In this paper, we propose a analysis of domestic and foreign standards on protecting human body from EMF(Electromagnetic filed) and effect of the human body through EMF analysis of military electronic equipment in operation. We measured the EMF intensity of the side lobe and back lobe main beam on Radar Equipment at an accessible position. As a result, it was confirmed that the measured EMF intensity of three types of radar equipment did not exceed the standard on domestic protecting human body from EMF.

철도교통은 기술적, 사회적, 문화적 환경의 변화 및 고속철도의 확장과 철도 구조개혁 등으로 현장에서의 인적요인으로 인한 오류가 증가로 안전을 위협하는 요소가 날로 증가하는 추세로 안전신뢰성 확보는 절대적이다. 따라서 인적오류를 근절하기 위한 안전시스템의 적정성 및 신뢰도에 대한 분석과 해외 선진철도의 안전정책 및 안전시스템의 변화와 발전 추세를 분석하여 국내 철도안전의 방향을 제시하고자 한다.

선박의 기계식 환기시스템은 화재발생 시 연기의 생성과 확산 특성에 영향을 미치고, 이는 피난자의 피난경로 상의 가시도를 방해함으로써 피난자의 연기로 인한 피해를 증가시킬 위험성이 크다. 이에 이 연구에서는 선박 거주구역에서 화재발생 시 기계식 급·배기시스템이 연기확산에 미치는 영향과 위험성에 대하여 FDS를 활용하여 평가하고 화재 시 급·배기시스템을 효율적으로 사용할 수 있는 방안을 제안하였다. 연구결과 화재가 발생한 장소에 급·배기시스템이 함께 작동되고 있는 경우에는 현재 권장되고 있는 급·배기시스템을 멈추는 방법보다 작동을 유지하는 것이 효과적이고, 배기시스템만 작동되는 곳에서 화재가 발생한 경우에는 화재가 발생한 구역 이외의 구역에서 급기시스템을 함께 작동시키는 것이 피난시간을 확보하는데 효과적인 것으로 예측되었다. 그러나 화재가 발생한 곳에 급기시스템만 있는 경우에는 급기시스템이 연기확산을 가속시키기 때문에 급기방식을 중단시켜 연기의 확산을 최대한 억제할 필요가 있음을 확인하였다.

경주에 저준위 및 극저준위 방사성폐기물을 영구적으로 처분하기 위한 2단계 처분시설이 표층처분시설로 건설된다. 처분시 설은 폐쇄 후 제도적 관리기간 동안에는 일반인의 부주의한 침입을 제한하지만, 제도적 관리기간 이후에는 일반인에 대한 접근이 제한되지 않는다. 이에 따라 거주 및 자원 탐사 등을 목적으로 한 인간침입 행위가 발생될 수 있으며, 이 경우 침입자 에 대한 방사선 영향은 일반인에 대한 선량한도로 제한되어야 한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 부지 특성을 반영하여 시추 및 시 추 후 거주시나리오를 설정하고 종류 및 준위별 발생량을 고려하여 선정된 처분고내 폐기물에 대하여 평가하였다. 첫째, 시 추 및 시추 후 거주시나리오의 평가결과가 모두 규제 제한치를 만족하였다. 둘째, 평가결과 시추 후 거주시나리오가 시추시 나리오에 비해 중요한 시나리오임을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, 폐쇄 후 인간침입 시점과 침입자의 행위에 따라 침입자가 지배적으 로 영향 받는 핵종이 다름을 알 수 있었다. 넷째, 인간행위와 관련된 입력 자료의 민감도 분석결과 모두 규제 제한치를 만족 하였다. 특히 민감도 분석결과, 토양재분배인자에 피폭선량이 가장 민감하게 변동됨을 알 수 있었다. 다섯째, 인간침입평가 측면에서 폐기물의 바람직한 정치방안을 살펴본 결과, 폐필터 폐기물은 가능한 폐수지 및 농축폐액 폐기물보다 잡고체 폐기 물과 정치하며 폐필터 폐기물 비율을 낮추는 것이 개인최대 피폭선량을 줄이고 선량한도 대비 안전여유도를 높이기 위해서 바람직함을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 연구결과는 처분시설의 개발 시 인간침입을 고려한 표층처분시설의 강건성과 심층방어를 위한 Safety Case 구축을 위하여 활용하고자 한다.

The objective of this study is to safety assessment for human body on the guided missile combustion products. This study is to verify the safety assessment when operating the interior missile ejection take on verify the safety of the human body. During the missile ejection of combustion products, this study is analyzed combustion products. Result are accepted NIOSH and KOSHA of the safe guideline, and 6 exposure gas to the specified values 42% (CO), 22% (CO2), not detected (others) are within minimal exposures criteria of the reference value respectively. Contribution of these results supported that interior missile ejection during combustion products may have been ensured human safely. Therefore, the future for improving the environmental safety of the shooting projectile steel plate round, dust collector, ventilation and other facilities is to improve environmental safety and efficient renovated design needed by target focused areas.

Aviation safety is increasingly important to secure the safety of the Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF). A critical activity for enhancing aviation safety is to analyze an accident throughly and to identify causes that can explain it reasonably. The results of such a systematic accident investigation can be effectively used for improving information displays, task procedures, and training systems as well as for reorganizing team structure and communication control system. However, the current practice of analyzing aviation accidents in ROKAF is too superficial and simple to diagnose them systematically. Additionally, the current practice does not give a full consideration to human factors that have been identified as main causes of most of the aviation accidents. With this issue in mind, this study aims to suggest a new approach to analyzing aviation accidents related to human factors.The proposed method is developed on the basis of several models and frameworks about system safety, human error, and human-system interaction. Its application to forty-two human factors-related accidents, which have occurred in ROKAF during the last ten years, showed that the proposed method could be a useful tool for analyzing aviation accidents caused by human factors.

해양운송분야에서 인적 오류의 비중 및 피해가 막대하지만, 선박운항자 관점에서의 안전성 평가를 위한 구체적인 수단이나 기술의 개발은 미흡하며, 해양사고의 예방을 위한 인간공학적 시험평가 기법 및 항해장비와의 인터페이스 설계를 위한 관련 연구가 미흡하다. 즉, 해상교통 안전성 평가를 위한 선박운항 시뮬레이터의 활용도와 신뢰성을 높이기 위한 정량적 지표의 개발이 시급히 요구되고 있다. 본 논문에서는 해상교통 안전성 평가를 위한 인간공학적 실험평가 기

There is no universally agreed classification of human error, nor is there one in prospect. Thus, a taxonomy is usually made for a specific purpose. To seek the types of human errors in the environment of man-machine interface under the railway industry, we develop a cognitive information processing model incorporating the human's mental states. Using the model, this study investigates the types of human errors about the railway workers. Thus, a survey is conducted for railway safety personnel-locomotive engineers, station employees, and train commanders- in Korean railway company. Through the survey that is designed to investigate four types of human errors from the Questionnaires composed of thirty Questions, we analyze the types of human errors related to railway safety according to affiliated offices, operation shifts, age, and working years. Finally, from the insights of the results some guidelines for the railway safety management are presented.

  In this paper, we described the existing methodology of product safety analysis and proposed a Petri-nets based method to analyze product safety systematically. The proposed method can be used to find the defects of hardware/software and the error of hu

The chemical factory deals with dangerous element and more advance, human-error analyzes and becomes effective research for the country and region. This paper analysis the form of work-miss on human-error according to a safety accident for domestic chemical factory from 1999-2002. It include the present contents and raise issues human knowledge, behavior, judgment, sensibility as an important counter plan that makes the safety solution of work miss. For the point of view of human knowledge, it takes color standard for works to be effective in work place. For behavior, the test has been for risk Point of work place and infra worker movement, also the workers performed professional work as classify according to work. For judgement, the valuation sheet is reflected to minimize the human-error and the 3rd supervisor does a cross-check audit beforehand. For sensibility, it is applicable for human relations, information, communication by program to the consciousness and an attitude of worker-supervisor.

The chemical factory deals with dangerous element and more advance, human-error analyzes and becomes effective research for the country and region, this paper analyes the form of work-miss on human-error according to a safety accident for domestic chemical factory from 1999-2002. It include the present contents and raise issues human knowledge, behavior, judgment, sensibility as an important counterplan that makes the safety solution of work miss. For the point of view of human knowledge, it takes color standard for works to be effective in work place. for behavior, the test has been for risk point of work place and infra worker movement, also the workers performed professional work as classify according to work. for judgement, the valuation sheet is reflected to minimize the human -error and the 3rd supervisor does a cross-check audit beforehand. For sensibility, it is applicable for human relations, information, communication by program to the consciousness and an attitude of worker-supervisor.

For the safety extirpation in case of acute pulpitis with painless procedure, lots of pulp devitalizers have been designed for a long time. Authors have manufactured experimental pulp devitalizer with adding some other constituents for main components of paraformaldehyde and local anesthetics. The purpose of this study was to observe the histopathologic tissue response in pulp tissues by applying newly developed safety pulp devitalizer to the human tooth. For this experiments 5 human teeth in 4 patients (ages of 26 to 49) were used. In case of acute pulpitis with pulp exposure, divided into two groups; One group, carious dentin removed, and then was applied newly developed devitalizer directly to exposed small pulp tissues. Other group, was exposed the pulp chamber, pulpotomized and then the devitalizer was applied to remaining pulp tissues. The teeth were extracted on 3rd and 7th day after operation respectively. For the control group, Depulpin? was used as pulp devitalizer. All the extracted teeth were fixed in 10% neutral formalin solution, decalcified in Plank-Richlo solution, embedded in paraffin, sectioned 6-8㎛ in thickness, stained with hematoxylin-eosin stain method, and examined under microscope. Attained results were as follows; 1. There were no difference in histopathologic aspects either exposed or not pulp chamber, the extent of necrosis of pulp tissue and destruction of odontoblast was similar to that on the 3rd day of control group and both the 3rd and 7th day of the experimental group. 2. For the necrosis of pulp tissue and destruction of odontoblast on the 3rd day of control group exposed pulp chamber, was similar to that on the 3rd day of experimental group exposed small pulp tissue. The experimental pulp devitalizer could reduce the side effects, which reduced the amount of paraformaldehyde components, adding other constituents, reduced the duration of pulp devitalization, and useful whether exposed or not the pulp chamber.

감성과학은 인간의 감성을 정성하고, 더 정량적으로 측정 평가하고 이를 제품이나 환경설계에 응용하여 보다 편리하고 안락하며, 안전하게 나아가 인간의 삶을 쾌적하게 하고자 하는 기술이다. 본 연구에서는 사상 체질론, 오행 체질론, 바이오리듬의 감성적 요소를 감성과학의 관점에서 고찰하고, 각 기질이나 상태별로 반응시간 측정기로 반응시간을 측정하고, 반응시간의 차이를 분산분석(ANOVA)을 이용 비교ㆍ분석하여 객관적으로 평가하고, 직무설계에 이용하고자 한다.

Background : The human patch test is a method used to evaluate potential skin irritation after contact with a cosmetic materials. Pectin lyase-modified red ginseng extract (GS-E3D) is a newly developed ginsenoside Rd-enriched ginseng extract. This study was designed to investigate the skin safety of GS-E3D in human patch test. Methods and Results : Thirty two female volunteers were tested with GS-E3D. GS-E3D (20 ㎕) was applied to occlusive patch test devices and was then applied onto the back of subject with normal skin for 24 hours. Cutaneous irritation responses were evaluated and graded according to criterion of International Contact Dermatitis Research Group (ICDRG) at 30 min, 24 hours, and 48 hours after removing of GS-E3D patch. The average age of subjects was 47.3 ± 9.3 years. Skin reactivity calculated from irritation score in GS-E3D treated group was 0.51 and skin irritation score of no application group was 0, respectively. Skin irritancy was no response in both GS-E3D treated group and no application group. From above data, GS-E3D was identified as a non-irritant according to ICDRG guideline that skin irritation score of ‘0.00 - 0.75’ is a non-irritant. Conclusion : These results indicate that GS-E3D can be useful as a safe cometic ingredient.

국민의 생명과 안전을 위한 재난관리 역량을 향상시키기 위한 다양한 논의를 시도하였다. 미래 기후변화에 따라 예상되는 여름철 폭염으로 인한 인적·경제적 피해에 대비하고, 효율적으로 대처함으로써 폭염 피해를 경감할 수 있는 새로운 대책 발굴 및 중장기적 추진방안을 마련하고자 하였고, 건강, 보건·의료 분야의 화산재 관리기준 및 대응 매뉴얼 개발과 건강, 보건·의료 분야의 화산재 피해경감 종합대책 수립을 위한 연구를 진행하였다. 또한 삼풍사고 이후 지난 20년간 재난간호역량을 주제로 한 일차적 연구에 대한 체계적 고찰을 시도하였고, 세월호 침몰 재난 사례분석을 통해 드러난 문제점을 바탕으로 향후 우리나라의 재난관리 방향을 제시하고 해양재난 발생 시 국민의 생명 보호를 위한 방안을 논의하였다. 한편, 우리나라의 재난안전 대책이 기술과 공법 중심의 하드웨어 대책과 재난안전의 통합적 관리를 지향하는 시스템화에 치중해온 한계를 넘어 재난안전의 사회가치화 전략의 필요성에 대해 검토하였으며, 자연재해경감을 위한 방재정보 관리의 효율화 방안으로 내용요소, 과정요소, 상황요소로 구분하여 제안코자 하였다. 마지막으로 국민의 생명과 안전을 위해 기후의 변화가 인류의 문화적 문명사에 미친 영향을 역사적으로 새겨 봄으로써 향후 발생할 수 있는 기후변화에 적응하고 대응할 수 있는 문화적 지혜를 함양하고자 하였다.

It can be said that the relationship between the maneuvering ability of operators and the navigational environment affects the safe degree of navigation in the collision avoidance situation. In order to reduce the occurrence probability of accident and to maintain the safety, it is necessary to clarify the relationship between human behavior and navigational environment. In this study, therefore, we analyzed and discussed the relationship between the maneuvering characteristics and the safety focused on human behavior as a fundamental factor of marine accidents using ship handling simulator and questionnaire. As a result, we concluded that navigational environment changes variously and the maneuvering ability of operators also varies with the navigational environment, and the ship handling characteristics strongly affect the occurrence probability of accident.