목 적：본 논문은 비흡연자와 한국형 알코올 선별 검사법(AUDIT-K)설문지 척도점수에 따라 적정음주군(10점 이하)을 분류하여 뇌 확산텐서영상을 획득한 후 Tract-Based Spatial statistics 방법으로 정상인의 뇌 영역별 비등방도 FA 측정값을 제시하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법：연구대상은 2017년 6월 1일부터 8월 31일까지 연구목적과 검사방법에 대하여 설명하고 동의를 한 30세 이상 50세 이하의 남성을 대상으로 모집하였고 경남 양산시 소재의 P대학병원의 자기공명영상 장치 (MAGNETOM Skyra 3.0T)를 사용하여 검사를 시행하였다. 연구대상의 수는 설문조사한 총 170 명 중 비흡연자와 한국형 알코올 사용 장애 검사법(AUDIT-K)의 점수 척도가 10이하인 정상 음주군 59 명을 대상으로 하였다. 뇌 확산텐서영상을 획득한 후 Tract-Based Spatial S tatics 방법으로 뇌 백질 (White matter)영역부위 신경섬유로, 뇌 회백질(Gray matter) 엽(Lobe)영역별 부위, 뇌 회백질(Gray matter) 이랑(Gyrus)영역별 부위, 뇌 회백질(Gray matter) 기저핵(Bas al ganglia)영역별 부위, 뇌 회 백질(Gray matter) 해마(Hippocampus)영역별 부위의 FA(fractional anisotropy)값을 SPSS 21.0 Version을 통계프로그램을 사용하여 그에 상응하는 기술통계 분석하였다. 결 과：뇌 백질(white matter) 영역별부위의 비등방도 FA값은 뇌 들보의 뒤쪽(Posterior)이 0.752 7± 0.02481으로 가장 높았고, 왼쪽 맥락총(Choroid plexus)은 0.2302±0.04323으로 가장 낮았으며, 뇌 회백질(Gray matter) 부위 중에서 엽(Lobe)영역별 비등방도 FA값은 후두엽(Occipital lobe superior division)이 0.2004±0.00669로 가장 높았으며 위쪽 전두엽(Superior frontal lobe)이 0.175 9± 0.00704로 가장 낮았고, 이랑(Gyrus)영역별 비등방도 FA값은 앞쪽 대상 회(Cingulate gyrus anterior division)가 0.2403±0.00703으로 가장 높았고, 뒤쪽 대상 회(Cingulate gyrus posterior division)는 0.2223±0.00617으로 가장 낮았으며, 기저핵(Basal ganglia)별 비등방도 FA값은 왼쪽 담창구(Lt. globus pallidus)가 0.3994±0.01041로 가장 높았고 오른쪽 미상핵(Rt. caudate nucle us)이 0.2116 ±0.01442로 가장 낮았으며, 해마(Hippocampus)영역별 비등방도 FA값은 앞쪽 해마 곁이랑(Para hippocampal gyrus anterior division)가 0.1827±0.01036으로 가장 높았고 왼쪽 해마(Lt. hippocampus)가 0.1675±0.01136으로 가장 낮았다. 결 론：뇌 백질부위의 뇌 들보 부위의 비등방도가 가장 높았으며 뇌 회백질 영역의 왼쪽 담창구(Lt globus pallidus)도 비등방도가 높았다. 통상적으로 뇌 백질 영역이 회백질 보다 비등방도가 높다고 알려져 있지 만 모든 백질영역이 회백질보다 비등방도는 높지 않았다. 30세 이상 50세 이하의 정상인 남성을 대상으 로 뇌 백질과 회백질 영역의 해부학적 확산텐서영상의 비등방도의 계측치를 Tract-Based Spatial statistics(TBSS)방법으로 제시할 수 있었다.

목 적：확산강조 영상은 뇌질환 병변의 발견에 민감할 뿐 아니라 병변의 크기가 작아 발견이 어려울 때나 급성 및 아급성기의 뇌경색을 감별해 내는데 유용하게 사용된다. 그 밖에도 일반 MRI 검사로는 감별이 어려운 연부조직의 암과 양성종양을 확인 할 수 있어 근･골격계 검사에도 유용하게 사용된다. 하지만 해부학적 구조에 의해 자화감수성 차이 및 금속성 물질을 삽입한 환자에게서 EPI기법을 사용한 Diffusion 검사는 영상의 왜곡과 Artifact가 크게 나타나 영상에 대한 정확한 평가나 종양의 감별에 어려움을 겪게 된다. 이에 기존 Single-shot EPI 기법을 이용한 Diffusion검사에 비해 Metallic susceptibility artifact가 적은 IRIS Multi-shot Diffusion 기법의 SENSE factor와 Shot 수 변화에 따른 영상 변화를 확인하고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법：IRIS MS DWI 기법의 자기감수성 인공물과 기타 영상 평가를 위해 돼지고기에 실제 수술용 Metal pin을 삽입하여 인체와 유사한 Phantom을 제작하였다. 모든 검사는 IRIS MS DWI 기법을 이용하여 Phantom 영상을 획득하였 다. SENSE factor와 Shot 수의 변화에 따른 자기감수성 인공물의 왜곡도 및 영상 변화를 확인하기 위해 SENSE factor 1, 2, 3, 4 값에 Shot 수를 각각 2, 4, 6으로 변화시켜 실험을 진행하였고 두 가지 Parameter를 제외한 모든 Parameter는 동일하게 적용하여 영상을 획득하였다. 사용된 장비는 Philips medical system의 Ingenia 3.0T를 사용하였고, 신호수집 코일은 32 channel SENSE head coil을 사용하였고 모든 평가항목은 Infinitt healthcare사의 INFINITT PACS를 이용하여 측정하였다. 자기감수성 인공물의 왜곡도 평가는 각 평가 영상에서 인공물의 가장 긴 종축 길이를 5회씩 측정한 후 평균 값으로 산출하였고 정성적 평가는 5년 이상의 MRI 경력을 가진 전문방사선사 5인이 항목 당 1회씩 측정한 후 평균값으로 산출하였다. 결 과：같은 SENSE factor 일 때 Shot 수의 증가로 자기감수성 인공물의 왜곡도는 감소하였다. 또한 같은 shot수 일 때 SENSE factor의 증가 시에도 자기감수성 인공물의 왜곡도는 감소하였다. 자화감수성인공물 역시 SENSE factor와 Shot 수가 증가함에 따라 왜곡도의 정도가 감소하였으나 일정 Factor이상 후에는 같은 값을 나타내었다. 전체적인 Image quality 평가에서는 Shot수의 변화 보다는 SENSE factor의 변화시에 많은 영향을 주는 것을 알 수 있었고 과도한 SENSE factor 사용은 오히려 Image quality가 저하 된다는 것을 알 수 있었다. Ghost artifact의 발생은 SENSE factor 4 이상이 되었을 때 발생하였으며 이처럼 많은 SENSE factor의 사용은 Ghost artifact 발생시킬 수 있으므로 적절한 SENSE factor 사용이 필요할 것으로 생각된다. 결 론：본 연구에서는 IRIS MS DWI 기법의 SENSE factor와 Shot 수를 변화시켜 여러 가지 Artifact를 감소시키고 Scan time을 단축시킬 수 있는 방안을 찾을 수 있었다. 더욱이 IRIS MS DWI 기법의 사용은 기존의 Single shot DWI 기법에서의 문제점들을 보완할 수 있었고 다양한 검사부위를 더 좋은 Image quality로 획득 할 수 있는 의미 있는 실험이었다. 앞으로 실제 임상에서 환자의 상태나 의뢰된 검사 목적에 따라 본 논문의 결과를 활용한다면 보다 진단적 가치가 높은 영상을 획득할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

한국에 진출한 신사는 일본의 민중 신앙에 기반한 거류민봉제신사부터 일본 천황의 제사기관인 관폐사(官幣社)․국폐사(國幣社)에 이르기까지 신사의 성격과 사격(社格)이 다양하며, 시기별로 신사신도의 진출양상이 차별화된다. 따라서 본 연구의 목표는 ① 한일병합(1910년) 이전, ② 1911년∼1929년의 거류 민봉제신사의 관공립화 및 국가제사시설의 완비, ③ 1930년대 이후 황민화 정책기(1931-1942년)로 그 시기를 구별하여 한국으로의 신사신도의 진출양상을 살펴보고자 한다. 연구방법으로는 시기별․지역별 신사신도의 통계를 구체적으로 제시하고 있는 『조선총독부통계연보(朝鮮總督府統計年報, 이하 통계연보로 표기)』를 그 연구대상으로, 위 일제강점기 종교정책의 전환기에 따른 지역별 신사신도의 진출양상을 통계자료를 중심으로 분석․정리할 것이다. 또한 통계자료의 해석 자료로서 일제강점기 지역 신사와 관련된 자료들을 활용하고자 한다. 연구범 위로는 그 시기를 1678년부터 『통계연보』가 간행된 1942년까지로 한정하고자 하며, 지역은 『통계연보』에 기록되어 있는 경기도․강원도․충청북도/남도․전라 북도/남도․경상북도/남도․황해도․평안북도/남도․함경북도/남도로 구분하여 정리 하고자 한다.

This paper discusses enactment and enforcing processes of the Japanese renewables Feed in Tariff (FIT) Law and its amendment of 2017. Thanks to the introduction FIT in 2012, the installed capacity of renewable energy is growing rapidly. As of 2015, the renewable electricity ratio in the generated electric power amount of Japan is 14.6 percent. Meanwhile, the levy burden (surcharge) reached JPY 2.1 trillion (aprx. USD18.7 billion). Through the enactment process of the FIT Law, the upper limit of the burden initially determined by the Japanese Diet was removed. A fundamental measure could not be taken to control the installation and the burden since the law does not allow for revisions on the system based on the results of renewable installation, even if the financial burden increases rapidly. Therefore, the Japanese Diet weakened the efficiency of the FIT Law in Japan.

Si3N4 is a ceramic material attracting attention in many fields because of its excellent abrasion resistance. In addition, Ti and TiAl alloys are metals used in a variety of high temperature environments, and have attracted much attention because of their high strength and high melting points. Therefore, study of the interface reaction between Si3N4 / Ti and Si3N4 / TiAl can be a useful practice to identify phase selection and diffusion control. In this study, Si3N4 / Ti5Si3 + TiN / TiN / Ti diffusing pairs were formed in the Si3N4 / Ti interfacial reaction and Si3N4 / TiN(Al) / Ti3Al / TiAl diffusion pathway was identified in the Si3N4 / TiAl interfacial reaction. The diffusion layers of the interface reactions were identified and, to investigate the kinetics of the diffusion layer, the integrated diffusion coefficients were estimated.

Industrial innovation in Britain, during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, stimulated the introduction of the factory system and the migration of people from rural agricultural communities to urban industrial societies. The factory system brought elevated levels of economic growth to the purveyors of capitalism, but forced people to migrate into cities where working conditions in factories were, in general, harsh and brutal, and living conditions were cramped, overcrowded and unsanitary. Industrial developments, known collectively as the ‘Industrial Revolution’, were driven initially by the harnessing of water and steam power, and the widespread construction of rail, shipping and road networks. Parallel with these changes, came the development of purchasing ‘middle class’, consumers. Various technological ripples (or waves of innovative activity) continued (worldwide) up to the early-twenty-first century. Of recent note are innovations in digital technology, with associated developments, for example, in artificial intelligence, robotics, 3-D printing, materials technology, computing, energy storage, nano-technology, data storage, biotechnology, ‘smart textiles’ and the introduction of what has become known as ‘e-commerce’. This paper identifies the more important early technological innovations, their influence on textile manufacture, distribution and consumption, and the changed role of the designer and craftsperson over the course of these technological ripples. The implications of non-ethical production, globalisation and so-called ‘fast fashion’ and non-sustainability of manufacture are examined, and the potential benefits and opportunities offered by new and developing forms of social media are considered. The message is that hand-crafted products are ethical, sustainable and durable.

In this study, we investigate the effect of the diffusion barrier and substrate temperature on the length of carbon nanotubes. For synthesizing vertically aligned carbon nanotubes, thermal chemical vapor deposition is used and a substrate with a catalytic layer and a buffer layer is prepared using an e-beam evaporator. The length of the carbon nanotubes synthesized on the catalytic layer/diffusion barrier on the silicon substrate is longer than that without a diffusion barrier because the diffusion barrier prevents generation of silicon carbide from the diffusion of carbon atoms into the silicon substrate. The deposition temperature of the catalyst and alumina are varied from room temperature to 150°C, 200°C, and 250°C. On increasing the substrate temperature on depositing the buffer layer on the silicon substrate, shorter carbon nanotubes are obtained owing to the increased bonding force between the buffer layer and silicon substrate. The reason why different lengths of carbon nanotubes are obtained is that the higher bonding force between the buffer layer and the substrate layer prevents uniformity of catalytic islands for synthesizing carbon nanotubes.

Using a customized diffusion bonder, we executed diffusion bonding for ring shaped white gold and red gold samples (inner, outer diameter, and thickness were 15.7, 18.7, and 3.0 mm, respectively) at a temperature of 780 °C and applied pressure of 2300 N in a vacuum of 5 × 10−2 torr for 180 seconds. Optical microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were used to investigate the microstructure and compositional changes. The mechanical properties were confirmed by Vickers hardness and shear strength tests. Optical microscopy and FE-SEM confirmed the uniform bonding interface, which was without defects such as micro pores. EDS mapping analysis confirmed that each gold alloy was 14K with the intended composition; Ni and Cu was included as coloring metals in the white and red gold alloys, respectively. The effective diffusion coefficient was estimated based on EDS line scanning. Individual values of Ni and Cu were 5.0 × 10−8 cm2/s and 8.9 × 10−8 cm2/s, respectively. These values were as large as those of the melting points due to the accelerated diffusion in this customized diffusion bonder. Vickers hardness results showed that the hardness values of white gold and red gold were 127.83 and 103.04, respectively, due to solid solution strengthening. In addition, the value at the interface indicated no formation of intermetallic compound around the bonding interface. From the shear strength test, the sample was found not to be destroyed at up to 100,000 gf due to the high bonding strength. Therefore, these results confirm the successful diffusion bonding of 14K white-red golds with a diffusion bonder at a low temperature of 780 °C and a short processing time of 180 seconds.

By adopting transactional social commerce functions from mobile apps, individuals can sell products and services directly to friends on their contact list. This drives micro entrepreneurs with fewer than ten employees and less than a €2million annual balance (European Union Law, 2013) to become key drivers for economic growth (Paoloni & Dumay, 2011). In particular, individuals aged 18-34 become inspired by images on social networks for clothing and fashion products. Hence, fashion products are popular business items for micro-entrepreneurs. Despite potential benefits for social commerce, micro-fashion entrepreneurs in many countries are still unaware of apps’ use in social commerce to sell products, and to create and manage social capital for their business. This exploratory research aimed to investigate how micro-fashion entrepreneurs adopt transactional-focused social commerce and utilize social capital embedded in network ties for their marketing and sales, based on innovation diffusion and social capital theory. Research questions included: (1) How do micro-fashion entrepreneurs adopt social commerce? (2) How does social capital in network ties contribute to marketing and sales in social commerce? To answer these research questions, qualitative data from phone interviews with 16 micro-fashion entrepreneurs selling fashion products through WeChat in China were analyzed, adopting a thematic analysis. Data indicated micro-fashion entrepreneurs have positive attitudes, based on their experience and knowledge of WeChat. They adopt social commerce to (1) sell products in a new way, (2) connect with customers, and (3) reduce financial risk, while an innovative channel for entrepreneurship. Also, operating a business through WeChat required less time commitment compared with brick and mortar, and online stores, because accessing services like WeChat have payment systems, share images and messages. Free calls and messages are already available. The interview data demonstrated micro-entrepreneurs have an advantage when adopting social network ties in WeChat and implementing social capital embedded in marketing sales networks. Structural, relational, and cognitive capital contribute to micro-entrepreneurs’ marketing and sales interactively. An individual could access target customers, based on networks already established social media platforms and facilitate entrepreneurs’ adoption of social commerce. Also, since trust, shared goals, and languages exist on these network ties, there exists an increase for entrepreneurs’ accessibility to use social commerce to initiate their business, while decreasing business operating expenses, promoting products, and building relationships with customers. In addition, relational capital built by interactions with each customer brings cognitive capital to promote products and strong network ties.

As a contemporary, postmodern marketing strategy, digital storytelling is the virtual means by which a story can be organized. Less traditional than a conventional beginning, middle, and end narrative, the genre suggests that individuals connect the dots of a story by comparing their reading with others. This research examines Christian Dior’s Secret Garden IV campaign film as it is broadcasted on YouTube for six weeks and diffused through Instagram. Through a grounded theory approach we measure and analyze audience engagement and key themes expressed through user-generated content on YouTube and Instagram. Manual coding and three computer-aided text analysis programs are used to analyze the data and triangulate results. This research contributes to the literature on consumer engagement in digital storytelling, online brand communities, and celebrity endorsement. Introduction Digital technologies have improved the aesthetics of content creation, enabling brands to develop deeper levels of engagement with consumers through social channels (Merrilees, 2016). Every day hundreds of millions of hours of video are consumed on YouTube and the number of high performing channels has been increasing by 50% per year (YouTube, 2017). Instagram’s monthly active users have grown from 300 million in December 2014 to 600 million in December 2016 (Statista, 2017). Within the social media sphere, commercial and individual users connect through multiple platforms and devices to share ideas and information without the constraint of time and space (Gruzd & Wellman, 2014). The digitization of visual culture provides users with so much content that it may even result in information overload (Babin et al., 2017). This research focuses on the fashion sector and social media platforms that cater specifically to visual imagery and video content. The logic is twofold: the fashion industry is inherently visual and research on a study of eighty-three fashion brands indicates a shift from traditional advertising to video products, especially on social media (L2 Inc., 2016). We examine elements of French luxury goods company, Christian Dior’s Secret Garden omni-channel marketing campaign. As a collection of short films shown on YouTube and in other media, the campaign had four annual installments beginning in 2012. The Secret Garden series explores the brand’s past and present within the context of the 21st century Palace of Versailles. Our focus is on Secret Garden IV, launched in May 2015, featuring singer/songwriter Rihanna as the protagonist. Dior’s portrayal of Versailles throughout the Secret Garden series reflects undertones of its monarchial heritage and its high fashion prestige. In Secret Garden IV, there is a juxtaposition to this theme when Rihanna’s subculture persona and celebrity status (Fleetwood, 2012) presents a misalignment between luxury ideals and Rihanna’s position in popular culture. Table 1 provides an overview of the history of the campaign. This research measures and analyzes audience engagement and key themes expressed through users’ comments on YouTube and Instagram for the pre-launch and launch of the Secret Garden IV campaign. Through a grounded theory approach we identify, analyze, and validate keywords and group them into themes utilizing both manual coding and computer-aided text analysis (Lai & To, 2015). We utilize three software programs (Tableau, NVivo 11, and Leximancer) to triangulate results. The scholarly literature on fashion luxury goods is scant and this methodological approach is sound (Neuendorf, 2017). Five recent scholarly articles on luxury fashion goods and social media were identified. One relates to storytelling and is visually-focused (Megehee & Spake, 2012); three develop models (Kim & Ko, 2010; Kim & Ko, 2012; Brogi et al., 2013); and one uses the case study approach (Phan et al., 2011). This research fills both a theoretical and a methodological gap. We examine a digital storytelling campaign across social media platforms with the prospect of new theoretical insights. According to Snelson (2016) there is scant social media research on YouTube and Instagram and social media research using a grounded theory approach is also limited. Theoretical background Digital Storytelling Digital storytelling uses technology as an extension of oral and written stories “…to solidify our cultures and share knowledge for the future” (Irwin, 2014, p. 40), placing engagement with digital media as an extension of the self. People naturally think in narratives and stories, rather than arguments and paradigms (Megehee & Spake, 2012) and may use digital storytelling to order otherwise disconnected experiences into interrelated, meaningful episodes (Vannini, 2012). By connecting the dots of a story on social media users have the opportunity to formulate meanings of their own and build interpretations by comparing their “reading” with that of others. Social media has empowered the consumer by enabling communication that is multi-way, multi-directional, and led by the consumer (Tuten & Solomon, 2015). The fashion film on the internet has been viewed as “a genre that is not is not simply a tool to stimulate consumption, but is something that is set to change our notion of fashion as a moment in time” (Khan, 2012, p. 236). In her review, “100 Years of the Fashion Film,” Marketa Uhlirova posits that contemporary technologies aimed at a film’s “potential to promote fashion” turned into “the medium’s ability to recast consumption as seductive visual entertainment,” devaluing a fashion film’s potential for not only entertainment and visual pleasure, but also for experimentation and innovation (Uhlirova, 2013, p. 140; p. 153). Online Brand Communities As a hub of value creation in the consumer marketplace, brand communities are an enthusiastic, passionate group of customers who express similar commitment towards a brand or product and may not be geographically bound (Muniz Jr. & O’Guinn, 2001; McAlexander et al., 2002). In brand communities created by marketers, organizations may stimulate engagement, brand loyalty and the expression of positive emotions and trust (Bagozzi & Dholakia, 2006; Jung et al., 2014). Customer engagement behaviour pertains to a variety of online and offline behaviours (e.g. word of mouth, blogging, customer reviews) that are not transactional, but can be measured (Verhoef et al., 2010). Although positive word of mouth and brand advocacy are not guaranteed, an organization’s most engaged social customers have the potential to communicate messages that are perceived as more credible than those generated by the organization (Kozinets et al., 2010). A high level of engagement may be described as delight or joy. Engagement requires strong emotional and relational bonds (commitment and trust), and may transform customers into loyal “fans” or co-creators of value (Hawkins & Davis, 2012). A study of customer engagement behaviour in a social media environment is complex because engagement behaviour in different channels may vary considerably, with a different effect on value creation or purchase intent. For example, if a customer tweets on a mobile device his/her engagement and purchase intent may differ from engagement and purchase intent as a result of interaction with a video or blog (Libai et al., 2010). Celebrity Endorsement A celebrity endorsement is defined as “an agreement between an individual who enjoys public recognition (a celebrity) and an entity (e.g., a brand) to use the celebrity for the purpose of promoting the entity” (Bergkvist & Zhou, 2016). Celebrity endorsements previously were associated primarily with consumer goods and services advertised through traditional media, such as print and television. More recently, these endorsements encompass any mode of communication as well as business-to-business goods and services. This update is significant considering the addition of advertising on the Internet, in social media, “stealth marketing” on TV talk shows (Kaikati & Kaikati, 2004) and red carpet appearances (Carroll, 2009). Theories related to celebrity persuasion that have application to the fashion industry have examined the way consumers process information from marketing communications and relate it to their self-concept (Carroll, 2009). To the consumer, the celebrity represents a meaning, based on the recognition s/he has received in the symbolic environment and his/her persona. This meaning is transferred to the product when the celebrity is seen in the marketing communication. In the final stage, the meaning moves from the product to the consumer, who transfers the meaning into his/her notion of the self-concept (Carroll, 2009). This transference effect benefits the brand (Tuten & Solomon, 2015) and the consumer who may use products to reveal their self-concept to others (Babin, et al., 2017), especially in high involvement consumption situations (Ahuvia, 2005). Method Sample Instagram and YouTube data were collected using Netlytic (Gruzd, 2016) for the period May 14 – June 24, 2015 for the purpose of capturing data before and after the official release of the film (May 18, 2015). A total of 8,986 records (uncleansed) are in the Instagram (#SecretGarden4 and @Dior) database and 426 records (uncleansed) in the YouTube database. Multiple URLs were used for YouTube because there were four previews, and short and long versions of the film. Procedures The data was cleansed (236 YouTube posts; 6,763 Instagram posts). To measure sentiment and engagement, a text analysis was performed using an adaptation of Dann’s Twitter (2010) classification. Through a grounded theory approach (Lai & To, 2015) key words, concepts and themes were identified and triangulated using Tableau, NVivo 11, and Leximancer software programs. Concluding Remarks As a multi-year campaign, Dior’s Secret Garden was meticulously crafted to project an understanding of Dior’s brand image and to create an air of anticipation for consumers. Within the context of digital storytelling we delve deeply into how the last installment of this campaign resonated with consumers who watched the film on social media and responded to Dior’s Instagram initiatives. Through our mixed methods research approach, we develop theoretical and methodological contributions that benefit academics and fashion marketers.

The paper applies CFD numerical simulation technology, selects the typical urban commercial block as the research object, uses PM I 0 which are from automobile exhausted gas as the source of pollution, simulates the spatial density di stribution of the inhalable pa11icle, verifies the accuracy based on the monitoring data and reveals the diffusion rule of atmospheric pollutants in the three dimensional block space. The results show that there is a close relationship between the diffusion effect of the contaminated gas and three dimensional landscape pattern in blocks. At different height levels such as I 0 meters, 30 meters and 50 meters, the decreasing trend of the density of the pollutants and the uniformity of the spatial distribution are quite obvious. The height of the buildings along the streets, the space combination and the shape of the buildings themselves determine the inner smoothness of the streets. In the urban planning, one must fully consider the effect of three dimensional pattern on air pollution in blocks. From the aspects of urban ventilation, open space, height of the horizon line and disheartened space of the bottom, three dimensional landscape pattern of urban blocks should be optimized, which can effectively improve the current situation of severe atmospheric pollution.

For possibility of specific gas sieve and adsorption, metal organic framework has attracted expectation in the gas separation field. But, this enhances gas transport performance only at high loading. So we designed effective composite growing MOF on porous 2D template to improve membrane at low concentration. The mixed matrix membranes showed improved CO2 permeability drastically by improved CO2/N2 diffusion selectivity and showed anti-plasticization effect.

‘Upper bound’ is very well known notion in membrane field, which explains the trade-off relationship between permeability and selectivity in gas pairs. Many researches have worked on overcoming the current limitation in order to develop cost-effective and energy-efficient membrane system. Thus, understanding the intrinsic material properties (permeation, diffusivity and solubility) are prerequisite to set the strategy how to get over the upper bound. In this study, we introduced Quartz crystal microbalance to measure diffusion coefficient and compare the results to apparent diffusivity value obtained from the high-vauum time lag method. We consider the quartz type, temperature and pressure effect on diffusion coefficient and also characterize defect density of deposited film.

목 적 : 상복부 MRI 검사에서 고식적인 cDWI는 조영증강 전후의 정량분석, 정성분석에 큰 차이가 없다는 보고가 있으며, 조영 증강 후 cDWI가 많이 이루어지고 있다. 이에 Gadoxetic acid(Primovist)를 사용하기 전후 SMS-DWI의 차이를 알아 보고, 조영 증강 후 SMS-DWI와 cDWI를 비교하여 SMS-DWI가 cDWI를 대체하여 시간감소에 유용한지 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 2016년 12월부터 2017년 2월까지 본원에서 간 자기공명영상검사를 시행한 환자 35명 (남: 24명, 여: 11 명, 평균연령: 59세)을 대상으로 후향적으로 분석하였다. MR system은 3.0T Magnetom Skyra(Siemens Healthineers, Germany)를 사용하여 조영 증강 전 SMS-DWI, 조영 증강 후 SMS-DWI와 cDWI를 스캔하였다. SMS-DWI의 영상매개 변수는 TR 2900 msec, TE 61 msec, 34 slice, slice thickness 5 mm, matrix 128 × 128, FOV 400 × 400이었고, cDWI 의 영상매개변수는 TR 6400 msec, TE 58 msec, 34 slice, slice thickness 5 mm, matrix 128 × 128, FOV 400 × 400이었으며, free breathing 상태에서 스캔을 하였다. ADC map을 이용하여 간, 비장, 신장에서 ROI를 측정하였고, SPSS를 이용 하여 Paired sample t-test, Pearson’s correlation, Shapiro-Wilk test를 이용하여 정량분석을 하였다. 결 과 : cDWI와 SMS-DWI의 스캔시간은 각각 6 분 15 초와 2 분 56 초였다. 조영 증강 전후의 SMS-DWI에서 간, 비장, 신장의 ADC 값은 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았으며(p = 0.494, p = 0.822, p = 0.447). 조영 증강 후 SMSDWI와 cDWI의 간, 비장, 신장의 ADC 값은 SMS-DWI에서 평균값이 통계적으로 유의하게 낮았다(p < 0.01, p < 0.01, p < 0.01). 결 론 : 검사시간은 cDWI와 비교하여 SMS-DWI에서 약 47% 감소하였으며, gadoxetic acid는 SMS-DWI의 영상에 큰 영향을 미치지 않았다. 조영증강 후 SMS-DWI와 cDWI는 통계적으로 유의하여 SMS-DWI는 cDWI를 대체하여 검사시간을 단축시키는 데 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

The size of the market for SCM information systems have globally and steadily increased. And there are businesses that obtained innovative business performance by introducing SCM information systems. However, many businesses have still undergone trial and error in the process to introduce and operate SCM. As external factors including suppliers, customers, etc. and internal factors of businesses have been analyzed to be failure factors of executing SCM information systems, the businesses that try to introduce SCM information systems need to understand possible failure factors and establish the solutions. Therefore, this study tries to verify the diffusion of SCM information systems and effects on bullwhip effects. The study is expected to suggest empirical data that people will refer to the establishment of next counterstrategies according to the lapse of the period that systems are introduced based on theoretical bases related to the diffusion of SCM information systems.

목 적 : 확산강조영상(diffusion weighted image, 이하 DWI)은 조직의 생물학적 특성을 반영하여 암을 진단할 수 있게 하며 또한 조영증강이 따로 필요하지 않아 유방암을 평가하는데 많이 이용되고 있다. 이에, 유방암에서 RS-EPI와 SS-EPI를 이용한 DWI 영상의 겉보기확산계수(apparent diffusion coefficient, 이하 ADC)값의 차이를 알아보고자 하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 2014년 11월부터 2015년 12월까지 본원에서 조직검사상 유방암으로 진단되어 유방 자기공명영상을 시행한 40명의 환자를 대상으로 후향적 연구를 진행하였다. 모두 여자였으며 나이는 30세에서 58세(평균 연령, 43.6세)였다. 검사장비는 MR/PET 3.0T scanner(Biograph mMR; Siemens Medical Systems, Erlangen, Germany)와 유방 전용코일(mMR Bl Breast Coil;4-channel)을 사용하였다. 확산강조영상은 축상면 RS-EPI (b-value=0 and 1,000s/mm²), TR/TE=8300/60, FOV 340×273mm, 총 40명의 유방암 환자를 대상으로 유방자기공명을 시행한 여자환자 중 지원자 중 정상군 6명(성인남자 6명, 45.25+10.24)을 대상으로 3.0T 자기공명영상장치(Philips Ingenia system: Nederland Version R5.1.7)의 Head coil을 이용하여 데이터를 획득하였다. 검사기법으로는 Single-shot EPI기법과 TSE기법을 사용하였으며 매개변수로는 TR/TE:Shortest, FA:90°, Thickness:2mm, No gap, SENSE Factor:2, b-value:1000(s/mm²)과 각각 FOV:200mm, Matrix:111x112와 FOV:180mm, Matrix:100x100으로 검사하였다. Signal Intensity의 측정은 Philips사의 Viewforum을 사용하였으며, NEX값은 1, 2, 3, 4로 변화시켰다. Cerebellum의 Anterior lobe(Cerebellar nuclei)와 Posterior lobe(Inferior semilunar lobule)에 각각 ROI의 Signal Intensity(SI)를 측정하여 Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR)를 비교 평가하였으며, 영상왜곡 정도를 방사선사 5명이 평가하였다. 결 과 : Cerebellum의 Anterior lobe과 Posterior lobe에서 EPI기법을 사용한 경우는 NEX값이 증가함에 따라 SNR 값이 각각, 163.93±1.52, 102.70±1.39, 80.70±1.34, 67.56±1.28과 156.91±1.85, 125.64±1.43, 99.07±1.39, 84.59±1.53으로 측정되었으며, TSE기법을 사용한 경우는 각각, 357±1.42, 158.00±1.04, 69.93±1.48, 55.89±1.87과 368.30±1.72, 175.55±1.62, 76.18±1.79, 61.21±1.03으로 측정되었다. 영상왜곡 평가에서는 EPI기법에서 심하다가 9명으로 가장 높았으며, TSE기법에서는 매우 심하지 않다가 11명으로 가장 높게 나타났다. 결 론 : EPI기법에서는 NEX가 증가함에 따라 SNR이 감소하지만 상대적으로 감소폭이 적고, 영상왜곡 정도와 육안적 영상평가에서는 변화가 없었으며, TR이 증가하면서 검사시간이 증가하였다. TSE기법에서는 SNR의 감소폭이 상대적으로 크고, 영상왜곡 정도에는 변화가 역시 없었지만 육안적 영상평가에서는 변화가 있었으며, TR의 변화 없이 검사시간이 증가하였다. 그러므로 국소적으로 왜곡이 심한 부위에서는 TSE기법의 DWI를 이용하여 3NEX 이상을 주어 검사하는 것이 병변진단에 유용하다.