􋺷그림자 드리워진 바다􋺸는 예이츠의 선원이 콜리지의 선원처럼 초자연 적인 바다 여행을 떠나고, 그 여행에서 다시는 돌아올 수 없다는 점에서 􋺷늙은 선원 의 노래􋺸와 유사하다. 예이츠의 선원은 모든 것이 영원히 지속되는 미지의 세계를 찾 고 싶어 하지만, 문자 그대로의 의미에서 자신의 여행에서 결코 돌아올 수 없다는 것 을 알고 있다. 콜리지의 선원은 자신의 끔찍한 여행이 끝나기를 간절히 바라지만, 은유적으로는 결코 돌아올 수 없으며, 자신의 죄에 대한 처벌로 이야기를 계속해서 반복 해야 함으로써 그 기억을 영속시킨다. 그러나 저자들은 낭만주의적 속성의 사용에 대 해 완전히 다른 태도를 가지고 있다. 예이츠가 모더니스트 작가로 여겨지는 경향에도 불구하고, 낭만주의의 진정한 의미는 􋺷늙은 선원의 노래􋺸보다 􋺷그림자 드리워진 바다􋺸 에서 더 많이 찾을 수 있다.

도로의 기하선형 정보는 도로 설계, 유지보수, 그리고 안전성 평가에서 핵심적인 요소이다. 특히 종단경사와 곡선반경은 차량의 속도 변화, 제동 거리, 원심력 등에 영향을 미쳐 사고 위험을 높이는 요인으로 작용한다. 따라서 도로 유지관리 측면에서 도로의 기하선형 정보를 정밀하게 측정하고 관리하는 것은 필수적이다(Park et al., 2008). 국토교통부에서는 노드·링크(Node·Link)를 통해 국내 도로망 데이터 통합 시스템을 구축하고 있다. 노드·링크는 교차로, 도로의 시종점, 행정경계 등으로 도로구간을 구분하는 시스템으로, 도로구간을 의미하는 각 링크에는 도로등급, 차로수, 제한속도, 연장 등 다양한 도로특성정보가 입력되어 있으나 곡선반경, 종단경사와 같은 도로의 기하학적 구조 데이터는 포함되어 있지 않다(MOLIT, 2025). 또한, 각 지자체는 “도로대장정보시스템”을 통해 도로의 시설물 및 기하구조를 통합 관리하게 되어있으나, 시스템화 현황이 저조할 뿐만 아니라 연구 등의 목적으로 접근이 제한된다(LX, 2025). 이와 같이, 도로의 기하구조는 중요도에 비해 데이터 관리 부족하며 접근성이 낮다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 노드·링크 시스템에서 제공하는 평면선형 데이터(.shp 파일)를 활용하여 곡선반경과 종단경사를 산출하고 도로 구간별 기하학적 구조 정보를 추정하였다. 이는 향후 도로 주행특성, 안전관리 등 다양한 분야의 연구에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있으며, 도로 안전관리 측면에서 위험구간 판단 근거로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

본 연구는 적천수 천간론을 분석하고 그 특징을 연구하여 명리이론에서 다소 소외되어 있는 간지론을 재조명하려는 것을 목적으로 한다. 적천수는 그 내용과 깊이가 심오하고 싯구가 아름다워 명리학적으로, 문학적으로 가치 가 높은 古典이다. 다만 함축적 詩賦로 씌여져 상당히 추상적인데, 이로 인해 原註가 있음에도 모호한 부분들이 있어 많은 명리가들이 주석을 달았으나 여 전히 어려운 책으로 인식되고 있다. 이 연구는 천간론 분석을 통해 고전을 이 해하는데 도움을 주고자 하는 목적도 포함하고 있다. 분석 결과 적천수 천간론의 가장 대표적인 특징으로는 음양의 차별성과 오행의 관계성으로 나타났다. 다음으로 오행의 생극관계를 단순한 生과 剋의 관계를 넘어서 상호 보완하며 유기적으로 연결될 수 있는 관계로 보고 있으 며, 각 천간에서 제시되는 내용들이 타 오행에서도 호용(互用)될 수 있음을 확 인하였다. 마지막으로 시문학적 특징인 함축성과 추상성으로 인해 천간의 체 상을 다양하게 적용할 수 있음을 확인할 수 있었으며, 자연과학의 발달과 함 께 명리가 나아가야 할 방향성을 알 수 있었다.

Radicals serve as the central elements in the semantics of Chinese characters, but what foundational and extended meanings do they convey? This paper examines all characters with the radical ‘目’ related to attributes, as recorded in Shuowen Jiezi and The Standard Dictionary of Chinese Characters. In Shuowen Jiezi, the ‘目’ radical encompasses four conceptual categories—physical attributes, scale, color, and value. Specific elements under these categories include physical attributes such as ‘dimness, disease, clarity, order, and dryness,’ scale including ‘size, depth, height, thickness, density,’ value comprising ‘beauty and gentleness,’ and color represented by ‘white.’ Over time, these categories have been substantially reduced, with only physical attributes, limited to ‘dimness’ and ‘disease,’ being retained in later literature. This reduction highlights that ancient Chinese vocabulary contained a broader range of conceptual and semantic elements than modern vocabulary. Additionally, synonyms associated with the attribute concept of ‘目’ have mostly disappeared, while newly introduced vocabulary shows a shift towards polysemy, indicating an evolution in lexical structure. Extended meanings have followed mechanisms such as the expansion from attribute to action, metaphorical extensions, and grammaticalization. Semantic expansion frequently shifted to perceptual verbs, while metaphorical extensions moved from ‘human to object’ and ‘action to time.’ Grammaticalization trends were also observed, extending meanings to adverbial and modal uses. These findings reveal that ancient and modern uses of the ‘目’ radical differ significantly in both meaning and conceptual application.

A twelve-year-old, spayed female Siamese cat was presented for health screening. Abdominal radiography revealed a large amount of mineral opacity substances of various sizes and shapes, along with mild gaseous dilation proximal to the lesion. Ultrasonography showed hyperechoic surface with acoustic shadowing at the ileum and wall thickening of the ileum. Enterotomy was performed to remove the foreign bodies, which were numerous hairball- and stone-like objects. Analysis of the enteroliths revealed a composition of calcium phosphate. Although enterolithiasis is considered rare in cats, it should be included in the differential diagnosis when numerous pebble-like mineral opacity lesions are observed.

본 논문은 완도 신흥사 목조약사여래좌상의 복장 기록인 중수 원문(1865년)의 해석과 불 상 양식의 비교분석을 통해 불상의 제작 시기가 1628년임을 밝힌 것이다. 중수 원문의 기록 에 의하면, 완도 신흥사 목조약사여래좌상은 1628년에 조성되었고, 1802년ㆍ1845년ㆍ 1865년에 걸쳐 중수되었으며, 원 봉안처는 해남 대흥사 대광명전이었고, 1845년과 1865 년에 불상의 중수를 주도한 승려는 초의 의순이었음이 확인된다. 초의 의순은 19세기 전라 도와 경상도 지역에서 활동한 화승 원담 내원(1845년)과 용완(원) 기연(1865년)과 함께 신 흥사 목조약사여래좌상을 개금ㆍ중수했다. 특히 초의 의순은 선교(禪敎)와 학예(學藝)에 뛰 어난 자질을 가졌으며 19세기의 대흥사 불사를 이끈 승려이다. 두 화승(내원과 기연)은 초의 의순이 주도한 대흥사 불화 제작에도 참여했다. 완도 신흥사 목조약사여래좌상이 1628년에 조성된 사실은 중수 원문의 기록과 17세기 전반에 조성된 불상들과의 양식 비교를 통해 파악했다. 초의 의순이 쓴 ｢대둔사신건광명전상 량문(大芚寺新建光明殿上樑文)｣, ｢대둔사비로전신건화연소(大芚寺毘盧殿新建化緣疏)｣, ｢불상개금모연문(佛像改金募緣文)｣에 의하면 신흥사 목조약사여래좌상은 1628년에 조성 된 후 대흥사 대광명전 비로자나삼불상 가운데 좌존으로 봉안되었던 것으로 추정된다. 대흥 사 대광명전은 화재로 소실되어 1841년에 새로 건립되었다. 신흥사 목조약사여래좌상의 양식 특징은 조각승 태전이 조성한 대흥사 목조약사ㆍ아미타불상(1612년)을 계승했고, 현진이 1610년에서 1630년 사이에 제작한 불상과 친연성이 강 한 것을 알 수 있다. 이 외에도 응원ㆍ인균파 및 수연파 불상의 특징도 일부 반영되어 있다. 신흥사 목조약사여래좌상은 17세기 전반에 조성되어 19세기 대흥사 현창 운동 과정에서 새로 건립된 대광명전에 봉안되어 개금ㆍ중수된 불상으로, 교학과 학예면에서 뛰어난 자질을 가진 초의 의순이 불상의 개금ㆍ중수 불사를 주도한 사실을 알려준다는 점에서, 조선 후기 불교사 및 불교미술사를 연구하는데 자료의 가치가 매우 크다.

The study investigated the influence of website features on the purchase intention of online fashion among Generation Z consumers in South Africa. This topic has received increasing attention against the backdrop of the rapidly growing ‘Digital Generation’, or ‘Millennial consumers’, who are one of the most tech-savvy generations. Despite the benefits that online shopping offers to both the business and the consumer, the act of buying clothes online has presented some challenges to customers. This study therefore aims to gather further insight in an attempt to provide fashion businesses with guidance to better succeed in encouraging customers to shop online. This study selected two visual elements (website aesthetics and product presentation) and two functional website features (website navigation, and security and privacy) and social norms, the test the effect they have on perceived ease of use, attitude and intention to purchase clothing online. The proposed conceptual model tested seven hypotheses of which four were supported. By means of an empirical study, 166 online surveys were collected from individuals within the Generation Z cohort and the analysis was done using SPSS27 by running multiple regression analysis to test the relationships between the variables. The results from this study provide global and local fashion brands with valuable insight into the consumption habits of young consumers in an emerging economy, and factors that drive online fashion consumption.

This study explores the histological features and Bmp4 expression patterns in the replaced tooth germ of Xenopus laevis . Tooth germ formation starts from the dental placode through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions, involving various signaling pathways such as Fgf, Shh, Bmp, and Wnt. In mice, Bmp4 expression in the dental placode inhibits Pax9 expression in the dental mesenchyme. Although absent in the presumptive dental lamina of birds and toothless mammals, Bmp4 remains conserved in reptiles and fish owing to gene duplication. However, its expression in amphibian tooth germs is poorly understood. Three-month-old X. laevis were employed in this study. Initially, samples underwent paraffin embedding and were sectioned into 5 or 12 μm ribbons for H&E staining and in situ hybridization, respectively. Results revealed teeth appearing in two maxillary rows: the labial side, with prefunctional and functional teeth, and the lingual side, with replaced tooth germs behind functional teeth. Enameloid was observed between the inner dental epithelium and dental mesenchyme at the cap or early bell stages, whereas enamel and dentin formed during the late bell or mineralization stages from the replaced tooth germ. Bmp4 expression was evident in the inner dental epithelium (ameloblasts), dental papilla (odontoblasts), stellate reticulum, and Hertwig’s epithelial root sheath. Overall, these findings highlight the conservation of Bmp4 expression in X. laevis tooth development.

Although interest in eco-friendly fashion products is increasing among scholars and industry leaders, the concept of eco-friendly products remains unclear, preventing consistent assessment of which fashion products are eco-friendly. This study conducted a content analysis of eco-friendly product information from 87 domestic and 102 foreign brands to reveal key standards for categorizing eco-friendly fashion products. Product characteristic information was coded according to the four material-based standards (i.e., organic material, regenerative material, alternative material, and sustainably produced/upcycled material). Consistency between coders was confirmed by Cohen’s kappa. In results, eco-friendly fashion products are categorized by four material-based standards and two certification standards (i.e., certified, not certified). Among the four material-based categories, the greatest number of domestic and foreign companies produced eco-friendly products that were classified as the regenerative material group. In addition, companies acquired eco-friendly certifications related to the use of organic, regenerative, and alternative materials. The greatest number of eco-friendly material brands used for eco-friendly fashion products belonged to the regenerative material group. Based on the study results, a typology of eco-friendly products was suggested. This typology can benefit practitioners and academics by highlighting a need for classification system for the eco-friendly fashion products, as well as by providing insight into the categorization of eco-friendly fashion products.

The subject of this paper is the language usage within legal discourse, with the corpus sourced from the legislation of the People’s Republic of China. Zhang Deming (1989) believes that “register is a scientific term in the category of language stylistics, a ‘functional style’ of language formed due to different communicative functions of language use. This system has a series of commonalities in linguistic materials (elements) and rhetorical methods, and there are a series of differences and corresponding patterns between different systems.” According to his view, the legal register has distinctive features which differ from other registers. This paper describes and interprets the syntactic, lexical, and register aspects of legal discourse, along with the linguistic style inherent in legal language.

Detectors utilized for nuclear material safeguards have been using scintillation detectors which are inexpensive and highly portable, and electrically cooled germanium detectors which are expensive but have excellent energy resolution. However, recently IAEA, the only international inspectorate of nuclear material safeguards for the globe, have replaced the existing scintillation detector and electrically cooled germanium detector with a CdZnTe detector owing to the improved performance of room-temperature semiconductors significantly. In this paper, we will examine the spectrum features of the CdZnTe detector such as spectrum shape, energy resolution, and efficiency in the energy region of interest, which are the important characteristics for measuring Uranium enrichment. For this purpose, it would be conducted to compare its spectrum features using CdZnTe, NaI, HPGe detectors. The main energies of interest include 185.7 keV and 1,001 keV, which are the decay energies of uranium 235 and uranium 238. The results of this study will provide a better understanding of the spectral features of various detectors used in uranium enrichment analysis, and are expected to be used as basic data for future related software development.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disease that arises from an abnormal increase in histiocytes. Due to its rare occurrence, the diagnosis of LCH is often delayed or missed. This report presents a case of LCH in a 16-month-old girl. After biopsy, the patient’s previous medical records were obtained. The records described the presence of a yellowish plaque on the forehead since birth, a characteristic feature of LCH. Earlier knowledge of this medical history would have helped facilitate the diagnosis of LCH. This report aims to inform clinicians of the clinical and histopathological features of LCH in order to aid in the early diagnosis of this disease, which can occur in infancy.

Voice assistant devices (VADs), driven and improved by artificial intelligence, have been adapted for consumers (e.g., Hey Google and Alexa) and are widely used for their daily lives (Guha et al., 2022; Rabassa, Sabri, & Spaletta, 2022). Consumers benefit from the use of a VAD as it makes their daily lives more convenient, more comfortable, and simpler (Zierau et al., 2022). At the same time, companies can also benefit from interactions with VADs by collecting consumer-related data and storing it in large databases for marketing purposes (Guha et al., 2022; Rabassa et al., 2022).