The use of hanging scaffolding for exterior wall painting and cleaning in building construction and maintenance carries the inherent risk of fall accidents. While periodic rope replacement is crucial for preventing accidents resulting from rope breakage, current regulations lack specificity in determining appropriate disposal period for fiber ropes. This study analyzed the tensile strength of the most commonly used PP fiber ropes with different diameters (16 mm, 20 mm) in the domestic construction industry. Additionally, the effect of outdoor exposure was examined by measuring the tensile strength of new ropes and ropes exposing to outdoor conditions for 30 days and 90 days. The results showed that the new ropes and those exposed to outdoor for 30 days met the KS (Korean Standards) criteria for tensile strength. However, a significant decrease in tensile strength was observed in ropes exposed to outdoor for 90 days compared to both the new ropes and those exposed for 30 days. Furthermore, the ropes exposed for 90 days did not meet the KS criteria. These findings indicate the degradation of PP fiber ropes due to UV (Ultra Violet) radiation, highlighting the importance of considering this factor when determining the replacement period for fiber ropes used in scaffolding work.

Although monitoring of radon has been extensively implemented throughout South Korea, the risk assessment has been mainly limited to indoor environments such as schools, workplaces, and multi-use facilities, and evaluations have normally been performed separately. In this study, the differences in radon exposure according to two groups (< 1 and 1-6 years old) were evaluated considering various indoor and outdoor environments, timeactivity patterns, variations in radon concentrations, and dwelling type (single detached and apartment house) using Monte-Carlo simulation. The distribution and representative values of radon concentration by micro-environments were confirmed through the Anders-Darling test, and a uniform distribution was applied in case of uncertainty. The effective dose ranged from 1.81 ± 1.19 to 2.81 ± 3.02mSv/y. Comparing the levels recommended by EPA, WHO, and ICRP with the value of the 95th percentile of this study, it was found that the results for those dwelling in detached houses exceeded recommended levels. Infants that spend a lot of time in homes with relatively high levels of concentration of radon are assessed to be somewhat more vulnerable to radon exposure.

Outdoor air pollution with particulate matter has become more severe in Korea. Ambient particle concentration affects the indoor environment through various routes through building envelopes. In this study, we investigated particle exposure in residential buildings. Indoor and outdoor particle sources determined the indoor concentrations and particle exposure. This paper measured indoor particles and CO2 concentrations in two different apartment buildings and conducted the survey for 24 hours. The I/O ratio of the occupant awake period was higher than the asleep period. The I/O ratio in the awake period is 0.93-3.65, while the I/O ratio in the asleep period is 0.31- 0.76.Indoor peak events such as cooking or cleaning temporarily increase the I/O ratio and emit the indoor particle sources. Decay rate constant is 0.49-6.84 (1/h) in the indoor peak events during the operation of the exhaust hood and natural ventilation. The size range of 0.3-0.5 μm size is over half for the proportions of emitted particles (55.6%). Daily exposure is divided into indoor sources (45.2%) and outdoor sources (54.8%). We found the differences for the proportion of particle exposure. The ratio of daily exposure in particles for 0.3-0.5 μm size is 43.1 (indoor)/ 56.9 (outdoor) %. However, indoor sources are higher than outdoor sources for the ratio of daily exposure in particles for the 0.5-10.0 μm size.

The study measured the volatile organic compounds consistency of the child tympanitis patient family. Benzene, the result which analyzes toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and TVOC consistency, case of personal exposure they were 0.518 μg/m3, 0.909 μg/m3, 1.299 μg/m3, 0.960 μg/m3 and 273.718 μg/m3 respectively, case it appeared with benzene the interior 0.539 μg/m3 and toluene 1.433 μg/m3 and ethylbenzene 1.253 μg/m3 and xylene 1.899 μg/m3 and TVOC 262.132 μg/m3. The consistency of the outdoor benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene and TVOC appeared respectively with 0.512 μg/m3, 0.474 μg/m3, 1.177 μg/m3, 0.862 μg/m3 and 22.306 μg/m3. Personal exposure, the residential interior, interrelationship analytical result Benzene of outdoor consistency and Ethyl benzene, Xylene and TVOC personal exposures with the interior and outdoor consistency showed the interrelationship which considers(p < 0.01). VOCs consistency which it follows in residential type the detached home > the multi generation house > the consistency price came out with the apartment order, VOCs consistency which it follows construction year possibility the year valence which is built 4 years at once rises the consistency appeared more highly the case where the case is above 4 years than.

The objectives of this study were to characterize the factors affecting exposure to the VOCs and NO2 in the vicinity of Gwangyang industrial complex. The VOCs and NO2 levels were measured for residents of an exposure group (industrial area within 5 km) and a control group (15 km farther), respectively using the VOCs and NO2 filter badge as a passive sampler from August to September 2006. The means of indoor, outdoor, workplace and personal exposure levels of benzene were 1.10 ppb, 0.94 ppb, 1.85 ppb and 2.35 ppb respectively in the exposure group. The means regarding toluene for the exposure group were 9.29 ppb indoor, 8.09 ppb outdoor, 14.5 ppb workplace, 14.2 ppb personal exposure. The means regarding ethylbenzene were 4.96 ppb(indoor), 4.45 ppb(outdoor), 6.84 ppb (workplace), 6.10 ppb(personal exposure), and the means regarding xylene were 0.10 ppb(indoor, outdoor), 0.18 ppb(workplace) 0.17 ppb(personal exposure). The means for the indoor, outdoor, workplace and personal exposure level of NO2 were 18.40 ppb, 18.51 ppb, 18.59 ppb, 18.80 ppb respectively in the exposure group. Correlations between personal exposures and workplace concentrations of individual VOCs and NO2 exposures, and each of the microenvironment was statistically significant.

In this study, we attempted to estimate the association between asthma oriented by indoor air sources and personal exposure by comparing the case (asthma-patient) and control (non-asthma-patient) groups. We selected 27 participants who showed positive response on lung function and methacholin provocation test. We performed environmental survey with 15 and 10 cases during May and June 2007, respectively. There was no significant difference between the case and control groups in the level of formaldehyde and TBC (Total Bacterial Count). In the dust allergen test, the case concentration was higher than the control's, without signifiant difference. In the personal exposure assessment of VOCs using OVM (Organic Vapor Monitor) badge, the case concentrations of Benzene, Toluene, and Ethylbenzene were higher than the control's, but there was no significant difference. The personal exposure of Xylene case study was significantly higher than the control's

The work of hairdressers includes washing, coloring, bleaching, permanent waving, conditioning, and cutting scalp hair. Hairdressers are subjected to a number of physical and toxicological hazards. The toxicological hazards are those resulting from exposure to a wide range of chemicals and from chemicals are usually classified active processes. In this study, twenty beauty shops were selected to assess the exposure to indoor air pollutants such as VOCs and particulate matter (PM10) during one month from September 1 to September 30, 2003. Indoor air quality of beauty shops might be worse by vehicle emissions because the beauty shops were generally located near roadway. Personal exposures to VOCs and PM10 were related to indoor concentrations of beauty shops, respectively. According to questionnaire, hairdressers responded sore throat, eye irritation, and nervousness as health effect symptoms. Conclusively, users as well as workers in beauty shop might be highly exposed to air pollutants from indoor sources and outdoor sources. Therefore, proper methods should be prepared to improve the indoor air quality in beauty shop.

In many climatic conditions, there is UV ray, which is called ultraviolet rays, which has the greatest effect on sealing materials. Because UV has high energy, it changes the internal structure of polymer and causes quality deterioration. In addition, temperature, humidity, and rainfall, snowfall, and atmospheric pollutants are also factors to be avoided in maintaining the integrity of the sealant. In this study, we tried to obtain reproducibility by using a composite deterioration test device which can describe the environment of the outside air as a part of the research project to investigate the weather change in the prototype of the structural sealant. The outdoor exposure test result and the composite deterioration test device Correlation analysis. In the future, it will be possible to predict the changes in the physical properties of the structural sealant by applying the composite deterioration test equipment and outdoor exposure test data.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are present in essentially all natural and synthetic materials from petrol to flowers. In this study, indoor and outdoor VOCs concentrations of houses, offices and internet-cafes were measured and compared simultaneously with personal exposures of each 50 participants in Asan and Seoul, respectively. Also, factors that influence personal VOCs exposure were statistically analyzed using questionnaires in relation to house characteristics, time activities, and health effects. All VOCs concentrations were measured by OVM passive samplers (3M) and analyzed with GC/MS. Target pollutants among VOCs were Toluene, o-Xylene, m/p-Xylene, Ethylbenzene, MIBK, n-Octane, Styrene, Trichloroethylene, and 1,2-Dichlorobenzene. Indoor and outdoor VOCs concentrations measured in Seoul were significantly higher than those in Asan except Ethylbenzene. Residential indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratios for all target compounds ranged from 0.94 to 1.51 and I/O ratios of Asan were a little higher than those of Seoul. Relationship between personal VOCs exposure, and indoor and outdoor VOCs concentrations suggested that time-activity pattern could affect the high exposure to air pollutant. Factors that influence indoor VOCs level and personal exposure with regard to house characteristics in houses were building age, inside smoking and house type. In addition insecticide and cosmetics interestingly affected the VOCs personal exposure. Higher exposure to VOCs might be caused to be exciting increase and memory reduction, considering the relationship between measured VOCs concentrations and questionnaire (p<0.05).