Injection-molded products frequently exhibit localized surface defects such as weld lines, flow marks, scratches, bubbles, and burn marks due to variations in material flow, mold temperature, and cooling conditions. Conventional visual inspection is highly dependent on operator experience, while rule-based machine vision methods are limited under variations in lighting and surface texture. This study proposes a deep learning–based defect detection model using YOLOv8 combined with a novel Defect-Aware Augmentation technique designed to enhance robustness for small, local defect regions. The proposed augmentation pipeline includes geometric transformations, optical perturbations, local defect patch synthesis, and diffusion-based synthetic defect generation. Experiments were conducted on a custom dataset of 5,000 images (3,000 normal and 2,000 defective). Results show that the proposed model achieves significant improvements over baseline models, obtaining 95% precision, 90% recall, and 0.96 mAP@0.5, outperforming the default YOLOv8 model by 7%p in mAP. Ablation studies verify that defect-aware augmentation is the dominant factor contributing to the performance gain. The proposed system demonstrates high applicability for automated quality inspection in injectionmolding production lines.

A needle-free automatic injection syringe is a device that delivers drugs into the skin and tissues using a high-speed fluid jet without using an injection needle. This technology is attracting attention as an efficient means of vaccine delivery in the veterinary and livestock fields that reduce the risk of cross-infection and require mass vaccination. In particular, animal vaccination provides various advantages over conventional needle injection methods in terms of worker safety, inoculation speed, and maintenance cost. Among these drivers, Jet Injector Nozzle's flow path design is very important in needleless automatic injection syringes. This paper was conducted to solve the problem of pressure loss at the nozzle discharge side of the existing Jet Injector in designing the flow path of the animal vaccine-free automatic injection syringe nozzle. To this end, CAE was performed and the optimum design of the flow path required by the company was performed, and a large flow rate was possible in the optimal shape design, but this focuses on the nozzle flow path, which requires a review of design additions of cylinders and motors on the rear side.

A needleless automatic injection syringe (Jet Injector) is a device that delivers drugs into the skin and tissues using high-speed fluid jets without the use of injection needles. Jet Injector's core technology is to penetrate the stratum corneum of the skin by converting pressure energy generated in the driving unit into fluid kinetic energy, and structural loads and dynamic responses generated in this process directly affect the performance and durability of the device. Therefore, the structural mechanical design of the drive unit can be said to be a key factor in securing the reliability and injection accuracy of the Jet Injector. This paper is intended to provide the basis data for the basic design of the drive unit of the "Animal Vaccine-free Automatic Injection Syringe (hereinafter referred to as the "Jet Injector"), and this calculation data provides basic data for the design. Based on this, it is possible to design the drive unit according to various assumptions and given conditions, and the expected performance can be reasonably inferred according to the design.

Injection molds, composed of components such as upper and lower cores, mold bases, pins, and cooling channels, serve as the primary tooling for manufacturing plastic products. Despite the often simple geometry of molded products, the configuration and design of mold components remain highly complex, making the technical expertise and accumulated know-how of mold designers essential. However, the mold industry is facing increasing difficulties due to the discontinuation of academic programs dedicated to mold design, the aging of experienced designers, and the lack of incoming skilled personnel. To address these challenges, research on automating mold design has continued, and recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have accelerated efforts to internalize expert knowledge through a variety of computational approaches. In this study, we conducted foundational research aimed at constructing a DT-AX platform capable of handling multiple domains by implementing and modularizing diverse processes within a digital-twin (DT) environment and integrating AI modules specialized for each process. Given the input dimensions of a bottle-cap model (diameter and height), the simplified outer dimensions of a core mold were predicted and subsequently used to generate a 3D model. The resulting STEP file was verified to be compatible with commercial CAD and simulation software. Overall, the results demonstrate the feasibility of implementing an automated mold-design module within a digital-twin environment. Future work will focus on diversifying design variables and increasing geometric complexity to develop modules that more closely approximate real-world mold design.

Gentamicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic effective against aerobic gram-negative bacteria and is also used in veterinary medicine, particularly in the swine and bovine industries. However, no gentamicin product is currently approved for treating equine diseases in Korea. The present study aims to examine the time-dependent residue of gentamicin in horses after intravenous injection (IV) via jugular vein. The test product was injected at 6.6 mg/kg BW via jugular vein in nine horses. Blood was collected from the horse's jugular vein at 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 1, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours after injection. To purify the gentamicin in serum, 100μL of 20 mM HFBA in DW, 100 μL of 30% trichloroacetic acid and 300 μL of 20 mM heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA) in acetonitrile (ACN) were added to 500 μL of serum and supernatant was applied to LC-MS/MS after centrifugation. LC-MS/MS-8050 analyzed the level of gentamicin in serum with Electrospray ionization (ESI) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) positive mode. Gentamicin C1 was 478 m/z and product ions were 322, 157 m/z. Precursor ion of Gentamicin C1a was 450 m/z and product ions were 322, 160 m/z. Precursor ion of Gentamicin C2 and C2a was 464 m/z and product ions were 322, 160 m/z. The LC column was a C18 and mobile phase composed of 20 mM HFBA in 5% ACN and 20 mM HFBA in 50% ACN. The amount of gentamicin was calculated by adding four components of gentamicin (C1, C1a, C2 and C2a). The pharmacokinetic parameters of gentamicin were calculated by the WinNonlin program. The Cmax of gentamicin in horse serum was 93 ± 17 μg/kg and the Tmax was 0.25 ± 0 hours. The T1/2 was 6.41 ± 2.32 hours and the CLt was 0.05 ± 0.01L/hr/kg. The Vd was shown as 0.44 ± 0.13 L/kg and the MRT was 1.98 ± 0.55 hours. In conclusion, our data provides useful pharmacokinetic parameters for gentamicin in horses following IV injection.

Following the previous study, which investigated the pharmacological properties of the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m), the toxicity of a single intravenous administration of the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) and the side effects that may occur at the diagnostic dose were confirmed. The Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) was administered intravenously once at a dose of 0, 0.67, 2.0, and 6.0 mCi/kg to 5 male and female rats per group. Mortality, general symptom observation, and weight measurement were performed for 2 weeks, followed by observation of autopsy findings. There were no deaths, and no statistically significant weight change was observed. No abnormal systemic signs related to the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) were observed. These results confirmed that Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) can be safely administered intravenously at doses up to 6.0 mCi/kg. Additionally, technetium-99m at an average dose of 2 mCi (74 MBq) has been verified as a diagnostic dose without adverse effects, allowing the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) to be used safely without side effects at this dosage. This study demonstrates that the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) has a wide safety margin, supporting its potential for clinical application. Moreover, these findings align with the nonclinical safety standards for radiopharmaceuticals, reinforcing its utility in veterinary medicine. The Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) is expected to be applicable for clinical diagnosis as a veterinary drug in Korea.

Thyroid scanning using technetium-99m (99mTc) is the gold standard for diagnosing feline hyperthyroidism. In cats with an overactive thyroid, a thyroid scan is the most appropriate imaging technique to detect and localize any hyperfunctional adenomatous thyroid tissue. In this study, the pharmacological properties of the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m), developed as a diagnostic agent for feline hyperthyroidism using 99mTc as an active ingredient, were tested in FRTL-5 thyroid follicular cell line and ICR mice. The percentage of cell uptake of the Tc-99m in FRTL-5 thyroid cells was 0.182 ± 0.018%, which was about 6 times higher compared to Clone 9 hepatocytes. This uptake decreased by 38.2% due to competitive inhibition by iodine (sodium iodide). In tissue distribution tests by using ICR mice, the highest distribution was observed in the liver, kidneys, spleen, lungs, and femur at 0.083 hours after administration, and this distribution decreased as the compound was excreted through the kidneys, the primary excretory organ. Maximum distribution was confirmed at 1 hour in the small intestine, 6 hours in the large intestine, and 2 hours in the thyroid gland. Additionally, the total amount excreted through urine and feces over 48 hours (2 days) was 78.80% of the injected dose, with 37.70% (47.84% of the total excretion) excreted through urine and 41.10% (52.16% of the total excretion) through feces. In conclusion, the Tc-99m has the same mechanism of action, potency, absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion characteristics as 99mTc used for feline hyperthyroidism in the United States, Europe, and other countries, because the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) contains 99mTc as its sole active ingredient. Based on these results, the Technekitty injection (Tc-99m) is expected to be safely used in the clinical diagnosis of feline hyperthyroidism.

This study aims to measure the current control waveform of an injector in real time using the developed monitoring system and verify its compliance with the manufacturer’s control waveform requirements. The measured operating waveforms include a peak current phase of 20A and a hold current phase of 10A. The injector of the engine was tested at 1500 RPM and 2000 RPM under conditions of normal fuel injection, small fuel injection, and large fuel injection. In this research, a real-time monitoring system was designed, incorporating an FPGA board and RS232 communication for PC interaction. This system is capable of measuring four channels simultaneously. Furthermore, it is expected that the system could measure up to 12 cylinders concurrently with the addition of more current probes while maintaining the same system configuration. The real-time collection of output waveforms using the developed monitoring system confirmed that the injector operates correctly and meets the manufacturer’s requirements.

Toilet liquid-type cleaners utilize operating technology that employs buoyancy mechanism to inject uniform amount of cleaning solution. Flow characteristics of velocity and pressure distributions in the flow field of toilet flush cleaner injection device have been analyzed with CFD method. The flow rate decreases near the inlet of the system, where it contacts the container of the cleaning liquid bottle. It then increases near the injection device stopper and decreases again as it moves toward the system outlet The height of the cleaning solution decreases from 12 cm to 3 cm when using the spray device, the average outlet velocity decreases by approximately 73%. The solution level difference increases from 1.616 cm to 3.216 cm, the inlet velocity decreases by approximately 4.1%~5.6%. These predicted results can be widely applied as basic conceptual design data for highly efficient toilet flush cleaner injection device.

One of the efficient method for DPF(Diesel Particulate Filter) regeneration of diesel engines is using post fuel injection, which is injected into the combustion chamber during the expansion stroke. This method generates a heat for DPF regeneration by oxidation of HC with Pt coated on DOC(Diesel Oxidation Catalyst). This study investigates heat generation of DOC using post fuel injection.

High-entropy alloys (HEAs) have been reported to have better properties than conventional materials; however, they are more expensive due to the high cost of their main components. Therefore, research is needed to reduce manufacturing costs. In this study, CoCrFeMnNi HEAs were prepared using metal injection molding (MIM), which is a powder metallurgy process that involves less material waste than machining process. Although the MIM-processed samples were in the face-centered cubic (FCC) phase, porosity remained after sintering at 1200°C, 1250°C, and 1275°C. In this study, the hot isostatic pressing (HIP) process, which considers both temperature (1150°C) and pressure (150 MPa), was adopted to improve the quality of the MIM samples. Although the hardness of the HIP-treated samples decreased slightly and the Mn composition was significantly reduced, the process effectively eliminated many pores that remained after the 1275°C MIM process. The HIP process can improve the quality of the alloy.

Recently injection mold processing is necessary for the development of efficient solar concentrator system with a Fresnel lenses. Heat transfer mechanism in the Fresnel lens manufacturing process have a significant influence on precision machining and optical performance of solar power generation. In this study, we analyzed the thermal characteristics of temperature and heat flux distributions near the lens for transient molding process using CFD method. Initially for one second fast temperature variation on the upper surface of the lens leads to high heat flux distribution. It is gradually cooled to around 128℃ over a period of 60 seconds which is largely affected by the mold structure and the characteristics of the cooling lines. There is also high heat flux occurred on the lens upper side and lower surfaces with rapid temperature change. These results can be applied as fundamental design data for the manufacturing process in the development of Fresnel lenses.

For the regeneration of diesel particulate filters (DPF) using non-thermal plasma (NTP), both cost-effectiveness and regeneration efficiency should be raised. This study compared and contrasted the physicochemical characteristics of carbon black and engine particulate matter (PM). After carbon black was put into the DPF, an experimental setup for the oxidation of PM using NTP was created. The findings showed that carbon black and PM samples had comparable oxidation traits, micronanostructures, and C/O elemental ratios. O3, the main active species in NTP, was susceptible to heat breakdown, and the rate of decomposition of O3 increases with increasing temperature. The removal effectiveness of carbon black first improved and subsequently declined with an increase in the NTP injection flow rate during offline DPF regeneration using NTP at room temperature. A relatively high carbon black removal efficiency of 85.1% was achieved at an NTP injection flow rate of 30 L/min.

A computational analysis was performed to study the thermal characteristics within the injection molding process of polygon mirrors in LiDAR systems. Such polygon mirrors are significantly influenced by the geometric shape of the injection mold as well as temperature and operating conditions. The analysis included the temperature distribution, heat flux, and variations in heat transfer rate of the polygon mirror from initial conditions. From the beginning of the injection process, temperature of the polygon mirror changes rapidly, leading to conductive heat transfer to the mold. There are large variations in the mirror temperature change depending on local position, and surface heat flux are affected by internal cooling path. These results are expected to be used as thermal design data for various polygon mirror processes.