This study aimed to verify the validity of the evaluation items and weight determination of the indoor environmental safety area, which has the most frequent accidents, among the safety certification evaluations of educational facilities by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea, which has been conducted since May 2021. As a preceding study, the evaluation items of the school safety evaluation checklist being implemented in the US state of Vermont were compared, and the causes of accidents judged by teachers in the accident experiences written by 200 Korean teachers were compared with the safety certification evaluation items belonged to the Ministry of Education. In addition, research literature using the AHP analysis technique on safety risks of elementary and secondary schools in China and safety evaluation index study cases of 539 elementary school children in Indonesia were analyzed. Through these preceding studies, measures to add and adjust evaluation items were derived and the validity and importance rankings of evaluation items were calculated through AHP questionnaires to teachers and safety experts. In addition, a survey was conducted on 104 ordinary people to verify the results of expert analysis. As a result of expert AHP analysis, 'safety education and disaster response training (.396)' was the highest priority for the relative importance of the first layer, followed by 'safety measures (.387)' and 'building materials'. Safety (.216)' was found to be the highest priority. In the overall importance ranking of the 13 second-tier screening items, safety accident prevention education had the highest priority and disaster preparedness training ranked second, proving that the Ministry of Education's review weight was underestimated. In addition, slip and collision accident countermeasures, which were not in the existing Ministry of Education review items, ranked 4th, laboratory practice room safety measures ranked 6th, and sanitation, cleanliness, hazardous substance management, and cafeteria/cooking room safety measures ranked 9th, indicating a significant level of importance. Referring to the importance ranking, which is the result of this study, it is suggested that it is necessary to review the weight of each review item again.

This study examines the effects of surrounding outdoor environmental characteristics in multi-use public facilities that are used by the susceptible population, on the concentration and distribution of indoor airborne bacteria. For this study, areas were divided into ‘factory area,’ ‘city area,’ and ‘forest area.’ The research was conducted from October 2017 to April 2018, and the selected target facilities were daycare centers, hospitals, postpartum care centers, and nursing homes for the elderly. In order to measure airborne bacteria, indoor air samples were collected using a six-stage viable particulate cascade impactor, and airborne bacteria samples were collected using MCE (Mixed cellulose esters) filters. Moreover, the outdoor airborne bacteria concentration was also measured to determine the concentration ratio (I/O ratio) of the total indoor airborne bacteria and total outdoor airborne bacteria concentrations. The results showed that the total outdoor airborne bacteria concentration was highest in the city area, with 74.2 ± 60.0 CFU/m3, and the lowest in the factory area, with 45.9 ± 35.8 CFU/m3. Furthermore, the distribution of the total outdoor airborne bacteria concentrations significantly differed across each surrounding environment (p < 0.05). On the other hand, no statistically significant difference in total indoor airborne bacteria concentrations, according to surrounding environments, was observed (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that the concentration of outdoor airborne bacteria differs across surrounding environments, unlike that of the indoor airborne bacteria.

The objective of this study is to identify the research trend in the field of indoor environment in Korea. We collected 419 papers published in the Journal of the Korean Society for indoor environment between 2004 and 2018, and attempted to produce datasets using a topic modeling technique, Latent Dirichlet Allocation(LDA). The result of topic modeling showed that 8 topics (“VOCs investigation”, “Subway environment”, “Building thermal environment”, “School health”, “Building particulate matter”, “Asbestos risk”, “Radon risk”, “Air cleaner and treatment”) could be extracted using Gibbs sampling method. In terms of topic trends, investigation of volatile organic compounds, subway environment, school health, and building particulate matter showed a decreasing tendency, while the building thermal environment, asbestos risk, radon risk, air cleaners, and air treatment showed an increasing tendency. The results of this topic modeling could help us to understand current trends related indoor environment, and provide valuable information in developing future research and policy frameworks.

In this study, we analyzed the factors affecting the concentration of airborne asbestos fiber in the indoor and outdoor environment of a slate roofing house, and performed a health risk assessment of residents living in houses with slate roofs. Sampling was conducted at ten houses with slate roofs on 3 different days under different weather conditions. A high flow rate pump was used for sampling. The specimen was assessed using a phase-contrast microscope. The degree of risk of exposure to asbestos was assessed using EPA’s carcinogen risk assessment method. Asbestos fiber concentrations for slate roofing houses were 2.43 fiber/L inside and 2.46 fiber/L outside, respectively. The correlation between the indoor and outdoor asbestos fiber concentration was 0.486. But on both sides, the asbestos fiber concentrations did not exceed the standard (10 fiber/L) for ambient air in Korea. The factors affecting the concentration of asbestos fiber were year of construction (p<0.05), total roof area (p<0.05) and average wind velocity (p<0.01). According to EPA’s ELCR (Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk) on air pollution substances, a level of 1.0E-04~1.0E-06 should be maintained. However, the ELCR level of 6 out of 10 houses was over 1.0E-04. Therefore, a risk management plan for residents of slate roofing houses must be prepared immediately.

Mold is one of the important bio-aerosols affecting human health in the indoor environment. To manage mold contamination, it is necessary to use an appropriate method for its detection and enumeration. Recently, the impaction method of ISO 16000-18 has been established as one of methods to detect and enumerate molds in air. To investigate the general use of the impaction method for mold detection in domestic indoor environments, the suitability of the method was assessed using different antibiotics, media and air samplers. All of the three antibiotics tested - ampicillin, chloramphenicol and streptomycin - showed inhibitory effects on bacterial colony formation on MEA and DG-18 media, without inhibiting mold growth. Of these three antibiotics, ampicillin was the most effective. There was no statistical difference between MEA and DG-18 media in the measurement of mold concentration. The formation of discriminative colony morphology was more apparent in DG-18 media. No significant difference in the measurement of mold concentration was found between Andersen samplers and MAS- 100NT samplers, which are two major samplers introduced in Korea.

Ventilation devices and room air cleaners can be used to remove indoor contaminants from indoor air. Generally, room air cleaners are rated according to clean air delivery rate (CADR). However, a similar metric for ventilation has not been used to be compared with CADR of room air cleaner. The CADRs and cost-effectiveness metrics (CADR/kw) of ventilation devices and room air cleaners were newly defined and theoretically compared for a child care center. The results indicate that the CADRs of room air cleaner were greater than that of ventilation. A higher collection efficiency for the particles guaranteed a higher CADR for ventilation. Ventilation filter had a performance that exceeds MERV11 should be used to effectively control the indoor particle concentration. The stand alone type air cleaner was found to have the best performance in the cost-effectiveness. The reason for this is that the effective air cleaning ratio of the stand alone type air cleaner is higher than that of the others and the power consumption of the stand alone type air cleaner is lowest.

We estimated decreasing rate of indoor air pollutants with are airborne bacteria, airborne fungi, formaldehyde, total volatile organic compounds, PM10, and PM2.5 in 10 children’s hospitals and 6 childbirth houses located in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do from November to December in 2012. Sectional period was respectively divided for operating and non-operating the air cleaners. There was a trend that concentration of surveyed pollutants in children’s hospitals and childbirth houses during operating period decreased among indoor air. We used Monte-Calro simulation to remove uncertainty and identify efficiency of eliminated pollutants such as surveyed pollutants by the air cleaners. Average efficiency of removal were 61.39 ± 21.42% for airborne bacteria, 71.77 ± 19.65% for airborne fungi, 73.37 ± 24.62% for formaldehyde, 71.20 ± 25.96% for total volatile organic compounds, 65.16 ± 23.80% for PM10, and 71.06 ± 23.97% for PM2.5.

The objective of this study is to support an environmental policy related to the improved control of indoor airborne fungi in Korea. We reviewed 15 articles published in Korea to analyse the trend of airborne fungi level in indoor environment of various public facilities. The maximum mean concentrations of total airborne fungi in hospital and kindergarten were 1447 CFU/m3 and 1259 CFU/m3, respectively. We concluded that policy determination are urgently required to guide a proper management on airborne fungi in Korea.

Recent apartment houses tend to expose the problems of unbalanced floor temperatures and real temperature due to changes in thermal performance arising from reinforced insulation and air tightness. In this study, the indoor thermal environment was analyzed against the apartment unit household in the type of individual heating, central heating, and District Heating methods in order to determine the operational status of indoor thermal environments and heating system by Heating supply systems. The temperature of hot water supplied at the time the indoor loads occurs to the maximum by Heating supply systems was found to rise in order to individual heating (70℃) , central heating(47℃) and District Heating (41℃). The hot water supply frequency showed variable changes in the range of 3 to 6 times per day in cases of individual heating while periodical changes was ranging from 3 or 4 times a day in the case of central heating and district heating. The width of variation of floor surface temperatures depending on the temperature of the supply water was found to be in order of Individual Heating, District Heating, and Central Heating. The average floor surface temperature appeared similar to the hot water supply temperature pattern in the order of 26.4 to 30.2℃ for Individual Heating, 28.2 to 28.6℃ for Central Heating, and 24.8 to 29.4℃for District Heating. In the case of non-heating where heating is not implemented, the temperature of the floor surface was 22.8℃ to 26.0℃ showing the same temperature as the indoor temperature. Heating supply appeared to be maintained in a stable manner overall in a sporadic manner ranging from 3 to 6 times a day, which was maintained in a stable manner on the whole regardless of the heating method.

연구는 관엽식물 4종을 배지종류, 광도 및 이산화탄소 농도를 달리하여 식물의 광합성 반응을 조사하고, 그 결과에 기초하여 실내환경 조절에 효율적인 식물을 선정하고자 실시하였다. 식물재료로는 싱고니움, 디펜바키아, 쉐프렐라 홍콩, 드라세나를 사용하였으며, 성분과 성질이 다른 두 배지(peatmoss, hydroball)에 각각 재배하였다. 광도는 PPFD 0, 30, 50, 80, 100, 200, 400, 600μmol·m-2·s-1의 수준으로 조절하고, 이산화탄소 농도는 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, 700, 1000, 1500μmolCO2·mol-1의 수준으로 처리하였다. 광도 및 엽육내 CO2 농도변화에 따른 관엽식물의 광합성 반응을 조사한 결과, 약광에서의 광합성 능력을 나타내는 순양자수율은 쉐프렐라 홍콩과 디펜바키아에서 높게 나타났으며, 두 실내식물은 고농도의 이산화탄소 환경에서도 다른 두 식물에 비해 높은 광합성율을 기록했다. 드라세나 와네키는 두 조건 모두에서 가장 낮은 광합성 효율을 보였다. 두 배지 처리에 따라서는 각각의 관엽식물에서 엇갈린 광합성 반응이 관찰되었다. 쉐프렐라 홍콩은 피트모스 배지에서 광과 이산화탄소 증가에 따라 하이드로볼 배지에 비해 높은 광합성 속도를 보였지만, 디펜바키아는 그와는 정반대로 하이드로볼 배지에서 더욱 높은 광합성율을 기록했다. 싱고니움의 경우는 광처리에 의해서는 피트모스 배지에서 높은 광합성율을 보였지만 이산화탄소 처리에서는 배지간 차이가 없었다. 가장 낮은 광합성 효율을 보인 드라세나 와네키는 광에 의한 배지간 차이가 없었으며, 이산화탄소 증가시에는 피트모스에서 다소 높은 광합성율을 보였다. 따라서 실험한 4가지 관엽식물 중 광합성 효율이 가장 높았던 쉐프렐라 홍콩이나 하이드로볼 배지에서 높은 효율을 보인 디펜바키아가 실내 공기정화 및 실내 환경조절에 적합할 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구에서는 국내 돔경기장을 해석대상공간으로 선정하여 기존 공조방식과 국외 돔경기장에서 사용한 공조방식을 적용하여 겨울철 실내기류 및 온도분포를 분석하고, 열고온층을 해소하기 위한 방안으로 설치된 기류유인팬의 적절성을 검토하였다.

Secondhand smoke (SHS) is one of major public health threats in morbidity and mortality. Several national and regional comprehensive smoke-free regulations have been implemented to prevent public health exposure, but not in Korea. The purpose of this manuscript was to review impacts of the national or regional smoke-free legislations on indoor air quality, health effects and smoking behaviors. Indoor air quality has been improved significantly after smoke free policy. Such improvement was measured by fine particulates and urinary cotinine. Respiratory and cardiovascular health effects were significantly improved after smoke free policy. This is an indirect evidence of association between secondhand smoke exposure and the health effects. Respiratory symptoms were improved as short as one month after smoke free policy. Smoke free policy was also associated with improved perception of danger of secondhand smoke. Reduction of smoking prevalence was also unexpected benefit of smoke free policy. As reviewed in this paper, smoke free policy can be beneficial to indoor air quality, health effects and smoking behaviors. Since Korea does not have comprehensive smoke free policy yet, it is strongly recommended to implement national comprehensive smoke free policy.

This study was followed up asthma incidence rate in primary schools indoor air quality. To investigate the history and prevalence rate of allergic diseases(asthma, atopy dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis), the standardized and generally used International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood(ISAAC) questionnaire was used to conduct the symptom survey for all participating subjects. The concentrations of major indoor air pollutants(dust mite allergen, aldehydes , VOCs, TBC, phthalate) were observed from April to May 2007. Sampling was undertaken at 19 primary schools. The sampling sites of air pollutants are classroom’s indoor and hallway. Dust mite allergen part it was detected from the case classroom and infirmary. The exposure quality of aldehyde and the place pollution level was indoor>outdoor>hallway, which whole is disease incidence rate high group appears more highly the low group than. The partially result of formaldehy and VOCs, the concentration of high environmental disease incidence rate showed also high. However, house dust allergen, TBC and phthalate measurement school was not the effect where the comparison of difference.

본 실험에서는 Ardisia속 자생식물의 온도 및 습도 변화에 따른 온열환경을 조사함으로써 자생식물의 이 용에 가능한 기초 자료를 제공하고자 실시하였다. 가로 2m, 세로 1.3m, 높이 1.8m, 총 부피가 4.68m3의 밀 폐된 유리 챔버 내에 온도 조건 변화에 따른 실내공 간의 온도 및 습도변화를 측정한 결과, Ardisia속 식 물에 의한 실내온도의 변화는 24oC 이상의 고온에서 는 식물이 없는 상태에 비해 감온 효과가 있었으며 3 종의 식물 간 큰 차이는 보이지 않았다. Ardisia속 식물 중에서 백량금이 온도 변화에 따른 습도 변화가 가장 민감하게 일어나 13%의 습도 변화를 보였고 57.3±3.1%로 비교적 높은 습도를 보였는데, 이에 비해 자금우는 8%, 산호수는 9%의 습도 변화를 보였고 자 금우와 산호수 모두 대부분의 낮 시간 동안 50~55% 의 실내 적정습도 범위를 유지했다. 식물체의 실내 발 열체로서의 열성능 평가 결과, 실내 온도를 28oC에서 26oC로 감온 시에는 식재에 의한 냉방 효과가 비식재 공간에 비해 7.5~13.6배 높았고, 적정온도 이상의 고 온에서는 자금우에 의한 냉방 효과가 백량금과 산호수 에 비해 더 좋았으며 적정온도를 유지하는데 효과적이 었다. 실내 저온 조건에서는 비식재 공간이 식물을 배 치한 경우보다 높은 열량을 나타내 식물이 저온 조건 에서 냉방효율을 낮추므로 적정온도를 유지하는데 효 과적이었다. 이로서 Ardisia속 식물은 고온의 실내에서 주위의 온도를 저하시키고 적정온도를 유지시키는데 효 과적임을 알 수 있었다.

본 연구에서는 대공간을 동계 및 하계로 구분하여 실내온열환경의 변화를 실측하고 냉 난방조건과 관련하여 대공간에서 형성되는 실내온열환경의 특성을 파악하는 것을 목적으로 하여, 대공간의 수직 및 수평온도분포, 객석온도분포, 실내표면온도분포, 실내온열쾌적성 등의 실내온열환경을 검토하였다.

본 연구에서는 기존 대규모 실내경기장의 냉방시에 발생될 수 있는 분포상의 문제점을 실측실험을 통해 확인함으로서 궁극적으로는 대공간의 열환경 개선과 효율적인 냉방설계를 위한 데이터를 제시하고자 하였다. 본 연구에서는 인체부하 미고려시의 하절기 대공간의 실내온열환경 실측실험을 비냉방시와 냉방시로 구분하여 실시하였으며 공간내 수평 및 상하온도분포특성, 취출기류의 거동특성, 실내쾌적온열환경 특성, 환기량 평가 등 대공간의 실내온열환경을 포괄적으로 검토하였다.

본 연구에서는 대공간의 동계시 인체발열에 따른 실내온열환경의 변화를 실측하고 난방조건 및 외부환경과 관련하여 대공간에서 형성되는 실내온열환경의 특성을 파악하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 본 논문에서는 대공간의 실내수직 및 수평온도분포, 객석의 온도분포, 실내표면온도분포, 객석의 풍속분포, 실내온열쾌적성 등의 실내온열환경을 검토한다.