To mitigate carbon emissions, the government aims to transition to renewable energy sources including hydrothermal energy, specifically through wastewater heat recovery. This process involves extracting heat from wastewater or treated water. However, assessments of demand sources for local cooling and heating have predominantly focused on the proximity of nearby facilities, without conducting comprehensive demand analyses or defining explicit supply areas. This study proposes a methodology for prioritizing suitable wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for the implementation and expansion of renewable energy. The methodology is based on the gross floor area of potential wastewater heat demand surrounding WWTPs. Initially, potential supply and demand sources were identified based on the capacity of WWTPs and the gross floor area of buildings capable of utilizing wastewater heat. In the Republic of Korea, 330 WWTPs with a capacity of 5,000 m3/day or more have been recognized as demand sources for wastewater heat recovery. The provision of treated wastewater to structures located within a 500 m radius of the WWTPs for heat recovery is considered a feasible option. The potential wastewater heat demand and renewable energy cluster were identified among the surrounding buildings and complexes A total of 13 potential supplies were identified, provided that the gross floor exceeded 60,000 m². Finally, after prioritizing based on WWTPs with these conditions, the underground plant located in the downtown area was ranked as the highest priority. If further analysis of economic feasibility, CO2 reduction, and energy efficiency are conducted, this approach can be expanded and applied within the framework the Water-Energy Nexus. Wastewater heat can be utilized not only as a renewable energy source but also as a means to enhance wastewater reuse through the supply of treated wastewater.

Background: Children with cerebral palsy face challenges in maintaining body stability because of structural and functional defects. Their ability for responsive balance control is diminished. While there exist various trunk stabilization exercises such as Kinetic Link training (KLT) and the Bird-dog posture, there is a notable dearth of research that applies KLT specifically to children with cerebral palsy. Objectives: To investigate the effects of KLT and Bird-dog exercise on gross motor function and balance in children with cerebral palsy. Design: Quaxi-experimental study. Methods: The study participants were randomly divided into two groups: 15 individuals in the KLT group and 15 in the Bird-dog group. General characteristics were examined, and initial measurements of Gross motor function measure (GMFM) and Pediatric balance scale (PBS) were taken prior to the intervention. Each group engaged in KLT exercises and Bird-dog exercises for 20 minutes, three times a week over an 8 week period. Following the completion of the 8 week intervention, secondary measurements of GMFM and PBS were conducted. Results: In the KLT group, both PBS and GMFM showed a significant increase after the intervention compared to before (P<.05). Similarly, in the Bird-dog group, both PBS and GMFM significantly increased after the intervention compared to before (P<.05). There was a significant difference observed in PBS when comparing the pre- and post-intervention changes between the two groups (P<.05), whereas no significant difference was found in GMFM between the groups when comparing the pre- and post-intervention changes (P>.05). Conclusion: The interventions involving KLT and Bird-dog exercises were observed to effectively enhance PBS and GMFM in children with cerebral palsy. Specifically, it was evident that KLT was more beneficial in improving balance abilities compared to Bird-dog exercise.

항만에 배치되는 수역시설 중 정박지는 대상 선박이 주묘되지 않고 안전하게 정박할 수 있도록 충분한 수면적을 확보하여야 한다. 이러한 수면적의 계산 시에는 대상 선박의 전장, 수심, 저질 등의 요소를 고려하는 것이 일반적이다. 그러나, 국내 각 항만의 항만시 설운영세칙(혹은 규정)에는 정박지의 선박수용능력 기준으로 총톤수를 사용하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 총톤수 단위의 정박지 선박수용능력 기준을 선박의 전장으로 변환하여 실제 대상 선박의 투묘 중 선회 반경을 계산한 결과, 분석 대상 90개의 정박지 중 25개의 정박지(27.8%) 에서 선회 반경이 지정된 수면적을 초과하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석 결과를 바탕으로, 국내 각 항만의 항만시설운영세칙(혹은 규 정) 상 정박지 선박수용능력 기준을 전장으로 개정하고, 관련 해사 법령의 해당 조항 개정을 개선방안으로 제시하였다.

이 논문은 총톤수 5톤 미만 선박의 소형선박조종사 면허제도 도입과 관련하 여 선원의 해기능력을 확보하고 검증하기 위한 교육훈련에 관한 구체적 시행 방안을 마련하는 것을 그 목적으로 한다. 이 연구의 방법론으로 총톤수 5톤 미만인 선박의 해양사고 발생률과 그 원인에 관한 통계분석, 소형선박에 승무 하는 선원과 선주를 대상으로 한 설문조사와 분석 그리고 대만, 일본 및 캐나 다의 사례조사와 문헌연구를 채택하였다. 총톤수 5톤 미만 선박의 소형선박조종사면허 제도 도입과 함께 시행되어야 할 선원교육 과정은 승무경력을 기준으로 유경험자와 신규유입자로 구분하여 시행되어야 할 필요성이 있다. 또한 신면허 제도의 정착을 위해서 신규유입자 를 대상으로 한 교육을 별도로 시행하되 해외사례를 참조하여 교육기간 중에 시험평가가 동시에 이루어질 수 있는 방안이 고려되어야 한다. 이를 위해서 실 선훈련과 시뮬레이터훈련 방안을 병행해서 고려할 필요성이 있으며 이 연구의 구체적 실행을 위하여 법률개정과 사회적 합의 도출 등의 후속조치가 이루어질 필요가 있다.

목적 : 본 연구는 베일리 영유아 발달검사 3판 대근육 운동척도를 한국판(Korean-Bayley-Ⅲ; K-Bayley-Ⅲ)으로 타당화하기 위하여 문항분석과 신뢰도 및 타당도를 검증하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 본 연구의 참여자는 생후 16일에서 42개월 15일의 영유아 1,764명으로, 지역 및 성별, 모의 학력에 따라서 층화 표집되었다. 문항분석을 위하여 문항반응이론에 근거한 문항 난이도 분석과 고전검사이론을 통한 문항 통과율을 분석하였고, 신뢰도를 검증하기 위하여 반분신뢰도를 이용한 내적일관성, 검사-재검사 신뢰도, 평정자간 일치도를 살펴보았으며, 상호상관검증을 통해 수렴타당도와 변별타당도를 확인하였다. 결과 : 첫째, K-Bayley-Ⅲ 대근육 운동척도의 난이도를 조사한 결과, 총 72개의 문항은 원척도와 유사하게 쉬운 문항에서 어려운 문항까지 비교적 순차적으로 배치되어 있었다. 또한 시작점과 기저선 문항의 적절성을 알아보기 위하여 월령 단계별 문항 통과율을 확인한 결과, 대부분의 월령 단계에서 시작점과 기저선 문항이 적절한 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 척도의 신뢰도 분석 결과, 대부분의 월령 단계에서 문항 내적일관성이 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 검사-재검사 신뢰도 및 평정자간 일치도도 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 마지막으로 타당도 검증 결과, 대근육 운동척도는 운동척도와는 높은 상호상관을 보인 반면 언어척도와는 중간 정도의 상호상관을 보여 수렴 및 변별타당도가 확보되었다. 결론 : 본 연구를 통해 K-Bayley-Ⅲ 대근육 운동척도가 한국 영유아의 대근육 운동발달을 평가하는데 타당하고 신뢰로운 척도임이 입증되었다.

Predicting a box office gross in the film industry is an important goal. Many works have analyzed the elements of a film making. Previous studies have suggested several methods for predicting box office such as a model for distinguishing people's reactions by using a sentiment analysis, a study on the period of influence of word-of-mouth effect through SNS. These works discover that a word of mouth (WOM) effect through SNS influences customers’ choice of movies. Therefore, this study analyzes correlations between a box office gross and a ratio of people reaction to a certain movie by extracting their feedback on the film from before and after of the film opening. In this work, people’s reactions to the movie are categorized into positive, neutral, and negative opinions by employing sentiment analysis. In order to proceed the research analyses in this work, North American tweets are collected between March 2011 and August 2012. There is no correlation for each analysis that has been conducted in this work, hereby rate of tweets before and after opening of movies does not have relationship between a box office gross.

요즘 교육의 화두는 행복교육이다. 우리 삶의 목적은 누구나 행복이고 따라서 교육의 궁극적인 목적도 행복인데 행복은 그냥 주어지는 것이 아니라 만들어가는 것이다. 따라서 행복도 능력이라는 것이며 어려서부터 길러야할 학습인 것이다. 장애인과 탈북 가정, 그리고 열악한 조손가정이 많은 12학급의 소규모, 교육복지특별지원학교인 본교의 특성 때문에 학교구성원 모두가 행복할 수 있는 방향을 찾기 위해 연구주제를 ‘학교조직의 참여문화 프로그램’을 적용한 공동체 행복지수 높이기로 설정했다. 실천과제 첫번째로 구성원 모두의 관심을 높이고 기반환경을 조성하기 위해 교사들이 교육활동에 전념 할 수 있도록 학교조직을 효율화하고, 원활한 소통로 만들기로 설정하였다. 학부모와 지역사회의 참여를 위한 교육기부 활용은 전문적 지식과 준비된 도구로 많은 도움이 되었지만 초등학생에게 어려운 용어 사용 및 다소 지루한 수업 방법은 개선이 필요하였다. 소외계층의 참여를 위한 대청아카데미와 동생행복도우미 프로그램도 운영, 대청아카데미는 기본학습과 인성체험학습을 병행하고, 동생행복도우미는 대학생봉사활동을 지원받아 돌봄 및 상담, 학습지도의 혜택을 받기 때문에 학부모들로부터 좋은 호응을 얻었다. 실천과제 두 번째로 행복지수를 높이기 위해, 행복노트 활용을 통한 행복동행 프로그램, 고운말 존댓말 사용하기를 통한 예절동행 프로그램, 편지쓰기를 통한 감사동행 프로그램을 운영하여 자존감을 높이고 조그만 일에도 감사할 줄 아는 능력을 기르게 되어 행복지수를 높이는 생활습관화 역할을 하였다. 실천과제 세번째는 지속적인 참여문화 확산을 통하여 꿈과 끼를 키우는 실천장 만들기로 81%의 매우 높은 만족도를 보인 만들어 가는 행복, 꿈찾는 커리어코치 프로그램에서 자신의 진로를 찾아가는 일련의 활동들은 학생들에게 아주 소중한 기회가 되었다. 학생과 학부모가 모두 행복한 방학학교 프로그램에서는 생활지도의 사각지대에 놓이는 방학동안에 다양한 특기와 체험프로그램을 운영하여 80%의 매우 높은 만족도를 얻었다. 본 연구는 학교 구성원들에게 모두 행복교육의 중요성을 인식 시켰으며, 다양한 프로그램 실행으로 학부모들의 학교교육에 관심과 신뢰도가 높아진 결과를 보였다.

The aim of this experiment was to count excreted oocysts and to evaluate gross lesions and histopathological changes in broiler chicks infected with Eimeria; E. acervulina (Ea), E. maxima (Em), and E. tenella (Et). Twelve-day-old broiler chicks without infection with Eimeria spp. were used in this experiment. On day 12, the chicks in group Ea (n=3), Em (n=3), and Et (n=3) received oral inoculation with 5 × 10 sporulated oocysts of Ea, Em, and Et per 1 mL of tap water, while control chicks were injected with tap water of equal amount. The prepatent period (PP) for Ea, Em, and Et was four, five, and six days, respectively. To evaluate the progress of the coccidiosis, post-mortem analysis method and histopathological evaluation were performed two days after PP of Ea and Et, and three days after PP of Em at two-day intervals on one bird from each group. Intestinal segments (Ea, duodenum and upper intestine; Em, mid intestine; and, Et, cecum) of all chicks were obtained from the autopsied birds. Among pathological changes of coccidiosis, target parts of small intestine and caecal pouches showed mucosal petechiation and white plaques streaks in the duodenum. Histopathological evidence showed upper small intestinal villus preserved with different phases of parasite (zygotes, oocysts, macro- and micro-gametocytes) after infection with Ea in broiler chicks. Zygotes in the lamina propria and fusion of middle small intestinal villi in broilers infected with Em and invasion of the caecal crypt of oocysts and granulomatous inflammation of caecal submucosa in broilers infected with Et were found.

As a results of comparing with fire occurrences and gross national income(GNI), annual fire increasing rate has been 5.6%, and that of GNI has been 11% for the past 55 years. As GNI shows 5.4% higher than fire occurrences, economy growing rate is faster than that of fires. In addition, study has been done every 10 years from 1950's to 2000's. Fire occurrences increase twice as much annually and GNI increases above 3.3 times as much.

The purpose of this study was to validate the Korean version of the Gross Motor Function Measure (GMFM) using Rasch analysis. The data was obtained from the assessments of 59 children with cerebral palsy in Korea and were applied to Rasch's rating scale model to estimate the difficulty and goodness-of-fit of each item. Rasch modeling helped us to identify 76 items from the original 88-item GMFM that form an unidimensional hierarchical scale to rearrange 76 items in order of difficulty. Reliability coefficients of the 88-item and 76-item GMFM were .99 and .99, respectively. In this preliminary report, the Korean version of GMFM seems to have significant validity and reliability. These results may be useful in assessment of gross motor functions in children with cerebral palsy.

대동작 운동 수행능력 측정도구(GMPM)는 뇌성마비 아동의 움직임을 질적인 면에서 평가하기 위해 개발된 도구이다. 이 연구의 목적은 대동작 운동 수행능력 측정도구의 측정자간 신뢰도를 알아보는 것이다. 뇌성마비 아동 10명(평균 5.6세, 범위 4~8세)에게 GMPM 평가를 실시하였다. 평가 과정을 비디오로 녹화하여 각 속성 항목별로 3명의 평가자간의 급간내 상관계수로 일치도를 보았다. 전반적으로 측정자간 신뢰도는 '불량~보통'범주에 속했다. 이 연구의

This paper presents the relevance between GMFM and the spatiotemporal parameters of gait in children with cerebral palsy. Twenty-one children ( months) with cerebral palsy participated in this study. GMFM was performed and spatiotemporal parameters of gait were measured by foot print gait analysis. A correlation analysis was used to investigate the correlation between GMFM scores and spatiotemporal parameters of gait. A linear regression analysis was employed to find how much each gait spatiotemporal parameters could be predicted from GMFM scores. The total GMFM scores was significantly correlated with walking speed, cadence, and stride length. Dimensions D (standing) and E (walking, running, and jumping) were more significantly correlated with gait spatiotemporal parameters than dimensions A (lying and rolling), B (sitting), and C (crawling and kneeling). The GMFM scores were useful for predicting spatiotemporal parameters. However, it is difficult to predict the status of gait development using GMFM scores because GMFM scores and gait spatiotemporal parameters are only measured as quantities not qualities. In the field, it is easily found that many children with cerebral palsy are unable to walk in any way. Consequently, gait analysis cannot be performed in many cases. Therefore, it is more reasonable to investigate the influence of GMFM on spatiotemporal parameters, rather than vice versa.

The purpose of this study was to examine the inter-rater reliability of the Korean translation of the GMFM(Gross Motor Function Measure). Three licensed physical therapists with varying amounts(2 - 6 years) of clinical experience served as raters. Thirty patients with cerebral palsy were subjects for this study. Subjects were 22 boys and 8 girls, aged 1 to 8 years. Reliability of each dimension and each total score of the GMGM were analyzed using ICCs(intraclass correlation coefficients). The reliability of each dimension score ranged from .76 to .98, with the walking, running, and jumping dimension having higher reliability values. The reliability of the total dimension score was .94. We conclude that the GMFM has inter-rater reliability for assessing gross motor function in patients with cerebral palsy.

In order to establish disposal plans for sludge, which is one of the untreated waste materials from domestic nuclear power plants, it is necessary to determine the radioactivity concentration of radioactive isotopes. In this study, we aim to evaluate the gross alpha radioactivity of sludge containing radioactive contaminants after pre-treatment, in order to assess the level of sludge waste and obtain analytical data for discussing disposal methods. Samples of sludge generated from nuclear power plants were pre-treated, solutionized, and prepared as analysis samples for evaluating the gross alpha radioactivity.

When self-disposing of radioactive waste, it is important to follow the acceptable concentration standards for each nuclide set by the Nuclear Safety and Security Commission (NSSC). Gamma-emitting nuclides can be easily analyzed with a simple pretreatment process, but beta-emitting nuclides require a chemical separation procedure to be analyzed for radiochemistry analysis. When analyzing betaemitting nuclides for the purpose of self-disposal, there may be difficulties in radiation detection after the chemical separation process. This is because the concentration of beta nuclides in the sample may be low and some of them may be lost during the chemical separation. Therefore, measurement method of gross-beta activity can be used instead of that of each nuclide to access the compliance of selfdisposal criteria. While a proportional counter is commonly used to measure gross-beta activity, liquid scintillation counting can also be used to measure gross-beta, and we plan to compare the results of both methods.

To investigate the nexus between urban population, gross capital formation, and economic growth in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, yearly data was collected from the World Bank for the period 1974- 2018. Basic statistics test and correlation matrix was used to investigate the causal effect among the tested parameters, followed by Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) stationary test, co-integration analysis by Johansen test after that Vector Auto-Correction Model for both short-run and long-run and finally the Granger-Causality tests. Result of unit root test analysis shows that the urban population became stationary at I (0) level while economic growth and gross capital formation became stationary at I (1). Johansen co-integration analysis indicates that there is presence of both long-run and short-run relationship between the three variables in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The result of the VECM Model reflects that both economic growth and gross capital formation have a negative impact on urban population in the short run. According to the Granger-Causality tests, there is unidirectional causality with the urban population by both gross capital formation and economic growth. Also, the result of the Granger Causality tests show that there is unidirectional causality between economic growth and gross capital formations.