초 록 1. 인삼묘포에 Captan, Difolatan, Zineb, Maneb와 PCNB를 일주일 간격으로 토양관주 하였다. 처리하기전과 2회 및 4회처리후에 각각 Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium debaryanum, Fusarium 그리고 Trichoderma 균총의 숫적 (수적)변화를 Boosalis의 특별잔사법에 의해서 조사하였다. 우리나라에서 인삼(Panax ginseng)의 모잘록병균으로서 Pythium debaryanum을 처음으로 기술하였다. 2. Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium debaryanum의 수는 토양관주에 관계없이 시일이 경과함에 따라서 점차로 감소하였고 Fusarium 및 Trichoderma는 오히려 증가하였다. Rhizoctonia solani의 수는 PCNB에 의해서 현저하게 감소하였고 다른 약제에 의해서도 대조구 보다 감소하였다. 3, Pythium debaryenum은 Zineb, Maneb, Captan, Difolatan의 순으로 고 수가 증가하는 반면 Fusarium은 일정한 경향을 볼 수 없었다. Tichroderma를 제외한 모든 균의 숫적 변화는 시일의 경과에 대하여 수준에서 유의성이 있었다. 4. 토양관주에 의한 약해는 Maneb, Zineb, Captan 구에서 나타났고 묘삼 뿌리의 생체 무게는 Difolatan, PCNB, Maneb구에서 대조구 보다 증가하였다.

Background: In Korea, seeds of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer need to be stored under cold temperature and high humidity condition for months to break physiological dormancy, making storage difficult until spring-sowing. This study was conducted to test the effects of seed storage conditions and seed treatment on the emergence of seedling after spring-sowing in a nursery greenhouse. Methods and Results: After dehiscence, endocarp dried seeds in mild or completely, and wet seeds were stored in 2℃ and −3.5℃ during winter. Storage at −3.5℃ resulted in a lower emergence rate (ER) than that at 2℃, and additional cold (2℃) treatment before or after storage at −3.5℃ increased the ER. Endocarp dehydration prevented pre-germination at 2℃ storage and increased the ER of seeds stored at −3.5℃. ER was also dependent on the batch of seeds. However, seed treatments before sowing had only limited effects on ER. Root loss was the main reason for damping-off; prolonged cold storage of seeds increased damping-off, as the detection of pathogens was not high. Conclusions: This study showed that storage conditions such as temperature and moisture content of seeds, affect the ER after spring-sowing and vitality of seedlings, suggesting further attention on seed control for secure seedling stands after spring-sowing.

Background : The conventional ginseng breeding is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Furthermore, it is difficult to create new desirable variation such as resistant to various stresses and increased ginsenosides. Therefore, creating variants remains a serious challenge of ginseng breeding. Methods and Results : Gamma irradiation was carried out using a 60Co irradiator (3000Ci, Nordion Inc., Ottawa, Canada) of the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, Korea. The dehiscent seeds were treated 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 150, 200 and 400 Gy. The seed germination was greatly influenced by gamma-ray treatment. It was found that the germination rate decreased significantly when treated at 60 Gy or more. The maximum survival rate was achieved at 20 Gy but there was no significant difference from control. Following exposure to 40 Gy or more, survival rate was declined compared to the control. Gamma irradiation affected not only the germination and survival rate but also the growth of plants germinated from seeds. As gamma irradiation dose increased, the size of the plant decreased sharply and it also had a negative effect on root development. Conclusion : Considering the extent of reduction in the germination and survival rates, as well as growth reduction, the optimal dose of gamma-ray for inducing mutation in ginseng dehiscent seeds was estimated at approximately 40 Gy, because the germination rate observed at 40 Gy was similar to that of the observed in the control, while the survival rate was 50% of the control.

Background : In this study, We will compare germination rate for each bed soil moisture content and find optimal seed germination on bed soil condition. This study was carried out germination efficiency related percent germination, germination energy, mean germination time and germination seed treated bed soil moisture content by volume on dehisced Korean ginseng seeds. Methods and Results : This study was used for conventional seeds of dehisced Korean ginseng seeds. In order to bed soil moisture treatment, We was dried on the soil until 1.5% moisture content and treated 12 different bed soil, soil 100 g volume up water 10 ㎖ for 10% soil moisture content, that contain moisture content (1.5 - 59.66%) at intervals 5 - 10% moisture content in Wagner ports. For bed soil moisture content test, We was sowed 61 Korean ginseng seeds each port on 18-May. In order to maintain the moisture content, The top of the port was covered with vinyl for blocked from the outside air. After sowing seeds, We was examined the germination rate, germination strength (GS), mean days per germination (MDG), and germination speed (GR) at every two days. Our results showed that germination rate was 94.5% at 47.07% moisture content. It had over 90 percent germination rate from 40.90 to 59.96% moisture content. High germination rate treatments also was higher with another traits such as germination strength (GS), mean days per germination (MDG), and germination speed (GR). Conclusion : The germination rate is very important in Korean ginseng cultivation of direct sowing. The soil moisture content is one of the most important environment related germination rate of ginseng seeds. According to our result, 40.90 to 59.96% bed soil moisture content had over 90 percent germination rate. These finding could be used to increase high germination rate, is required to proper irrigation. We will need to proper moisture content to increase high germination rate not only bed soil but also soil.

Background : Ginseng seeds are harvested in immature stages and take 3 - 4 month to be germinated following cold stratification. Improvement of germination speed can be a valuable traits to be characterized for economically important medicinal plant. Modulation of cell wall compositions is also considered as another agricultural trait when the crops can be processed for foods and forages. Here we show the functional characterization of ginseng pPLAIIIβ focused on its possible values on germination and modulation of cell wall compositions. Methods and Results : Patatin-related phospholipase AIII family genes were identified from ginseng EST clones and further confirmed by PCR. Clone showing the highest homology with pPLAIIIβ was overexpressed in model plant Arabidopsis, and it displayed dwarf plants. qPCR analysis showed that pPLAIIIβ expressed in all organs of 2-years-old ginseng. Overexpression of ginseng pPLAIIIβ also displayed apparently enlarged seeds as well as altered germination speed in early stage compared to the control. Chemical stainings and direct quantification of lignin and cellulose were performed to understand the link of cell elongation patterns and cell wall compositions. Conclusion : Overexpression of ginseng pPLAIIIβ inhibited longitudinal cell elongation in all tested organs except seeds which is enlarged in both directions than the control. Shorter root length is related with auxin responsive genes and its dwarf morphological phenotype is resulted in altered cell wall compositions.

Background: Dehisced ginseng seeds need to be stored at cold temperatures for around 3 months to break their physiological dormancy, and thus, to aid in gemination. In the presence of high moisture in such an environment, seed spoilage and pre-germination may lower seed quality and productivity. To improve seed quality during cold-stratification, the effects of seed dehydration and temperature were tested. Methods and Results: In early December, dehisced ginseng seeds were dehydrated at 4 different levels and stored at 2℃- 2℃, and –20℃ for 3 months. Germination was carried out on the filter papers moistened with distilled water; emergence of root, shoot, and seed spoilage were assessed. Seed viability was examined by the tetrazolium test. More than 90% of the seeds stored at 2℃ and –2 ℃ without drying or endocarp dehydration germinated, but seeds that were dehydrated to have a moisture content (MC) below 31% showed poor germination and lost their viability. In addition, the seeds stored at –20℃ failed to show effective germination. Conclusions: Seed storage after endocarp dehydration might help to improve seed quality and increase seedling's ability to stand during the spring-sowing of ginseng.

Background: Developing new ginseng cultivars is a significant time-consuming process owing to the three years of growth required for ginseng to flower. To shorten the ginseng breeding process, it is necessary to establish rapid progression through each generation. In this study, we examined it was possible to rapidly break ginseng seed dormancy using gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment and alternating temperature. Methods and Results: Seeds were obtained from local variety. Seeds were treated with either GA3 at a concentration of 100 ㎎/ℓ, constant temperature (−2℃ and 2℃), alternating temperature (2℃ followed by −2℃, followed by 2℃) or a combination GA3 and temperature treatment. Following experimental treatment, seeds were sown into trays and placed in a greenhouse. Low germination rates were observed in seeds that did not receive GA3 treatment, which were similar following 2℃ and −2℃ constant temperature treatment. Germination rates increased in proportion to GA3 and more so when combined with alternating temperature treatment. In additon, stem and leaf lengths of the resulting ginseng plants were increased following GA3 treatment, although no synergistic effect was observed with alternating temperature treatment. Conclusions: These results suggest that a combination GA3 and alternating temperature treatment enhances ginseng seed germination, which can contribute to shortening the time required to progress through a single ginseng generation for breeding.

Background : When ginseng seeds were gathered, the seeds were unripe. To grow immature embryo definitely, special treatment called dehiscence must be performed. Even though dehiscence is completed, most ginseng seeds are on enforced dormancy. The breaking seed dormancy is generally achieved using cold treatment. Also it is reported that gibberellin treatment can replace the treatment. It is very time consuming process in order to develop new ginseng cultivar because ginseng flowers after 3 years of growth. To shorten the ginseng breeding period, it is necessary to establish fast generation progress. Therefore, this study examined the possibility of breaking seed dormancy of ginseng using GA3 treatment and alternating temperature. Methods and Results : Seeds were obtained from local variety fruit which is not inbred. Gibberellin of 100 ppm was treated at seeds for 24 hours. Fixed cold condition was treated on both –2℃ and 2℃. Alternating cold condition was treated on 2℃ and then –2℃, finally 2℃. Fixed and alternating temperature was continued for 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 days that 15 days of alternating temperature is first 2℃ for 5days and then -2℃ for 5days, finally 2℃ for 5days. The other treatment periods such as 30, 45, 60, 90 days mean 10, 15, 20, 30 days respectively. Each of 48 seeds were sowed on tray in greenhouse at 3 replication. Experimental plot was completely randomized. Conclusion : Seeds untreated with GA3 were germinated little and there is no difference between 2℃ and –2℃. Alternating temperature until 60days made no difference with fixed temperature but germination rate increased up to 70.8% when seeds were treated for 90days. Germination of seeds treated with GA3 is much higher than untreated seeds especially combined with alternating temperature.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of sowing density, number of seeds sown per hole, andthinning treatment on growth characteristics and disease occurrence in Panax ginseng under direct sowing cultivation in ablue plastic greenhouse. Seedling were grown from 2 or 3 seeds sown, and the healthiest was only retained, while the restwere thinned out at the foliation stage. NO3-N, P2O5, and organic matter content differed significantly between growthconditions in the plastic greenhouse and in conventional shade in the soil. Disease also tended to be higher in the conven-tional shade than in the plastic greenhouse. Plant height and stem length showed an increasing trend with increasing sowingdensity and number of seeds sown per hole. However, these measures noticeably decreased when thinning treatment wasconducted. Growth of the subterranean part of ginseng was not markedly influenced by sowing density, the number of seedssown per hole, or thinning treatment. Root weight, which is an important factor in yield, was significantly affected by thenumber of seeds sown and thinning treatment. Interestingly, root weight tended to be higher in the thinning treatment plotthan the untreated control plot. Damping-off and root rot increased noticeably as the number of seeds sown increased. Dis-ease also tended to be substantially higher in the thinning treatment plot than the untreated control. However, physiologicaldisorder of the plants did not vary with sowing density, the number of seeds sown, or thinning treatment.

This study was performed to identify optimal harvesting time of ginseng seeds and to examine the effect of GA3 treatment for improvement of seed stratification rate. Ginseng seeds harvested from Land race, Chunpoong and Yunpoong cultivar in July 20 were tested for stratification rate. It was shown that stratification rates of land race, Yunpoong and Chunpoong cultivar were 94.1%, 93.1%, and 82.6%, respectively. Seeds of Chunpoong cultivar harvested 10-15 days later showed a comparable stratification rate to that of Land race, indicating that late harvest of Chunpoong seeds is beneficial for the increase of stratification rate. The higher stratification rate was found in mature seeds (92.3%) than immature seeds (37.8%), both of which were harvested in July 20. Stratification rate of mature seeds harvested in July 15 was 87.5%, demonstrating optimal harvesting time of ginseng seeds with higher stratification rate is after mid-July. An exponential growth of endosperms of ginseng seeds was observed from early June to mid-June and then slow growth was observed. There was no obvious growth of embryos from fertilization to mid-August. After the this time, embryos quickly grew until late October. Thus, appropriate stratification control is essential during the period (from early September to late October) in order to optimize embryo growth and development. While no increase of stratification rate was observed in seeds treated with 50 ppm of GA3, significant increases were observed in seeds treated with 100 ppm of GA3. At this concentration of GA3, the stratification rate of Land race, Chunpoong and Yunpoong cultivar was 95.0%, 95.3%, and 96.5%, respectively.

This study was conducted to select plant growth regulators effective at ginseng berry set inhibition to help root growth in Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer). PGRs (ethephon, gibberellic acid, maleic hydrazide, coumarin) were applied to field grown 5-year-old Korean ginseng between one and two times, before and during bloom in 2009, 2010. The number of treatment was more effective in ginseng berry set inhibition when used two times compared with one time in GA 1,000 ppm, MH (5,000, 10,000 ppm), coumarin (5,000, 10,000 ppm) treatment. According to treatment period of plant growth regulator, ginseng berry set inhibition rate from 20days before flowering date to 5days after blooming was the highest in MH 5000 ppm showing 99.9% and the lowest in GA 100 ppm showing 32.8%. The spray treatments of Ethephon (50, 150 ppm) and MH (5,000, 10,000 ppm) from 20 days before the flowering bloom up to 5 days before, and coumarin (5,000, 10,000 ppm) from 20 days to 6 days and before blooming that induced the inhibitory effect more than 90% after 12 weeks. Considering ginseng berry set inhibition characteristics and treatment period ethephon and coumarin was important about applied period but, MH treatment appeared to effective ginseng berry set inhibition regardless of treatment period.