본 연구는 느타리버섯 자실체가 생육온도에 따른 수량성과 자실체의 형태적 특성을 확인하기 위하여 느타리버섯 품종 중에서 저온, 중온, 고온성 품종을 구분하여 12개 품종에 대하여 실험을 실시하였다. 수량성에 있어서는 품종의 온도 반응적 특성에 맞는 온도에서 수량성이 가장 높게 나타났다. 형태적 특성에 있어서는 갓크기는 온도처리에 따른 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았으며, 갓두께에 있어서는 저온 처리인 10℃에서 품종에 관계없이 가장 두껍게 나타났다. 대길이는 삼복 외 4품종은 온도가 증가하면서 같이 증가하였으며, 그 외의 품종은 품종에 따라 약간의 차이를 보였다. 대굵기에 있어서는 대체적으로 온도 증가에 따라 가늘어지는 경향이나 품종간 약간의 차이가 나타났다. 버섯수확소요일수에서는 10℃처리에서 가장 기간이 길었으며, 품종별 가장 짧은 소요일수를 보인 것은 품종의 온도 특성에 따라 다르게 나타났다. 품종에 따라서 온도에 반응하여 기형적 형태를 보이는 경우가 있었는데 이런 특이적 현상은 수한1호의 경우 저온 처리인 10℃에서 버섯이 발이후 어린 버섯 갓 표면에 백색 인피가 형성하며 성장 후에는 갓의 일부분에만 발생하거나 없어지는 현상이 있었으며, 춘추2호에서는 고온인 20℃ 이상에서는 대가 뒤틀리며, 대기 휘어지는 특이적 현상이 발생하였다.

Agaricus bisporus grows on a substrate known as compost, which is a product of aerobic fermentation by various microorganisms. These organisms convert and degrade the straw and form lignin humus complex which is utilized later on by the population of organisms. Theses microflora play a key role in the process of composting and can be regarded as the active agents in the preparation of nutrient medium as many of them may ultimately contribute themselves to the nutrition of A. bisporus. The diversity of microflora according to growing farmhouse and fruiting body of Agaricus bisporus were investigated. The aerobic bacteria and Bacillus as longer of turning stage of compost pile were increased. And, thermophilic actinomycetes and fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. showed high density after the pasteurization stage. But Tricoderma sp. was decreased toward the end of turning stage of compost pile. Ten mushroom farms was selected to research of microflora of fruiting body of button mushroom. The microflora showed significant difference according to mushroom farms. The bacteria density was 0.4~41.6×105 cfu/ml and the fungus was 1.3~3.9×103 cfu/ml. But The microorganism density was not significant change for the storage periods. These isolates were classified into Chryseobacterium indologenes(6 strains), Pseudomonas agarici(5 strains), Sphingobacterium multivorum(2 strains), Flavobacterium anhuiense(2 strains), Microbacterium sp.(10 strains), Pseudomonas sp.(13 strains) on the basis of 16 rDNA analysis. The most dominants of these species were Chryseobacterium indologenes and Pseudomonas agarici.

[Introduction] Larix kaempferi (Larch), rich biomass in Hokkaido, is available as an inexpensive medium for mushroom production. We have previously developed a variety of Hypsizygus marmoreus with high ability to utilize larch sawdust without watering, Hm 219 (Marbure 219) with high fruit-body yield and high score of sensory evaluation, was selected. In this study, we investigated the effects of supplements to larch sawdust-based medium on taste components of fruit-bodies of Hm 219. [Materials and methods] The strain of H. marmoreus used in this study was Hm 219, the stock culture of Hokkaido Research Organization Forest Products Research Institute. Each 850 ml plastic bottle containing 540 g of larch sawdust-based substrate, was used for cultivation. Moisture content of each medium was adjusted to 61% based on the fresh weight of the mixture of solid materials. The substrate substituted with 0-40% of supplements (wheat bran, soybean curd residue and soybean shell) for rice bran as a nutrient, were used for cultivation. Cultivation was conducted by the standard procedure reported earlier (Harada et al., 2004). The harvested fruit-bodies were freeze-dried to determine the chemical composition. Soluble sugars, free amino acids and 5’-nucleotides were extracted with hot water from freeze-dried powder. These soluble components were determined by using HPLC. [Results] As a result, fruit-body yields on the substrate substituted with 20% of soybean shell for rice bran as a nutrient, were about 20% higher than those on the substrate with rice bran only. According to the replacement rate of soybean curd residue increasing , morphological quality of fruit-body tended to decline. As major free amino acids in fruit-body, monosodium glutamate-like (MSG-like) components which gave the umami taste, including aspartic acid and glutamic acid, and sweet components including alanine, threonine and serine were detected. As flavor 5’-nucleotides, GMP and IMP were found. In fruit-body of H. marmoreus, with respect to major soluble sugars, mannitol and trehalose were mainly contained. Each taste component content indicated differences among the different supplements to larch sawdust-based medium. The equivalent umami concentration (EUC ) is the concentration of MSG equivalent to the umami intensity of that given by the mixture of MSG and the 5’-nucleotide (Lee, Yu-Ling et al., 2009). The EUC value in a cultivation condition was more 15% higher than that of control condition. [References] Harada, A. et al. (2004) Effects of strain and cultivation medium on the chemical composition of the taste components in fruit-body of Hypsizygus marmoreus. Food Chemistry, 84, 265-270. Lee, Yu-Ling et al. (2009) Composition and non-volatile components of Hypsizygus marmoreus, LWT- Food Science and Technology, 42, 594-598.

Lentinula edodes (shiitake mushroom) is a very popular edible, cultivated mushroom in Japan. There are post-storage problems with shiitake mushrooms, such as gill browning and cell wall lysis of the fruiting body, which can result in loss of fresh food quality and consequent loss of value. Lentinan is a cell wall component of beta-1, 3-linked-D-glucan with beta-1, 6 branches, which was isolated as an anti-tumor active-substance from L. edodes. Lentinan content decreases following harvest as a result of increased glucanase activity. We isolated one exo-glucanase encoding genes, exg21) and two endo-glucanase encoding gene tlg12) and glu1 from L. edodes. Transcription level of the exg2, tlg1 and glu1 gene increased after harvesting. Enzymes encoded by the genes have lentinan degrading activity, therefore, these genes are involved in lentinan degradation after harvesting. We also identified several cell wall degradation- related enzyme-encoding genes3), such as mixed-linked glucanase (mlg1), chitinases (chi1, chi29), chitin deacetylase (chd1), and chitosanase (cho1). It is revealed that transcriptional levels of these genes increased after harvesting, by real-time PCR. Glucanase and chitinase activity increased following harvest as results of increased transcription of these cell wall degradation-related enzyme-encoding genes. Increase of these cell wall degradation- related enzyme activities would cause cell wall lysis and lentinan degradation during post-harvest preservation. We identified laccase and tyrosinase encoding genes (lcc4 and tyr, respectively) by PCR-subtraction. The lcc4 was a novel laccase-encoding gene in L. edodes. Transcription levels of lcc4 and tyr increased after harvesting, and these genes would be involved in browning of the fruiting body. 1) Sakamoto et al. (2005) Current Genetics, 48: 195-203 2) Sakamoto et al. (2006) Plant Physiology 141: 793-801 3) Sakamoto et al. (2009) Current Genetics 55: 409-423

Rhizopogon roseolus (Corda) Th. M. Fr. (=R. rubescens Tul. & Tul.), known as “shoro” in Japan, is a hypogeous basidiomycete that is an important ectomycorrhizal symbiont of Pinaceae. In order to cultivate this edible ectomycorrhizal mushroom, several researches have tried to promote mycorrhization of this mushroom on host Pinus thunbergii roots: Pine seedlings were inoculated with mycelium in vitro, or with crushed fruiting bodies in nature. However, successful cultivation of this mushroom has not been fully refined. We have developed the useful mycelial inoculum that enable to produced abundant ectomycorrhizas and then to form fruiting body under greenhouse nursery conditions. We selected the superior strain that rapidly colonized and produced a lot of ectomycorrhizas in root of P. thunbergii． The mycelial inoculum was composed of mineral solution and homogenate of mycelium that had been cultured in liquid medium. Addition of surfactant in the mycelial inoculum resulted in stimulation of mycorrhzal formations in host roots. When the mycelial inoculum containng surfactant were introduced to the mother plant system in which the colonized seedling had been planted into in the nursery, stimulatally effects were observed on not only mycorrhzation of the seedlings but also fruiting body formation. Genotype analysis using microsatellite markers for R. roseolus showed that fruiting bodies produced in the nursery were originated from the inoculated strain. These results suggest that the mycelial inoculum containg surfactant could be the model of mycelial spawn for “shoro”.

팽이버섯의 재배적 특성이 재배환경 요인 중 습도에 따른 변화가 어떻게 변화하는지를 확인하기 위하여 버섯과에서 보존하고 있는 백색계통 5, 갈색계통 4 균주를 가지고 재배적 특성, 병당수량, 개체중 및 수분함량 등을 조사 하였다. 초발이소요일수는 65% 처리구에서 가장 길었으며, 75% 이상에서는 동일하거나 약간 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 백색계통의 균주와 갈색계통 비교에서는 백색계통보다 갈색계통이 짧으며, 균주에서는 가장 빨리 버섯이 발이하는 것은 ASI 4103 균주 이었다. 생육일수는 모든 공시균주가 전반적으로 65%보다 75%처리에서 생육일수가 증가되었다가 그 이상의 습도에서 점진적으로 감소하였고, 백색계통은 동일습도 내의 균주 간에 차이를 크지 않았으나 갈색계통은 균주별 차이가 크게 나타났다. 생장일수가 가장 짧은 균주는 ASI 4103 균주로 95%의 습도에서 생장일수가 가장 짧게 나타냈다. 수확일수는 모든 공시균주가 65%보다 75%처리에서 생육일수가 증가되었다가 그 이상의 습도에서 점진적으로 감소하였다. 백색계통보다 갈색계통이 수확일수가 짧으며, 공시균주 중 가장 빠른 것은 ASI 4103, 가장 늦은 것은 ASI 4166과 ASI 4153균주 이었다 수량성에서는 백색계통 ASI 4166과 갈색계통에서는 ASI 4149 균주가 습도에 관계없이 가장 높은 수량을 보였다. 습도에 따른 차이는 모든 공시균주에서 일정한 경향은 보이지 않으나, 백색은 75%, 갈색은 95% 처리습도에서 수량이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 습도는 수확량 및 개체수 변화에 영향을 주기는 하지만 그 보다 더 균주 특성에 의해 결정되는 것으로 추정된다. 대부분의 공시균주는 습도가 증가함에 따라 개체중은 감소하는 경향이었고, 자실체의 수분함량은 습도에 비례하여 증가하였다.

팽이버섯의 자실체 특성이 재배사 환경인자중 습도변화에 따라 어떤 변화를 보이는지를 조사하기위해 농촌진흥청 버섯과에 보존된 8개 균주에 대해 형태적 특징, 경도, 색깔 등을 조사하였다. 형태적 특징에서 백색계통 버섯의 대길이는 습도 낮아지면서 증가하는 경향을 보이나 갈색계통은 균주에 따라 각기 다른 상관관계를 보이고 있어 습도가 절대적인 지배요인은 아닌 것으로 판단된다. 갓직경은 습도와 상관관계가 없으며, 대굵기 및 갓두께는 품종에 따라 약간의 차이를 보이고 있다. 품종에 있어서는 대길이가 가장 긴 품종은 ASI 4051, ASI 4031 이고, 짧은 품종은 ASI 4103 이며, 갓직경은 ASI 4103 가장 크고, 갓두께는 ASI 4103이 가장 두꺼우며, 가장 얇은 것은 ASI 4065이고, 대굵기는 ASI 4103이 가장 굵으며, ASI 4153이 가장 가늘었다 백색계통은 습도가 낮아지면 ASI 4021를 제외한 균주는 L값이 증가하는 경향이나 ASI 4021은 정도의 차이는 있으나 갓과 대가 명도(L)값은 감소된다. 그러나 채도(a, b) 값은 습도처리에 따른 차이가 작아 어떤 평가를 내리기가 곤란하였다. 갈색계통은 습이 낮아지면 명도 L 이 증가하는 경향이며, 채도(a, b) 값은 습도에 따른 차이가 크기 않아 명확한 결론을 내리기는 곤란하지만, 갓의 a 값은 습도 증가에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보이고, 갓의 b값은 a 값과는 다르게 감소하는 경향을 보이고 있다. 품종별 특성을 보면 대부분 대보다 갓 색이 밝은 색을 보인다. 습도 조건에 따른 경도의 차이는 어떤 일정한 상관관계를 보이지 않았으나, 갓보다 대의 경도가 높으며, 품종에 따라 각기 다른 정도를 나타낸다. 가장 높은 경도를 보이는 것은 ASI 4021 이며, 가장 약하게 나타난 것은 ASI 4166 품종이었다. 계통 간에는 갈색 보다 백색이 높을 것으로 나타났다. 이 결과 습도조건 보다는 품종 및 계통에 따른 차이가 확실히 보이고 있다.

Methanol and hot water extracts of Suillus granulatus were investigated for its antioxidant activity, polyphenol content and tyrosinase inhibitory effect. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1, 1- dipheny l-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay. The antioxidant activities of hot water and 80% methanol extracts of Suillus granulatus fruiting body were 51.49%. and 90.58% at 1.5mg/ml concentration. Total polyphenol content of hot water and 80% methanol extracts were 33.21㎍ GAEs/mg and 27.97㎍ GAEs/mg. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of water extract was 7.8% while 80% methanol extract was 20.88% at 1mg/ml concentration.

Methanol and hot water extracts of Daedalea bien-nis were investigated for its antioxidant activity, poly- phenol content and tyrosinase inhibitory effect. The antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1, 1-diphenyl -2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging assay. The antioxidant activities of hot water and 80% methanol extracts of Daedalea biennis fruiting body were 52.06%. and 92.62% at 1.5mg/ml concentration. Total polyphenol content of hot water and 80% methanol extracts were 12.26㎍ GAEs/mg and 13.69㎍ GAEs/mg. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of water extract was 19.70% while 80% methanol extract was 15.75% at 1mg/ml concentration.

팽이버섯의 자실체 특성이 재배사 환경인자중 온도변화에 따라 어떤 변화를 보이는지를 버섯과에 보존된 8개 균주에 대해 형태적 특징, 경도, 색깔을 조사하였다. 버섯생육온도에 따른 형태적 특성에서 대길이는 온도가 낮아짐에 따라 짧아지며, 갓직경은 작아지는 경향, 대 굵기는 일정한 경향이 없으며, 갓두께는 온도가 낮아지면서 굵어지는 경향을 보이고 있으나 품종에 따라 약간 의 차이가 있었다. 품종별 특성에서는 대길이가 가장 긴 품종은 ASI4065, 4151이고, 짧은 품종은 ASI4103호 이 었으며, 갓직경은 ASI4103호 가장 크고, 갓두께는 ASI 4153이 두꺼우며, ASI 4021가 가장 얇고, 대굵기에서는 ASI 4166가 가장 굵으며, ASI 4065호가 가장 가늘었다. 버섯의 생육온도별 자실체의 부위별 경도는 전반적으로 백색계통에서는 온도가 하강힘에 따라 증가하는 경향 이나 갈색계통에서는 버섯생육온도에 따른 상관관계를 확인할 수 없었다. 일반적으로는 갓보다 대가 경도가 높았고, 전반적으로 갈색보다는 백색계통이 단단한 것으로 나타났다. 품종에 있어서는 대경도에서 가장 높은 것은 ASI 4021, 갓경도는 ASI 4021와 ASI 4166균주가 높았다. 버섯의 생육온도 처리에 따른 자실체의 색은 대 보다 갓이 밝은 색을 띠며, 백색계열 품종은 명도(L) 값이 높고, 갈색계통은 명도(L) 값이 낮으며, 백색계열의 명도값은 70-90 사이었으며, 갈색은 30-70사이였다. 채도(a, b) 값은 갈색 계열이 약간 높은 경향을 보이고 있 다. 총괄적으로 보면 팽이버섯은 환경적 요인 보다 유전적 요인에 의해 결정되는 경향이 뚜렷하였다.

Ganoderma applantaum belonged to Polyporaceae of Basidiomycetes and has been known as one of the popular medicinal mushrooms due to high antitumor and anti-diabetes activity. This study was carried out to obtain the basic information for mycelial culture conditions of Ganoderma applantaum. According to colony diameter and mycelial density, the media for suitable mycelial growth of them were shown in PDA and MEA. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 25~30℃The colonies are white, flocculose and underside of the plates is whitish to cream. Carbon and nitrogen sources were mannose and malt extract, respectively. The optimum C/N ratio was 10:1 to 5:1with 2% glucose concentration, vitamin was thiamine- HCl, organic acid was succinic acid, and mineral salt was MgSO4ㆍ7H2O. Present experiments were conducted to determine the possibility of artificial culture with sawdusts of G. applantaum. The pH value which was 6.0 of oak sawdust and6.4 of ricebran. Mycelial density on oak sawdust of G.applantaum spp. was higher than Ganoderma lucidium (a control). Wt. of dried fruiting body (g) of G. applantaum. (origin culture: GBEA-01, strain name: SamJung(三淨)) showed that 16.0 g on oak sawdust bottle cultivation (850㎖), 7.8 g on oak sawdust and G. lucidum. This present study was undertaken to investigate comparative anti-tumor activity of water extracts of G. lucidum ASI 7125 (GLE), G. applantaum SamJung (GAE) in vitro. The anti-tumor activity in the present study was evaluated by sulforhodamine B (SRB) and microtetrazolium (MTT) assay in terms of cell survival level. The results showed that DW, GLE and GAE inhibited proliferation showing both tumor cells.

본 연구는 NaCl 농도가 느타리버섯 균사생장 및 자실체 발생과 생육에 미치는 영향에 관한 것으로 PDA배지에서의 NaCl 농도에 따른 균사생장은 0.5%처리까지는 버섯균사 생장에 별다른 영향을 주지 않았으나 1.0% 처리에서는 생장하는 속도가 무처리에 대비하여 감소되기 시작되어 5.0%에서는 균사생장이 전혀 이루어지지 않았다.톱밥배지에서는 PDA배지에서와 유사한 경향을 보였으나 균사생장의 감소속도는 완만하였다. 톱밥 병재배시 NaCl 농도별 시기별로 관수 처리한 결과에서는 균긁기 직후 처리에서는 버섯 품질과 수확량에서 3.0%처리부터 떨어지기 시작하여 10.0% 처리에서는 무처리의 47%정도 밖에 수확할 수 없었다.버섯 발이 직후 처리에서는 균굵기 직후의 처리와 유사한 경향이나 발이전 침수보다는 상태가 양호하였으며, 10.0% 처리에서도 무처리의 90%정도로 그 피해가 적었다.버섯생육도중 관수처리시는 10.0% 처리 이외는 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났으며, 10.0% 처리도 발이전 처리 및 발이후 처리보다는 생육특성이 양호하였다.자실체의 형태적 특성에 있어서는 처리시기별, 처리농도 별로 커다란 차이를 발견할 수 없었다.느타리버섯에 사용되고 있는 지하수의 수질을 분석한 결과 일부의 농가에서 부분적으로 먹는 물의 기준치에 초과하는 농도를 보이고 있으나 이것이 직접적으로 버섯재배에 어떤 영향을 주는지에 대해서는 확인할 수 없었다.

We attempted to isolate the bacterial strains from the fruiting bodies of Agaricus brazilensis and determined their effects on browning and distortions of mushrooms. No bacterial strains were isolated when the middle of browning regions of A. brazilensis were used. Total 125 bacterial strains were obtained from the surface of browning regions and classified into 17 different genera and 29 species by using MIDI methods. Most common genus were Pseudomonas (26), Yersinia (29), and Cedecea (29).High lytic activity were detected when Pseudomonas strains were tested, while relatively low lytic activity were observed with both Yersinia and Cedecea strains.Therefore, we believed the distortion of mushroom could be the result of bacterial infections. Also, the development of brownish color was detected in large number of A. brazilensis strains only by incubation at 4C, suggesting no specific correlation between bacterial strains and brownish color development. Also, it is considered that the development of brownish color can be the normal changes of A. brazilensis.

Melanins in cell walls of mushroom are known to related with fruiting body color. Fruiting body color in oyster mushrooms is various and is very important characteristic for new cultivars. Recently, several cultivars have been breeded with various fruiting body color, for example yellow, pink, white in Korea. Recent research trend of fungal melanins and fruiting body color of mushroom will be introduced.

To elucidate optimum environmental condition for artificial cultivation of Grifola frondosa, light condition and CO2 concentration have been examined. First, the effects of light quality(blue, green, white) and light intensity(200, 500, 800, 1200 lux) on primordia formation, fruit body yield and morphological properties of Grifola frondosa in bag culture method were tested. Among different color fluorescents, white light(400∼620 nm) had a high mushroom yield(242 g) and a shorter cultivation period(52 days) In particular, morphological properties of G. frondosa using blue light(400∼560 nm) was obtained a wide and deep colored pileus. We also investigated that the appropriate light intensity for production of G. frondosa. The experimental results indicated that 500 lux light was the most effective on mushroom production, whereas, primordia formation was effective at 200 lux. In summary, we propose that the optimal light condition for the bag culture of G. frondosa is white source of fluorescent light and 500lux of light intensity. Second, G. frondosa were cultivated at four CO2 level, 500, 800, 1000, and 1500 ppm after spawning. Comparison in production of fruit body in G. frondosa better result were obtained at lower CO2 levels below 800 ppm. The higher ratio of primordia formation, faster time of primordia initiation and days to harvest(57 days), higher yields and quality of fruit body at lower CO2 levels below 800 ppm than higher that over 1000 ppm, whereas shape of fruit body at higher CO2 levels over 1000 ppm were showed abnormal and lower quality.