Epizootic HPAIV, H5N6, and H5N8 infections produced severe loss in poultry and wild birds in the Republic of Korea from 2016 to 2017. But pathological lesions and antigen distribution of the novel HPAIV H5N6 clade 2.3.4.4 in natural cases have been rarely reported. Herein, we describe the pathological lesions and antigen localization in chickens (layer and Korean native), ducks, and Japanese quail naturally infected by HPAIV H5N6. Grossly, severe reddening, swelling, and some necrotic foci, which were similar to septicemia or viremia, were observed in skin and many visceral organs including trachea, lung, liver, spleen, and pancreas. Histopathologically, pulmonary congestion and edema, as well as necrotizing hepatitis, splenitis, pancreatitis, myocarditis, and encephalitis were observed. Immunohistochemically, numerous HPAIV antigens were detected in necrotic parenchymal cells and in blood vessels of the respiratory, lymphoid, digestive, urinary, nervous, and cardiovascular systems. The results indicate that HPAIV H5N6 spread to the entire body via blood and caused severe damage throughout the entire body. The HPAI H5N6 clade 2.3.4.4 virus was isolated from samples of all four cases.

Autophagy is an intracellular degradation and recycling system. Oocyte maturation is dynamic process, in which various proteins should be synthesized and degraded. In our previous study, we reported the loci of autophagosome and dynamics of autophagic activity in porcine oocytes during In Vitro maturation. In this study, we verified loci of autophagosome in porcine follicular cumulus-oocyte complex by detection of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) which is the reliable marker of autophagosome. Porcine ovary including various sizes of follicles was fixed within 1 hour after collection from slaughterhouse. After fixation, immunohistochemistry was conducted on sliced ovary tissue containing various sizes of follicles by using LC3 antibody. As a result, LC3 signal was clearly detected in both cumulus and oocytes of various sizes of follicles. We also found ring shaped signal which represent autophagosome near oocyte membrane. Most of the signals in oocytes were localized nearby cellular membrane while evenly dispersed in cumulus cells. Therefore, this result suggests that autophagy occurs in porcine COCs (cumulus-oocyte complexes) at follicular stage.

A karyotype analysis of five wild rose species (Rosa helenae, R. mulliganii, R. multiflora, R. rubus, and R. solieana) was performed using bicolor fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). All five species were found to be diploid (2n = 2x = 14). The chromosome length in the metaphase stage ranged from 1.29 to 2.05 μm in R. helenae, 3.32 to 6.82 μm in R. mulliganii, 1.58 to 2.24 μm in R. multiflora, 2.05 to 3.46 μm in R. rubus, and 1.62 to 2.46 μm in R. solieana. The chromosomes were either metacentric or submetacentric, with no subtelocentric or telocentric chromosomes being observed. Each p air of 5 S and 4 5S rDNA sites was detected at the proximal region of the long arm and the terminal region of the short arm of chromosome #7, respectively.

The key motivation of this study is for a style of the sensor arrangement to have an effect on the localization performance of mobile robots in case of using sonar sensors. In general robot platforms with sonar sensors, sonar sensors are supposed to be radially arranged on their rotational axis of mobile robots. However, relevant limits to several functions required for their autonomous navigation occur unexpectedly, because a sonar sensor generally has the negative nature of its wide beam width together with the specular reflection. We present a new strategy of the sonar sensor arrangement capable of enhancing the localization performance. Sonar sensors are intended to be arranged nonradially (twistedly expressed in this paper) on their rotational axis. The localization scheme called STARER: Sonar-Twisted ARrangement localizER is based on the extended Kalman filter (EKF) with occupancy grid maps. Experimental results demonstrate the validity and robustness of the proposed method for the localization of mobile robots.

Embryo development is very important in reproductive physiology of domestic animal experiments. Therefore, in the above experiment, we want to provide a lot of important information with regard to fertilization breeding by looking at the expression of transcription factor by early embryo development. It is known that mice affect early embryonic development of many transcription factors, many experiments are underway. Different types of mammals showed different expression patterns, thus, we used pigs, which are known to be the most similar to humans, to observe the expression of transcription factors in early embryonic development. Transcription factors were observed using CDX2, OCT4 and E-CADHERIN. CDX2 was expressed in 2 cells, OCT4 and E-CADHERIN were expressed in blastocyst. OCT4 was expressed specifically in ICM (inner cell mass) in blastocyst, and E-CADHERIN was expressed in cell wall and junction of blastocyst. These results show that CDX2, OCT4 and E-CADHERIN play an important role in early embryonic development in pigs.

Neuron-specific enolase (NSE), a brain specific isoenzyme of the glycolytic enzyme, is characterized by its consistent occurrence in the cytoplasm of mature neurons. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the expression of NSE in the developing tongue of Korean native goats. The tongues of the fetuses were removed from 2- to 4-year-old female Korean native goats by caesarean section performed under general anesthesia. The expression of NSE in the developing tongue of goat fetuses (60, 90, 120, and 150 days) was studied using immunohistochemistry. In 60-day-old fetuses, NSE-immunoreactivity (IR) exhibited weak appearance in lamina propria of the basal portion and the apical epithelia of the tongue. In 90-day-old fetuses, NSE-nerve fibers were extended in the core part of connective tissue, and primordia of the taste buds was moderately positive. In 120-day-old fetuses, NSE-IR was strongly expressed in taste buds and gustatory nerve fibers. In neonates, the taste buds of vallate papillae were strongly positive for NSE, and development of nerve fibers was synapsed with connective tissue of well innervated taste buds. These results indicate that NSE expressions were associated with the sign of nerve innervation in prenatal development of goat tongues and NSE may be a useful neuronal marker to understand the development of gustatory nerve innervations.

In all mammalian species, progesterone is essential in the preparation for and maintenance of pregnancy, if it occurs. Progesterone primes the endometrium for possible implantation and inhibits uterine contraction until birth. Aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) belong to a superfamily of NADPH-dependent reductases that act on a wide range of substrates, including simple carbohydrates, steroid hormones, and endogenous prostaglandins. 20-alpha hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20α-HSD; EC.1.1.1.149) enzyme belongs to the family of aldo-keto reductases. 20α-HSD predominantly converts progesterone into its biologically inactive form 20α-hydroxyprogesterone (20α -OHP), and plays a crucial role in the termination of pregnancy and initiation of parturition. In addition, the activity of 20α-HSD during the luteal phase is known to be inhibited by prolactin. We have been reporting on the molecular characterizations of placental and ovarian 20α-HSD in the bovine, pig, deer and monkey. In this study, we focused on the 20α-HSD expression in testis(6, 9, 12, 18 and 21 days after birth) of miniature pig. The protein expression and localization were detected by Western blotting and Immunohistochemical analysis. 20α-HSD protein was detected at molecular weight of 37-kDa by Western blot analysis. Also the RNA expression were detected by Reverse Transcription-PCR and quantification PCR. Additionally, We are going to analysis the function and role of 20α-HSD in the pig testis.

Mammals have 3 pairs of major salivary glands i.e., the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands. Saliva secretion of these glands is modulated by taste perception. Salivary glands are composed mainly of acinar and ductal cells. Primary saliva is secreted by acinar cells and modified during ductal flow. Recently, of the murine 35 bitter taste receptors, Tas2r108 was expressed at highest levels in the submandibular gland by qPCR. Further, Tas2r108-transfected cells respond to a range of bitter compounds, such as denatonium, quinine, colchicine, diphenidol, caffeine and dapson. The objective of the present study was to characterize the expression of Tas2r108 mRNA in acinar and/or ductal cells of the submandibular gland using in situ hybridization (ISH). Male 42-60 days old DBA2 mice were used in the study. Messenger RNAs were extracted from the submandibular gland for generating digoxigenin (DIG) labeled-cRNA probes. These probes were transcribed in anti-sense and sense orientation using T7 RNA polymerase. Dot blot hybridization was performed using DIG labeled-cRNA probes, in order to estimate integrity and optimal diluting concentration of these probes. Subsequently, ISH was performed on murine submandibular gland to detect Tas2r108 mRNA. Dot blot hybridization data demonstrated that Tas2r108 DIG labeled-cRNA anti-sense probes specifically detected Tas2r108 cDNA. ISH results showed that the anti-sense probes labeled acinar and ductal cells in the submandibular gland, whereas no staining was visible in sense controls. Interestingly, the Tas2r108 expression levels were higher in acinar than ductal cells. These results suggested that Tas2r108 might be more associated with primary saliva secretion than with ductal modification of saliva composition.

The specific genetic modification in porcine somatic cells by gene targeting has been very difficult because of low efficiency of homologous recombination. To improve gene targeting, we designed three kinds of knock-out vectors with α1,3-galactosyltransferase gene (α1,3-GT gene), DT-A/pGT5’/neo/pGT3’, DT-A/NLS/pGT5’/neo/pGT3’ and pGT5’/neo/ pGT3’/NLS. The knock-out vectors consisted of a 4.8-kb fragment as the 5’ recombination arm (pGT5’) and a 1.9-kb fragment as the 3’ recombination arm (pGT3’). We used the neomycin resistance gene (neo) as a positive selectable marker and the diphtheria toxin A (DT-A) gene as a negative selectable marker. These vectors have a neo gene insertion in exon 9 for inactivation of α1,3-GT locus. DT-A/pGT5’/neo/pGT3’ vector contain only positive-nega-tive selection marker with conventional targeting vector. DT-A/NLS/pGT5’/neo/pGT3’ vector contain positive-negative selection marker and NLS sequences in upstream of 5’ recombination arm which enhances nuclear transport of foreign DNA into bovine somatic cells. pGT5’/neo/pGT3’/NLS vector contain only positive selection marker and NLS sequence in downstream of 3’ recombination arm, not contain negative selectable marker. For transfection, linearzed vectors were introduced into porcine ear fibroblasts by electroporation. After 48 hours, the transfected cells were selected with 300 μg/ml G418 during 12 day. The G418-resistant colonies were picked, of which 5 colonies were positive for α1,3-GT gene disruption in 3´ PCR and southern blot screening. Three knock-out somatic cells were obtained from DT-A/NLS/ pGT5’/neo/pGT3’ knock-out vector. Thus, these data indicate that gene targeting vector using nuclear localization signal and negative selection marker improve targeting efficiency in porcine somatic cells.

The purpose of this study was to develop an efficient method for Korean food to make inroads into Paraguay. In-depth interviews with 15 Korean restaurant owners in Asuncion, Paraguay and foodies (food experts) who had experiences with Korean food were conducted. The results are as follows: Paraguay wants to establish economic ties with Korea currently, and economic development is ongoing in Paraguay. The food service industry for the middle class in Paraguay is now in the development stage. There are not many Korean restaurants (currently 15) in Asuncion. First and second generation Korean immigrants are operating these restaurants. It is necessary to provide support for a comprehensive food culture system by developing a menu composition system to meet local tastes, a strategy for improving distribution of Korean food materials, and a plan for sanitary management and operations.

글로벌 스마트 어플리케이션 시장에서 스마트기기 게임 어플리케이션의 해외 진출을 위해서는 지역화가 반드시 필요하다. 하지만 현실적으로 대부분의 개발환경은 소규모이기 때문에, 지역화는 금전적, 시간적 부담이 크다. 이러한 문제점을 극복하는 방안을 연구함에 있어, 본 연구에서는 자발적인 참여에 의한 지역화의 가능성에 착안하였다. 본문에서는 자발적 참여에 의한 콘텐츠 개발 및 지역화 사례를 분석함으로써, 현재 개발환경에 적합한 지역화 플랫폼 모델 및 운영방안을 제시하고 있다.

본 논문에서는 단일 센서와 공간집속 신호처리 기술로 시간 역전과 인버스 필터링을 이용하여 이방성 평판에 서 충격 위치를 결정할 수 있는 탐상법을 다루었다. 유한 평면에서 굽힘 파의 운동 방정식을 유도하여, 그 식을 통해 얻어진 데이터를 기반으로 해석적인 시뮬레이션을 통해 시간 역전과 인버스 필터링의 시간 집속 효과를 확 인하고 충격 위치와 그 주변에서 신호의 공간 집속 효과를 관찰하고 충격 위치 결정에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 인자 들(총 수신시간, 샘플링 주파수)에 대해 살펴보았다. 그리고 충격원의 위치에 따른 2차원 결과를 제시하고, 실제 충격 위치를 정확하게 결정할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 여기서 제안한 방법은 기존의 충격 위치 결정법에 비해 많은 장점을 갖고 있다. 첫 번째로 단일 센서를 사용하는 것과 시험체의 형상과 물성을 몰라도 된다는 점이다. 또한 판 에서와 같이 분산성에 의한 다중모드 파동이 발생하는 경우에도 특정 모드나 주파수에 의존할 필요가 없다.

본 논문에서는 단일 센서와 공간집속 신호처리 기술로 시간 역전과 인버스 필터링을 이용하여 등방성 평판에 서 충격 위치를 결정할 수 있는 탐상법을 다루었다. 유한 평면에서 굽힘 파의 운동 방정식을 유도하여, 그 식을 통해 얻어진 데이터를 기반으로 해석적인 시뮬레이션을 통해 시간 역전과 인버스 필터링의 시간 집속 효과를 확 인하고 충격 위치와 그 주변에서 신호의 공간 집속 효과를 관찰하고 충격 위치 결정에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 인자 들(총 수신시간, 샘플링 주파수)에 대해 살펴보았다. 그리고 충격원의 위치에 따른 2차원 결과를 제시하고, 실제 충격 위치를 정확하게 결정할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 여기서 제안한 방법은 기존의 충격 위치 결정법에 비해 많 은 장점을 갖고 있다. 첫 번째로 단일 센서를 사용하는 것과 시험체의 형상과 물성을 몰라도 된다는 점이다. 또한 판 에서와 같이 분산성에 의한 다중모드 파동이 발생하는 경우에도 특정 모드나 주파수에 의존할 필요가 없다.

전파를 이용한 실내 위치인식 기술은 현재 다양한 환경에서 연구되고 있다. 그 중 철골구조로 이루어진 선박은 전파의 반사에 의해 수신율은 높지만 레인징 오차가 크게 발생한다. 이러한 환경에서 발생하는 위치측정 오차를 줄이기 위하여 본 연구에서는 IEEE 802.15.4a의 CSS 기반으로 변형 이변측위와 초전센서를 이용한 선내 위치인식보정 알고리즘을 제안한다. 제안한 시스템은 선내 복도와 같은 좁은 통로에서 CSS의 특성분석을 통하여 이동노드와 고정노드 사이의 적합한 수신거리를 추정하여 고정노드의 수를 줄이고 또한 전파의 반사와 회절에 의한 레인징 오차가 크게 변동하는 코너영역에서 제안한 변형 이변측위기법과 초전센서를 이용하여 이동구간을 추적하여 위치를 인식하였다. 실험결과 제안한 알고리즘이 일반적인 방법 대비 86.2 %의 선내 위치인식 정확도와 효율이 향상됨을 확인하였다.

오늘날 국내 게임 시장의 포화로 인해 국내게임 업체들의 해외 진출이 날로 증대되고 있다. 특히, 중국, 일본, 동남아등에서 온라인게임 시장의 규모만 보고, 준비 없이 진출했다가 실패한 업체들에 대한 사례들이 적지 않다. 현재 우리나라의 대표적인 게임 업체들은 10여년 이상 현지화 작업을 통해, 라이센싱, 합작, 전략적 제휴, 틈세 시장공략, 단독 경영등 다양한 포지셔닝과 현지화한 전략을 적용하여 MMORPG게임의 경우는 다소 현지화에 성공하였다고 볼 수 있으나 스포츠, 슈팅, 액션 등 다른 온라인게임이나 웹상에서 실행되는 웹 게임, 스마트폰 게임 등은 현지 문화나 종교, 그리고 인프라 등의 환경적, 정책적 차이점 때문에 성공한 사례가 거의 전무한 상태이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 중국에서 현지화에서 성공한 한국 게임인 크로스파이어를 선정하여 한국 게임이 해외에서 성공하기 위한 현지화 요소를 정리하였으며, 사례 분석을 통하여, 성공할 수 있는 결정 요소들이 무엇인가를 조사 분석하였다.

During maxillofacial surgery, the infraorbital and mental nerves are blocked at eac foramen to induce local anesthesia. This study examined the relative locations of the infraorbital foramen (IOF) and mental foramen (MF) based on soft-tissue landmarks. Twenty-eight hemifacial cadavers were dissected to expose the IOF and MF. The distances between the bilateral IOFs, the bilateral MFs, the alae of the nose (alares), and the corners of the mouth (cheilions) were measured directly on cadavers by using a digital vernier caliper. The vertical and horizontal distances of the IOF and MF relative to the alare and cheilion were measured indirectly on digital photographs using Adobe Photoshop (Adobe, CA, USA). The distance between the bilateral IOFs (58.09 ± 4.04 mm) was longer than the distance between the bilateral MFs (50.32 ± 1.93 mm). The distances between the bilateral alares and cheilions were 41.22 ± 3.44 mm and 58.43 ± 6.62 mm, respectively. The IOF was located 12.92 ± 3.75 mm superior and 7.88 ± 2.56 mm lateral to the alare, and the vertical angle (Angle 1) between these structures was 31.67 ± 13.36˚ superolaterally. The MF was located 21.83 ± 3.26 mm inferior and 5.56 ± 3.37 mm medial to the cheilion, and the vertical angle (Angle 2) between these structures was 14.05 ± 10.12˚ inferomedially. In conclusion, these results provide more detailed information about the locations of the IOF and MF relative to soft-tissue landmarks.