The use of wood sleepers is on the decline due to their material and environmental disadvantages. Recently, the recycling of plastics and reuse as railway sleepers have become a social concern. In Europe and US, plastic sleepers have already been used, and some standards on plastic sleeper have been established. In this paper, performance requirements and test items of a plastic sleeper were described through the analysis of prEN 17318 series relevant to plastic sleeper.

Since World War II nations have formed alliances for reasons of security and trade. Countries have seen international integration as an appropriate approach to resolving domestic and international political issues, improving their welfare by both transforming their infrastructures and increasing their foreign trade. While the majority of these relationships are straightforward d Turkey’s relationship with the European Union is more complex due to differences in religion and, at times, political ideology from other Union members. As a candidate country Turkey has made advances towards the full membership of the European Union with the customs union being the most significant. The impact of customs union membership is discussed and the effects of the customs union on Turkey’s trade and economy are examined from a perspective of different economic theories.

Purpose – The aim of the study is to analyze the impact of the European Union’s (EU) focus on innovation and consumption, after the EU Eastern enlargement, on trade, investment, and technology cooperation patterns of Korea to formulate a pan-European marketing strategy, with a special emphasis on the mobile phone industry. Research design, data, and methodology – This study compares the intersection of the pivotal areas in the markets in the "post-new normal" era to identify outlets to commercialize development and innovation in this region. The EU would like to realize potential trade and investment opportunities with the Central European Economic Community (CEEC) from this enlargement. Results – The study analysis suggests a positive impact for innovation and consumption from the EU Eastern enlargement on trade, investment, and technology cooperation patterns of Korea to formulate a pan-European marketing strategy with a special emphasis on the mobile phone industry or motorcar e-strategy. Conclusions – Due to the evolving close interdependencies some hubs have emerged between regional, small markets and the central, larger ones such as Germany and France.

‘유럽연합 품종보호에 관한 규정’(기본규정)에 근거하여 운영되는 유럽연합 품종보호제도는 1995년 도입되었으며, 유럽연합 품종보호사무소에 한 번의 출원으로 유럽연합(EU) 28개 회원국에서 품종보호 등록품종에 대한 배타적인 권리를 누릴 수 있는 효율적인 제도이다. 출원료는 650유로이고 연간 심사료는 작물 그룹별로 1,430∼3,210유로 범위이며연간 품종보호료는 작물에 상관없이 250유로이다. 2013년도 출원건수는 3,297건으로 제도 도입 후 최대 출원건수를 기록하였고 품종보호사무소 설립이후 50개국 이상으로부터 출원이 이루어졌으며, 거의 매년 1/3이상은 네덜란드(2013년 1,226건)에서 출원되고 있다. 2013년도 품종보호 등록건수는 2,706건으로 역대 최고 출원건수를 기록하였고 2013년말 현재 유지되고 있는 품종보호권은 21,576건이다. 기본규정은 UPOV의 1991협약을 반영하여 권리범위가 1978협약에 비해 확대되었으나 수확물에 대한 권리범위가 구체적으로 기술되지 않아 육종가 권리의 사각지대가 발생할 수 있다. 육종가 권리 예외 조항에 따라 농업인은 일부 농작물류에 대해 일반적인 로열티보다 적은 금액의 로열티로 자가채종 종자를 사용할 수 있다. 그러나 육종가는 자가채종 종자 사용에 대한 정보 획득의 어려움 등으로 로열티 징수에 어려움을 겪고 있다. 기본유래품종 조항은 육종가 예외조항에 의해 발생할 수 있는 유사·복제 품종 문제를 예방할 수 있지만 기본유래품종 여부를 판단하는 표준 프로토콜이나 임계치가 없는 실정이다. 유럽연합 역내에서 조화된 품종보호제도가 운영되고 있지만 육종가의 권리행사 여건은 유럽연합 회원국별로 차이가 큰 편이며 일부의 경우 권리침해 문제를 해결하기 위한 시스템이 제대로 작동하고 있지 않은 상황이다. 유럽연합 역내에서 범국가적으로 운영되고 있는 유럽연합 품종보호제도가 한층 더 발전하기 위해서는 이러한 문제들을 해결해야 할 것으로 보인다.

본 논문은 T. S. 엘리엇이 유기적 공동체와 유럽 문화의 통일성에 대 해 어떤 생각을 갖고 있었는지에 대하여 문학적이며 문화적인 의미와 의의를 검토한다. 그의 유기적 공동체에 대한 모델은 17세기 이전의 농 업 또는 기독교 사회에만 기초한다기보다는, 동시대의 산업 사회, 특히 현대 유럽 사회에 기초한다. 1922년부터 1939년까지 발간된 크라이티 어리언을 통해, 엘리엇은 유럽이란 아이디어와 유럽 문화의 통일성을 동시대의 유기적 공동체가 실현될 수 있는 모델이라고 지속적이며 다양 하게 주장하였다. 그는 제1차 세계대전의 원인이었던 민족, 국민, 종교 라는 개념을 넘어서서 공통된 유럽의 전통에 근거한 유럽 문화의 통일 성을 추구해야 한다는 생각을 폴 발레리, 후고 폰 호프만스탈, 오르테가 이 가셋과 같은 당대의 유럽의 지식인들과 공유하였다. 그리고 그는 이 공통된 문화유산으로 통일된 문화를 가진 유럽 공동체를 재건하는데 많 은 노력을 기울였다.

For a long time, public awareness of plant breeding activities was low. Since the late 1970s, the situation has changed when activists started a campaign against large multinationals because they began to buy seed companies all over the world. They were concerned about their power to control the world seed market and distribute seeds only to the rich. A few years later, with the advent of the gene technology age and the first genetically modified plants reaching the market scale a new debate came up fueled by the green movement. Since that time, any activities with genetically modified plants are strictly regulated in all industrial countries. In Europe, a number of directives have been implemented by the European Commission which have been transferred into national legislation by the member countries. Market approval for GMO varieties needs a qualified majority by the board of minsters but unfortunately there has been no agreement since more than 15 years. This was one reason why all industry activities in this field (and most academic as well) came to an end or were relocated outside the EU. Today, only a very small area (<100,000 ha) is planted with GMO seeds in Europe while acreages have been up to >150 million ha worldwide. In Europe, plant variety release and market approval is regulated by a Community Plant Variety Protection directive which gives a breeder the exclusive right to market its variety all over Europe. To get an approval, a new variety must fulfill a number of requirements. It must be novel, distinguishable and consistent and it must have an added value to the farmer/grower. Plant Breeding in worldwide and in Europe is dominated by some multinationals, however in Germany a number of small and medium sized companies are still very successful in the seed market. Those companies have a focus on a small range of crops and their activities are mostly limited to Europe with Eastern Europe gaining more importance in the past years. Interestingly, their R&D rate is among the highest of all industry (~16%) which demonstrates a great interest to adopt new technologies. The EC has supported plant breeding research by its framework programs where researchers from academia and industry work together in a multinational project. Moreover, the German government has been increasing the budget for research and technology over the past 8 years. Breeding research has been supported by numerous initiatives such as GABI, the German nation al plant genome project launched in 1998. Recently, a large project to improve yield and yield stability of wheat has been started by the ministry of agriculture. The German research foundation (DFG) supports basic and applied breeding research in different ways. Every scientist working in Germany can submit a proposal to the DFG at any time. Coordinated projects such as priority programs (PP) enable the collaboration of a limited number of research groups. We have initiated a PP on flowering time research 3 years ago. Twenty groups work on different aspects of flowering time regulation in model and crop plant species (http://www.flowercrop.uni-kiel.de/en). At the end of my talk, I will present a selection of recent results from our PP with a direct impact on plant breeding.

이 연구에서는 오랫동안 다문화정책을 추진해 온 영국, 프랑스 등 선진국의 사례를 통해 오늘날 다문화주의를 둘러싼 갈등과 제 담론을 분석하였고, 그것과의 연계지점으로서 우리나라의 다문화 갈등 상황과 다문화교육의 방향을 성찰하였다. 이를 통해서 밝혀진 바는 다음과 같이 정리된다. 첫째, 영국, 독일, 프랑스 등 유럽의 주요 국가 지도자들의 다문화 실패론 선언은 다문화주의에 대한 논쟁이 국제적으로 고조되었음을 보여주었다. 둘째, 유럽에서 다문화주의 담론의 주요 대상과 이슈는 이민자, 무슬림 논의의 사회 통합과 갈등으로 수렴되고 있다. 셋째, 유럽을 중심으로 제기되는 다문화 실패론과 다문화정책에 대한 회의론은 반이민주의 정책의 핵심 요소가 되고 있다. 넷째, 다문화담론의 이면은 단순히 사회문화적 다양성 제고의 문제가 아니라, 통치 담론으로서 다문화주의가 활용되어 온 것을 알 수 있다. 다섯째, 국민국가 체제에서 다문화적 ‘공존’은 여전히 요원한 문제이며, ‘동화’와 ‘통합’의 가치가 강조되고 있다. 여섯째, 다문화주의 관련 갈등 이슈는 다문화주의 담론이 단순히 인종과 문화에 수렴되는 것이 아니라, 사회 계층과 관련을 가지며 정치, 경제, 사회 등 복잡다기한 이해관계에 따라 이념이 되기도 하고 도구가 되기도 하는 것을 보여준다. 마지막으로 우리나라에서도 다문화주의를 둘러싼 갈등은 ‘타자화’라는 측면에서 촉발되고 있으며 다문화교육의 실제는 아직 취약한 것을 알 수 있었다. 궁극적으로 이 연구는 다문화교육을 통한 지속적인 인식의 변화와 상호작용이 매우 중요하다는 것을 다시금 강조하고 있다.

D’Anville은 알려진 것보다 이른 1732년 “중국령 타타르의 일반지도”에서 울릉도와 독 도를 그려 넣었고 한자를 잘못 읽어 Fan Ling Tao, Tchian Chan Tao로 표기하였다. 그런데도 D’Anville의 “한국왕국도”는 100년 이상 유럽 고지도에서 한국지도의 정형으로 정착되었다. 단지 고지도 중에는 두 섬의 철자가 다른 것도 있고 또한 동해 탐사지도의 등장과 함께 두 섬이 네 개, 세 개 혹은 한개만 나오는 경우도 있으며, Siebold는 두 섬의 일본식 표기명을 뒤바꾸는 데 중요한 역할을 하였다. 대부분의 고지도들이 울릉도와 독도의 소유국가가 한국임을 나타내고 있다. 특히 두 섬 이 한국 영토임을 명시하는 지도로는 1832년 Klaproth가 제작한 “삼국접양도”의 한국과 일본 지도가 있는데, 울릉도와 꽤 떨어져 있는 독도를 일본명칭 “Takenosima”라 표기하였 지만 한국령(a la Coree)이라고 명시하였으며 독도는 울릉도 옆에 있는 죽도(Isle des Bamboo)는 Takenosima와는 다르다는 주석까지 병기하였다. 또한 김대건 신부가 북경을 통하여 프랑스 선교본부에 보낸 “조선왕국도”가 프랑스어로 번역되어 1846년 발간되었는 데, 그 지도에서 김 신부는 울릉도를 Oulento로, 독도를 옛 이름인 Ousan으로 표기하여 중요한 역사적 자료로 남겼다.

In this study, we evaluated the applicability of upflow percolation test of European Standard as one of waste landfill stabilization index. Landfilled waste samples were taken from an old uncontrolled waste landfill site before and after 1 month aerobic treatment. Diameter of 10 cm and height of 30 cm column was filled with landfilled waste sample, and the column was saturated with deionized water for three days to reach equilibrium. And then upflow leachant was flowed by peristaltic pump with a linear velocity of 15 cm/day. Given schedule of sampling times leachate was sampled several times, and pH, COD, NH4-N, and Cl− of leachate were analysed. At the same time AT4 test, which is test for aerobic biochemical stabilization index, was performed. Upflow percolation test and AT4 test for landfilled waste samples before and after aerobic treatment showed significant statistical difference of results. From the results, upflow percolation test might be used as an complementary waste landfill stabilization index with AT4 test, and database of landfilled waste sample with different landfill ages should be accumulated to setup the proper waste landfill stabilization index.

The coupled global climate model EC-Earth has been used to create an ensemble of climate simulations for 1850 to 2100. For 1850 to 2005 observed greenhouse gas and aerosol concentrations including observed volcanic eruptions have been prescribed while for 2006 to 2100 two different scenarios, the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios developed for CMIP5, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5, have been applied. Global and European mean temperature as well as extreme cold and hot events for Europe have been compared to a range of observation data and analyzed for the future. The global and European mean temperature development for 1850 to 2005 is well captured in the EC-Earth simulations. The intensity of extreme cold and extreme hot events, defined as 1% percentile of daily minimum temperature for winter and 99% percentile of daily maximum temperature for summer, is generally fairly well captured for continental regions while underestimated by up to 5°C in maritime regions. For the future, a decrease in the intensity of extreme cold events and an increase in the intensity of extreme hot events is simulated. According to the stronger RCP 8.5 scenario the 1% percentile of daily minimum temperature for winter increases by up to 25°C in the Barents Sea region by the end of this century while the 99% percentile of daily maximum temperature for summer increases by up to 8°C over Southern Europe.

현재 독일 함부르크에서 공사 중에 있는 하펜시티는 수변공간 개발을 통한 도시재생 사업 중 모범적인 사례로 평가받고 있다. 본 논문에서는 하펜시티가 21세기형 도시를 지향하고 있음을 밝힐 것이다. 이는 도시인구의 교외이동으로 인한 도심의 공동화 현상을 치유하고 극복하는 방안으로서의 재도시화 현상과 맞물려 있다. 따라서 하펜시티 프로젝트의 현황과 특징을 살펴보기에 앞서 유럽의 해항도시에서 도시공동화를 불러일으킨 원인과 그 극복방안으로서의 재도시화 현상에 대해 먼저 살펴볼 것이다. 함부르크 하펜시티가 지향하는 새로운 도시성, 그리고 전통과 창조의 결합을 통한 문화적 가치들이 하펜시티 프로젝트에 어떻게 구체적으로 추구되고 있는지를 살펴보고 소개함으로써 북항 재개발 사업이 개선되어 올바른 방향으로 나아가길 바라기 때문이다

This paper deals with the nature and character of the Reformation, judging from various interpretations on the european Reformation. Scholars have pursued the influences of the Reformation on social conditions in medieval Europe nations and of the Reformation on modern developments. In history of interpretation on the Reformation, there are two salient contrasts. Protestant scholars have argued that the Reformation was the restoration of the original purity of the Christian church, while the Roman Catholic scholars generally regarded the Reformation as religious division or schism. In more recent scholarship the evaluations of the Reformation has given way to recognition that there was an attempt to term with the Reformation in sense of the ecumenism. Therefore the Reformation movement are not fully understood if seen only in terms of Christendom split without account being taken of its historical, political, social, and economic contexts and influences. This paper notes that an ecumenical movement appeared in the sixteenth century in order to repair the breach of Western Christendom. The paper demonstrates that the nature and character of the Reformation is closely interacted with modern developments of Western society. To understand correctly the Reformation, it is necessary to take account of both Christian church and cultural conditions and many things that affect each other. The paper argues that spirit of the Reformation is not limited to the european society of the sixteenth century, but it applies to the regions which needs to change and to reform. Pointing out that there are some cautions in trying to understand the Reformation, this paper contends that the Reformation was not division of Western Christendom, but watershed of history. The Reformers tried to shape the key to the faithfulness of the church in new paradigm. They never were dissidents or heresies but revolutionaries who shout the renewal of the religion and society as a whole.

A first step review is completed on the suitability of European designed wind turbines in an East Asia climate. Six parameters are chosen for detailed analysis of proper meteorological measures from flat, hilly, forested, coastal and offshore sites in West Europe and East Asia: mean wind speed, 10 minute mean wind speed distribution, turbulence intensity, wind shear, 3 second extreme wind speed and 10 minute direction change. All six parameters are assessed with a view for contrast with the wind turbine design standard IEC61400. The diurnal and seasonal variation, average and extreme values of each parameter are calculated where appropriate. Industry standard software and analysis techniques have been employed to assess the applicability of existing wind turbine design standards and design guidelines for the East Asian market.

This study was considered to theoretical establishment. Through European Artistic History Consideration. The paper analysed the characteristic of modern floral art based on the era classification. The environmental floral art has been developed since American started to press the naturalization on 17 century. Based on the styles of cone of Byzantine and S styles of Baroque, the formative floral art has been expended since. To report the expressive floral art, the paper has chosen two different methods. One is external method can classify into the mix and match expression, the natural expression and ethnic expression. Particularly, the classic Georgian and Victoria expression had been a source of the mix and match expression. And the ethnic expression has developed from the old Egyptian which displayed the national character by the three primary colors (red, yellow and blue). The other one is internal expression. The internal expression has divided into the realistic and the abstract expression. The realistic expression has progressed after the Rome era which used the natural material like fresh flower bouquet. The abstract expression is more artificial method in the consideration of color and vagina. The fusion style floral art has developed under the influence of Victorian era which created floral art mixed with the variety of material such as shell, feather, wax and fabric. The effect of floral art has also recognised inc. emotional, decoration, environmental, and educational effect.

As the competition in the liner shipping industry is becoming fiercer, the shipping company is trying to find the way to keep the best competitive position by reducing the cost level as low as possible and offering the best quality of service to their customer. In order to achieve this goal, the selection of port and terminal that have the best quality of service and cost effective structure is essential for the shipping line, where they can only have a chance to save the money. In this context, the paper compares three European container terminals in order to understand the factors that have to be considered in the decision making process for the selection of terminal. And its advantages and disadvantages of each type of container terminal operation system were analyzed from the liner shipping company's point of view in terms of cost, time, flexibility, stability, hinterland connection, geographical position and terminal productivity. It is obvious that the cost factors are very important for liner shipping company to select their terminal. However, there might be even more important factors than the cost factors, such as quality of port and terminal service, mutual trust, and possibility of future development.