture. The simple and unsophisticated folk customs of the people of Tianjin produced the warm and humorous qualities of the Tianjin people, which are mainly reflected in the Tianjin dialect. The Tianjin dialect does not refer to the language spoken by people in every part of Tianjin. It usually refers to the dialect spoken by local residents in six districts of Tianjin, parts of western and southern suburbs and parts of eastern suburbs. It is a special phenomenon of dialect island. Since the 1980s, some social language experts have devoted themselves to studying Tianjin dialect. This paper briefly introduces the formation history, phonetic characteristics and special vocabulary of Tianjin dialect island. Through the actual survey, the emphasis is to investigate the current situation of Tianjin dialect and the people's attitude toward Tianjin dialect, analyze the reasons for the change in the use of Tianjin dialect, and forecast the development prospects of Tianjin dialect in the future. More scholars are expected to study Tianjin dialect and study Tianjin dialect. The protection and propaganda of words play a positive role.

This study investigates phonological variations of the Gyeongsang dialect speakers in dialect contact situations in Seoul. This study also examines what factors have significant effects on these phonological variations. It focuses on social factors: ‘gender’, ‘language attitude’, ‘length of residency in Seoul’ and in particular, ‘age group’ that is classified based on whether the participants received compulsory education where standard Korean is used. The tendency of the phonological variation is disproportionate for each phonological variable. In direct dialect contact situations in Seoul, Gyeongsang dialect speakers undergo phonological variation almost all the phoneme and phonological rule but the relatively low toneme. But this quantitative loffwness of the variation degree on toneme variant is not absent in the knowledge of the phonological pattern of Seoul Korean, but rather is hard to adapt or habituate it. In other words, the achievement of toneme variation requires a certain amount of acquisition period compared to the other variants. This study shows that it may take about 20 years to adapt to the phonological patterns of Seoul Korean. The statistical analysis of phonetic data suggests that all social factors investigated in this study influence a speaker's frequency of use of the Seoul Korean variants. Especially, each age group shows different tendency of influence of social factors. Old speaker group influences by social factors in the following order: ‘gender’, ‘length of residency’ and ‘language attitude’. In the case of young, on the other hand, the order is ‘language attitude’, ‘length of residency’ and ‘gender’.

Wu Wu dialect; late Qing Dynasty; interpretation on The Sacred Edict; function words; colloquial words dialect translation of The Sacred Edict was written in colloquial and dialectal Chinese. Function words in the book reflected the lexical and grammatical features in Wu dialect during late Qing Dynasty, including prepositions (ex. Da), modal particles (Lao), negative words (Fu, Wu), etc. This article explores these features through the comparative analysis of the other two editions. Based on the depictions and discussions of function words, the paper provides evidence and supplements for studies on the function words of Wu dialect in the late Qing period.

However, with the rapid development of information technology, dialects are slipping away. People are gradually ignoring and forgetting local dialects and traditional culture. The loss of dialects will surely lead to the loss of traditional culture. As a language and culture research enthusiast, I hope to make people know more about their own language by studying and comparing more dialects. As the mother tongue, dialect will directly affect the acquisition of the second language when we learn the second language, which not only has a positive role in promoting, but also has a negative role in hindering, which requires us to have a deep understanding of the two languages and a comprehensive comparative study. Suzhou and Hefei belong to the wu-speaking area and the jianghuai guanhua area respectively. Although they are two dialects, they are connected with each other from the geographical position. It can be seen that there must be some common characteristics and differences between the two dialects. Based on a comparative study of the languages of Suzhou and Hefei, the author chooses to present the modern pronunciation of the Chinese ancient pronunciation of rusheng characters in the two places, and analyzes and explains the differences between the initial and final vowels of the dialects respectively, so as to find out the differences between the two dialects.

The "dialect" presented by colors is an attractive geographical element of tour souvenirs. At present, tour souvenirs of different tour spots are undifferentiated, analogical and homogeneous. Taking the art of paper quilling in Hainan province as an example, this paper analyzes design present situation of Hainan tourist souvenir, and thinking about the regionalization of tourist souvenirs in view of the perception, design and communication of color dialects, It is suggested that the tour souvenir products and their packaging design should skillfully absorb the geographical element of color dialects, helping the tour souvenirs to shape and promote the brand image and providing an advanced way for the inheritance of ethnic artistic features.

입성(入声)이란, 중세 중국어(中古汉语)에서는 평성, 상성, 거성, 입성으로 이루어지는 4성 성조체계의 일부분을 말하며, 현대 중국어(现代汉语)에서는 중세 중국어의 입성에 연원을 두는 ‘성조 범주(调类)’를 가리킨다. 본 논문에서는 광둥 메이센 방언(广东梅县话(커자 방언, 客 家话)), 푸젠 푸칭 방언(福建福清话(민 방언, 闽语)), 베이징 방언(北京话(북방 관화, 北方官 话))의 입성에 대하여 간략히 기술하고, 최적성이론을 통하여 이 세 방언에서 입성의 실현 양상이 왜 달리 나타나는가에 대하여 설명을 시도하였다. 10개의 제약조건 Ident(Place), Ident (Cons), MAX, DEP, Ident(Manner), No-CodaOral, No-CodaCons, No-Coda, No-MonoCoda, No-CodaObs 간의 제약등급관계에 따라, 메이센 방언에서는 중세 중국어의 입성 운미가 유지되었고, 푸칭 방언에서는 3개의 구강 파열음이 모두 성문 파열음으로 수렴되었으며, 베이징 방언에서는 운미가 모음으로 변하거나 탈락되었다

Spoken words tends to be verbal communication, because the source of the words is different, or for use in different groups, it produced the sound homophones nearly glyph (written symbols) through the synchronical and diachronical spread, which is a spoken word may become phonetic variations occurred in the communication process, and lead to produce multiple variants including the shape of words and the numerous, complicated and changeful usage of words, sometimes even cover up their original real feature. This article focuses on spoken word about the same word but variant character of the oral literature (including abroad), which reflected Beijing dialect in the late Qing and early republic period

Kim, Deok-ho. 2017. “A Study on the Analysis of the Changing Process of Dialect Distribution with a focus on Methodology of Geolinguistics”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 25(1). 1~26. The purpose of this study is to analyze the process of changing the distribution of dialects through a geolinguistic approaches. Traditional studies in dialectology were generally aimed at describing the geographically distributed variation of language. However, with traditional approach, it would be difficult to analyze the complex reason for the changes in dialectal distributions. Since the geographical factor is not the only reason for language change, it is necessary to consider more factors in examining language maintenance and change. To investigate the distribution of dialects and explore its changes, the primary work involves thorough field surveys, and the next step is to draw a language map with well-organized dialect data. The present study employs a field survey method and draws a language map based on the field survey results. The purpose of this paper is to propose geolinguistic methodologies for analyzing the change in the distribution of dialects that can be confirmed on a language map constructed on such a basis. Geolinguistics analysis methods are as follows: 1) analysis by non-verbal conditions, 2) real time analysis, 3) measurement of innovation wave spreading speed, 4) surrounding-zones dialect theory, 5) principles of adjacent distribution and around distribution, and 6) S-curve theoretical analysis.

Rather than being representations of a single graphic community at one particular time or place, Zhuang traditional manuscripts often show signs of internal dialect variation, as well readings derived from different historical strata of Chinese. Readings from different historical strata are discussed at some length in the author’s recent Mapping the Old Zhuang Character Script (Brill, 2013) and ‘A Layer of Old Chinese Readings in Traditional Zhuang Manuscripts’ (BMFEA 2015). In this article, I propose to look specifically at internal dialect variation. By internal dialect variation I mean that the characters or vernacular graphs used to represent the words in the recitation of a text show signs of having come from other localities and other dialects. I demonstrate that this phenomenon is related to the migration of Zhuang populations and social strata, as well as the circulation of texts, and can often be shown to correlate with known historical events which precipitated the movement of peoples. Furthermore, traditional texts provide evidence of hitherto unsuspected population movements, both upstream and downstream and further afield. I use a specific text as an example here: the Hanvueng scripture, for which Professor Meng Yuanyao and I have recently published a critical edition (Hanvueng: The Goose King and the Ancestral King, Brill, 2015). The theoretical implication of this discussion is that the internal analysis of vernacular texts can be used as a tool for reconstructing the history of Zhuang communities.

Categorizing dialect and the phonetic notation (《方言類釋》) written in 1778 is a specialized dictionary which collected and recorded Chinese language vocabulary in the middle of Qing dynasty. As far as stylistic rules and layout is concerned, Chinese character was the main index and their pronunciations of Mongolia, Manchu, Japan, and Korean were recorded in Korean alphabet spelling. Xu Mingying (徐命膺) and Hong Mingfu (洪命福), who accepted the king's command, wrote the book so as to easily communicate with Japan and China. Chinese language had been changing. On the contrary, North Korean language conserved a lot of ancient Chinese words leading to a lot of problem communication with the Chinese. This is the reason why two authors had to accept the king’s command to finish the book. The book included abundant Chinese vocabulary also with "Chinese dialect" from Guangzhou, Guangdong province, Shanxi Fen states and southern Jiangsu, Hunan Changsha. These materials are the most valuable complement for the research on the history of modern Chinese history. At the same time those exterior material can also be added by Chinese scholars in the Qing dynasty for enriching interior dictionaries. At the same time, the dialect also provided such clues that are vocabulary rooted in powerful dialect.