Glutamate-mediated oxidative stress causes neuronal cell death by increasing intracellular Ca2+ uptake, reactive oxidative species (ROS) generation, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, and translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) to the nucleus. In the current study, we demonstrated that corydaline exerts potent neuroprotective effects against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. Treatment with 5 mmol/L glutamate increased cellular Ca2+ influx, ROS generation, MAPK activation, and AIF translocation. In contrast, corydaline treatment decreased cellular Ca2+ influx and ROS generation. Western blot analysis revealed that glutamate-mediated MAPK activation was attenuated by corydaline treatment. We further demonstrated that corydaline treatment inhibited the glutamate-mediated translocation of AIF to the nucleus. We propose that corydaline is a promising lead structure for the development of safe and effective neuroprotectants.

In modern Chinese, homomorphemic monosyllabic and disyllabic words are one of the very special groups of word clusters which are easily confused by Chinese as a second language learners. Previous studies have not comprehensively examined this confusion phenomenon, and there is a lack of relevant literature involving psychological analyses. Firstly, this article comprehensively surveys the Chinese Intermediate Language Corpus and identifies 27 groups of highly confusable words. Secondly, this article analyses the distribution characteristics of the homomorphemic monosyllabic and disyllabic words, finding strong commonality in the distribution of learners’ native language backgrounds, with overwhelming bidirectional misuse and close lexical-semantic relations. It also finds that verbs are mainly misused in stylistic collocations, and nouns are frequently misused in both prosodic and stylistic collocations, while adjectives are often misused in semantics. Besides, the article analyses the generative mechanism from the psychological perspective of Chinese as the second language learners. It argues that L1-lemma mediation and the lack of prosodic and stylistic information of words in the psychological lexicon of leaners are the main reasons for the confusion. This article argues that the semantic confusion of words is difficult to overcome, while prosodic and stylistic confusion are even more difficult to overcome. Last but not the least, the article offers targeted pedagogical suggestions.

본 논문의 목적은 딴뜨라 요가 전통에서 소리의 의미를 고찰하고, 상캬 다섯 요소의 관점에서 싱 잉볼이 갖는 치유적 의미를 통해 요가 수련에서의 활용법을 제시하는 데 있다. 딴뜨라 요가에서 소리 는 보다 근원적인 진동의 에너지로 자기실현과 영적 성장을 위한 도구로 간주 되어 수련에 적용되어 왔다. 다양한 주파수를 가진 싱잉볼의 진동 또한 파동에너지로 뇌파와 동기화하여 빠른 이완을 유도 하고 에너지장을 조율하며 궁극적으로 심신의 치유를 이끌어 낸다. 싱잉볼의 소리와 진동은 상캬의 25원리(tattva) 중 성(聲) 미세 요소, 공(空) 거친 요소와 관련된다. 이는 다섯 요소 중 가장 미세한 것 으로 마음과 가장 가까이 위치하며 밀접한 영향을 주고 받는다. 또한 성과 공은 누적 전변되는 과정 에서 다른 요소들에 포함된다. 따라서 싱잉볼을 이용한 소리 치유는 가장 미세하면서도 물질의 모든 요소를 아우르는 보편적인 치유법이라 할 수 있으며, 이는 싱잉볼이 물질과 에너지로 이루어진 몸의 차원을 넘어 마음과 영혼에 작용하는 기전을 설명하는 것으로 이해할 수 있다. 요가 수련 또한 다섯 거친 요소로 이루어진 몸의 차원에서 보다 미세한 마음의 차원으로 정화해 가는 과정이며 이 과정에 서 싱잉볼의 소리는 집중의 대상으로, 진동은 이완을 완전하게 하는 요소로 요가 수련에 통합할 수 있다.

Fluorine (F) recovery from wet process phosphoric acid (WPA) is essential for sustainable resource utilization and environmental protection. This work systematically investigates the F recovery mechanism by air stripping from three simulated systems: H3PO4- H2SiF6-H2O, H3PO4- HF-H2O, H3PO4- H2SiF6-HF-Al3+-H2O, and from two industrial systems: WPA and WPA-Al3+ under different stripping temperatures (60–110 ℃) and stripping times (0–120 min). The influence on the existence form of F, the content of Al3+ cations and the addition of active silica on the F removal rate in the phosphoric acid solution is studied by analyzing the changes in the contents of F, P and Si. The results indicate that the F in the form of H2SiF6 is more easily released from the phosphoric acid solution than that in the form of HF. While, the release of F is inhibited in the presence of the Al3+ in the solution due to the formation of Al-F complexes that are characterized by 19F NMR, 31Si NMR and FTIR techniques. Interestingly, the addition of active silica can promote the conversion of HF to H2SiF6 in the solution and significantly improve the release rate of F. The researching results can provide an important guidance for industrial practice of WPA.

Pharmaceutical products occurring in freshwater bodies create numerous problems for the water bodies owing to their bio-toxic nature. In order to remove such pharmaceutical pollutants, a novel Er-doped Bi4O5Br2/ g-C3N5 nanocomposite was prepared by one-pot synthesis and applied for the photocatalytic removal process. The Er ions doped on the surface of Bi4O5Br2/ g-C3N5 nanocomposite exhibited 97% degradation of tetracycline in 60 min under visible light irradiation, which is higher than pure g-C3N5 and Bi4O5Br2 photocatalysts. The improved photocatalytic properties are attributed to the outstanding visible light harvesting capacity and quick charge carrier separation efficiency which greatly reduced the recombination rate in the heterojunctions. Based on radical trapping experiments, the •O2 −, h+ and •OH radicals played a prominent role in the photodegradation reactions under visible light. Finally, the ternary Er-doped Bi4O5Br2/ g-C3N5 nanocomposite is effectively recyclable with quite a stable photocatalytic removal rate. This work enables a new perspective on the rational design of rare-earth-based nanocomposites for various pharmaceutical pollutants treatment processes.

Hypertension caused by high-fat and high-salt diets is is a well-known significant risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. In this study, to confirm the relationship between hypertension and immune cells, angiotensin (Ang) II was administered to Dahl salt-sensitive (SS) rats and Dahl salt-resistant (SR) rats. Then the expression of immune cells and the proinflammatory cytokines were compared between the SS and SR rats. It was observed that after administration of Ang II (50ng/kg/min) for three weeks, blood pressure was increased in the SS rats, but there was no significant change in the SR rats. In addition, the expression of T helper (Th) cells and Th 17 cells in the spleen and the expression of Th cell Rorγt and regulatory T regulatory (Treg) cells in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells did not show a significant difference between the two experimental groups even after the administration of Ang II.IL-1β expression was significantly increased in the kidney tissue of the SS rats, while there was no significant difference in the IL-6 expression in all the experimental groups. The results of this study suggest that Ang II induces hypertension by stimulating IL-1β secretion from renal macrophage in SS rats.

The membrane structure should maintain the membrane materials in tension for structural stability guaranty. The anchoring part in the membrane structure is an important part. It has the function to introduce tension into membrane materials and function to transmit stress which membrane materials receives to boundary structure such as steel frames. In this paper, it grasps anchoring system of the anchoring part in the membrane structure concerning the fracturing characteristic condition of membrane structure, and the influence which is caused to yield it designates the stress state when breaking the membrane structure which includes the anchoring part and that stress transition mechanism is elucidated as purpose. This paper follows to previous paper, does 1 axial tensile test concerning the bolting part specimen, grasp of fracturing progress of the bolting part and the edge rope and hardness of the rubber, does the appraisal in addition with the difference of bolt tightening torque. As a result, the influence which the bolt anchoring exerts on the fracturing characteristics of the membrane material in the membrane structure anchoring part is examined.

High-temperature molten salts not only demonstrate exceptional thermal and chemical stability but also offer significant advantages in catalyzing chemical reactions. Consequently, they have garnered attention as a promising medium for next-generation nuclear reactors and a wide range of electrochemical processes. Nevertheless, the challenging experimental conditions in molten salts make applying conventional analytical methods to understand reaction mechanisms a formidable task. This underscores the imperative need for more intuitive approaches to investigate molten salt chemistry. One of the simplest yet potent methods involves real-time visual monitoring of the reaction system as chemical reactions progress. In light of this, we have developed an experimental system enabling real-time visual monitoring of the internal dynamics of molten salt media. This system can capture high-resolution videos and images within molten salts, surpassing existing methodologies. We have applied this system in various electrochemical experiments using the molten LiCl-KCl eutectic salt medium. Among them, this study primarily focuses on two challenging experimental scenarios that became comprehensible through our proposed system’s application: (1) the transpassivation of Zr metal and the agglomeration of potassium hexachlorozirconate (K2ZrCl6) solid salt, and (2) the solvation of electrons during the oxidation of Li metal within the molten LiCl-KCl eutectic salt.

Radioactive iodine released from nuclear power plants has been recognized to pose significant risks and environmental hazards. In response to these challenges, extensive investigations into iodine sorbents have been conducted with a particular focus on the utilization of layered double hydroxides (LDH) as a promising candidate. Herein, we have focused on the investigation of LDH materials featuring diverse transition metals for their synthesis, with specific emphasis on CoAl LDH for its proficiency in removing iodine species, particularly IO3 –. Nevertheless, a comprehensive understanding of the removal mechanisms employed by these LDH materials remained elusive. Hence, the primary aim of this study is to elucidate the intricacies of the removal mechanisms through sorption tests, spectroscopic techniques, and theoretical chemistry analyses, subsequently contrasting the experimental outcomes with computational results. For the experimental facet, the synthesis of CoAl LDH was conducted utilizing 0.15 mol L−1 of Co(NO3)2⋅6H2O and 0.06 mol L−1 of Al(NO3)3⋅9H2O to attain a molar ratio (M2+:M3+) of 2.5:1. Subsequently, pH-dependent IO3 – sorption tests were carried out, coupled with X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, facilitating the elucidation and discourse of the removal mechanism. The theoretical chemistry in this research harnessed ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations for structural modeling, atomic density profiles, radial distribution function, analysis of oxide species, and MD-EXAFS spectrum analysis. In summary, this study aims to elucidate iodine removal mechanisms using diverse experimental results, culminating in the revelation that ion-exchange with NO3 – present in the interlayer predominates as the principal mechanism for IO3 – removal. Notably, a distinct spectral feature at approximately 33,190 eV emerged, defying identification through XANES and EXAFS analyses conducted under experimental conditions. In the AIMD simulations, meticulous scrutiny of individual iodine atoms uncovered the prevalence of I−O and I−O−H molecular species, marked by interactions between O and H atoms, with a coordination number of I−O = ~3. This transformation was primarily instigated by proton hopping. As a result, the comparative investigation reveals the dominance of IO3 – intercalation in the CoAl LDH material with the potential to undergo a transformation to the I−O−H molecule upon interaction with protons.

For the sake of future generations, the management of radioactive waste is essential. The disposal of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) is considered an urgent challenge to ensure human safety by storing it until its radioactivity drops to a negligible level. Evaluating the safety of disposal facilities is crucial to guarantee their durability for more than 100,000 years, a period sufficient for SNF radioactivity to become ignored. Past studies have proposed various parameters for forecasting the safety of SNF disposal. Among these, radiochemistry and electrochemistry play pivotal roles in predicting the corrosion-related chemical reactions occurring within the SNF and the structural materials of disposal facilities. Our study considers an extreme scenario where the SNF canister becomes compromised, allowing underground water to infiltrate and contact the SNF. We aim to improve the corrosion mechanism and mass-balance equation compared with what Shoesmith et al. proved under the same circumstances. To enhance the comprehensibility of the chemical reactions occurring within the breached SNF canister, we have organized these reactions into eight categories: mass diffusion, alpha radiolysis, adsorption, hydrate formation, solidification, decomposition, ionization, and oxidation. After categorization, we define how each species interacts with others and calculate the rate of change in species’ concentrations resulting from these reactions. By summing up the concentration change rates of each species due to these reactions, we redefine the mass-balance equations for each species. These newly categorized equations, which have not been explained in detail previously, offer a detailed description of corrosion reactions. This comprehensive understanding allows us to evaluate the safety implications of a compromised SNF canister and the associated disposal facilities by numerically solving the mass-balance equations.

We produced an activated carbon using sodium-lignosulfonate, in which we investigated how the sodium salt in lignin served as the activating agent during heat treatment. Our process resulted in a product with a high specific surface area of 1324 m2/ g at 800 °C and microporous structure. During the activation process, we observed the consumption of carbon due to the dehydration reaction of NaOH and the reduction of Na2CO3 to metallic Na, which created pores through oxidation/ reduction reactions. The intercalation of metallic Na between the lattices at high temperatures formed additional pores and increased the specific surface area. Our proposed mechanism holds promise for enhancing the control of the microstructure and porosity of activated carbons through the thermal treatment of biomass.

The thermocatalytic decomposition of methane is a promising method for hydrogen production. To determine the cause of carbonaceous catalyst deactivation and to produce high-value carbon, methane decomposition behavior and deactivated catalysts were analyzed. The surface properties and crystallinity of a commercial activated carbon material, MSP20, used as a methane decomposition catalyst, varied with the reaction time at a reaction temperature of 900 °C. During the initial reaction, MSP20 provided a methane conversion of ≥ 50%; however, the catalyst exhibited rapid deactivation as crystalline carbon grew at surface defects; after 15 min of reaction, approximately 33% methane conversion was maintained. With increasing reaction time, the specific surface area of the catalyst decreased, whereas crystallinity increased. The R-square value of the conversion–crystallinity relationship was significantly higher than that of the conversion–specific surface area relationship; however, neither profile was linear. The activity of the activated carbon catalyst for methane decomposition is mainly determined by the complex actions of the specific surface area and defect sites. The activity was maintained after an initial sharp decline caused by the continuous growth of crystalline carbon product. This study presents the application of carbonaceous catalysts for the decomposition reaction of methane to form COx- free hydrogen, while simultaneously yielding porous carbon materials with an improved electrical conductivity.

To elucidate the mechanism of pyrethroid resistance in Helicoverpa armigera, the study explored three possibilities based on deltamethrin as a model pyrethroid; 1) the existence of mutations in the target site of deltamethrin, 2) the existence of variation at the genomic level between insecticide-susceptible and resistant strains, 3) differences in gene expression patterns between the strains. Based on these hypotheses, three levels of resistant strains and a susceptible strain as well as nine Korean field populations were used. As results, 1) any point mutations were not detected in sodium channel gene. 2) based on newly set Korean reference genome (GCA_026262555.1), approximately 3,369,837 and 1,032,689 variants (SNPs and Indels) were revealed from genome and ORFs, respectively. However, any specific variants were not found to be highly correlated with the level of insecticide resistance. 3) based on DEG analysis, some of detoxification enzyme genes were differently expressed particularly cytochrome P450 genes. Therefore, H. armigera possibly acquires deltamethrin resistance through a combination of actions, including over-expression of various detoxification enzymes such as CYP3 subfamilies and cuticular proteins.

In this paper, a dynamic centrifuge model test was conducted on a 24.8-meter-deep excavation consisting of a 20 m sand layer and 4.8 m bedrock, classified as S3 by Korean seismic design code KDS 17 10 00. A braced excavation wall supports the hole. From the results, the mechanism of seismically induced earth pressure was investigated, and their distribution and loading points were analyzed. During earthquake loadings, active seismic earth pressure decreases from the at-rest earth pressure since the backfill laterally expands at the movement of the wall toward the active direction. Yet, the passive seismic earth pressure increases from the at-rest earth pressure since the backfill pushes to the wall and laterally compresses at it, moving toward a passive direction and returning to the initial position. The seismic earth pressure distribution shows a half-diamond distribution in the dense sand and a uniform distribution in loose sand. The loading point of dynamic thrust corresponding with seismic earth pressure is at the center of the soil backfill. The dynamic thrust increased differently depending on the backfill's relative density and input motion type. Still, in general, the dynamic thrust increased rapidly when the maximum horizontal displacement of the wall exceeded 0.05 H%.

본 연구의 목적은 정신분석적 관점에서 미술작품이 자신의 내면을 이해할 수 있는지와 자기탐색을 통해 치유적 효과가 있는지 프리다 칼로의 작품을 통해 살 펴보는 것이다. 연구의 접근은 정신분석 미술치료관점 즉, 그림이 무의식의 표현 이며 전이된 무의식의 내용을 해석하고 통찰하면서 치료가 된다는 미술심리치료 의 이론적 입장이 예술가의 작품을 통해 지지되는지에 대한 검증 필요성에 기반 한다. 연구방법은 연구문제를 검증하기 위해 프리다 칼로 인생의 주요 전환기에 그려진 작품을 시대순으로 정리하여 다양한 연구문헌을 참고하여 작품 속에 투사 된 무의식의 상징을 분석하였다. 연구결과는 프리다 칼로의 작품은 자신의 불안, 억압, 갈등의 적극적인 탐색 과정이었으며 미술의 치료적 속성인 심상, 승화, 표 현, 카타르시스의 치료기제가 모두 작용된 것으로 보인다. 이러한 연구결과를 바 탕으로 미술의 창작행위는 표현자체로 치료적 의미를 가져다준다는 것을 알 수있다.

Social marketing is a discipline promoting voluntary behaviour change in target audience to effect societal and individual benefits by applying commercial marketing strategies. Considering the UNFCCC mechanisms are established to foster voluntary cooperation of parties of the Paris Agreement (2015) in achieving their emission reduction targets and adaptation goals, potential for social marketing playing a critical role in contributing to the context seems endless. The Climate Technology Center and Network (CTCN), established in 2013, is an operational arm of the Technology Mechanism (TM) introduced by the Conference of the Parties (COP) under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. With the purpose of pursuing impactful mitigation and adaptation technology transfer based on global cooperation ontology, the CTCN supports technical assistance (TA) to developing countries on climate technology issues. Nevertheless, the participation rate of the domestic members in the CTCN TA project is low at 7 per cent. With this regard, little has known about what government support would benefit the Network members most, therefore, contributing to the global climate change issue. This research aims to respond to these calls. Three sequential studies outlining 4P strategy development were conducted. Study 1 conducted an online survey to identify pricing factors influencing participation of climate technology transfer business (RQ1). Study 2 tested four different types of government support program that will is most likely to encourage the Network member’s CTCN TA participation (RQ2). Study 3 pilot tested the most appropriate government support program, including a new communication strategy (RQ3). This research has taken climate technology experts’ perspectives in order to enhance the participation of 81 Korean Network members in climate technology projects. This paper contributes to applying the social marketing approach in expanding climate technology assistants globally, thereby purposefully bringing new theoretical and practical insights affecting the mitigation of carbon emissions and increasing the adaptation to climate-related disasters in developing countries.