This study was carried out to investigate the effects of seeding dates on the growth characteristics, dry matter yield and mineral contents of rye cultivated in the paddy field. The field experiment was conceived as a randomized block design performed in triplicate with seeding dates of October 19 (T1), October (T2), November 2 (T3), November 9 (T4), and November 16 (T5). All treatments was harvested on May 22 of the following year. Plant length, stem diameter, dry matter yield, and total digestible nutrient (TDN) yield were higher in rye with early seeding dates (p<0.05), whereas TDN was higher with late seeding dates (p<0.05). There was no significant difference between crude protein and ether extract among the different seeding dates. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were higher with early seeding dates (p<0.05). K and Ca contents were significantly higher at T1 as compared to other treatments (T2, T3, T4 and T5). There was no significant difference in Mg and Na content among T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 treatments. P content was higher in the order T1 > T2 > T3 > T4 > T5 (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in free sugar contents (glucose, fructose and sucrose) by treatments, whereas total free sugar content was the highest in T1 than in the other treatments (p<0.05). Collectively, the results obtained in this study indicate that it is favorable to seed (T1 and T2) soon after harvesting rice to increase dry matter, TDN yield and total free sugar content of rye in the midlands of Korea.

Because Scotinophara lurida has the habit of living under the rice plant, an introduction of a method for efficient control when spraying eco-friendly organic materials is needed. In this study, we investigated the density of S. lurida in drained- and irrigated-paddy field after spraying an organic material containing garlic bulb extracts, which has high insecticidal activity in S. lurida in direct spraying test in glass tube. As a result, an irrigated rice paddy showed a control effect of 66.4% after 3 days of spraying and 86.2% after 7 days, while a drained rice paddy showed a control effect of 33.9% after spraying and 61.9% after 7 days. These results suggest that effective control can be achieved in irrigated rice fields if organic farming materials are evenly sprayed and reach to the body of S. lurida. It is remained to study how irrigated water do contribute to increase the insecticidal effect in the future.

Paddy fields provide important habitats for biodiversity conservation within the agricultural ecosystem. Their importance is gradually increasing as their ecological value is better understood. Benthic macroinvertebrates dominate paddy fields. They play an essential role in maintaining the biodiversity of paddy ecosystems. This study aimed to analyze characteristics of benthic macroinvertebrate communities and main environmental factors affecting the distribution of golden apple snails (Pomacea canaliculata). Results showed that the diversity index (H ′) of the benthic macroinvertebrate community was the highest at the Sangju site (St. 12) but the lowest at the Sancheong site (St. 18). Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), salinity, and Electrical Conductivity (EC) values were the highest in Gimhae and Yeongam based on Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA). Numbers of P. canaliculata (m-2) were relatively low in Gunsan and Iksan where water temperatures were high. Therefore, changes in geographical characteristics and environmental factors might affect the distribution of P. canaliculata and characteristics of benthic macroinvertebrate communities. Results of this study can be used as primary data for biodiversity conservation and ecosystem service evaluation in agroecosystems.

본 연구는 논과 밭에서 재배한 18개 사일리지용 옥수수 품종들 의 생육특성, 수량성 및 사료 가치를 비교 분석하기 위하여 수행하 였다. 논과 밭에서 출사일수는 조숙종인 신황옥이 78일로 가장 짧 았고, 강다옥이 92일로 가장 길었다. 그리고 논과 밭의 출사 일수 차이는 조숙종(6일)보다 중 ․ 만생종(10일)에서 더 크게 차이가 발생 하는 것을 확인하였다. 간장은 논에서 재배한 옥수수가 밭보다 5~10% 감소하였지만, 착수고율은 10~15% 증가되는 경향을 보여 주었다. 그러나 도복과 후기녹체성은 논과 밭에서의 큰 차이를 보이 지 않았다. 사일리지 사료가치를 증진시키는 옥수수의 암이삭 비율 은 신황옥이 논과 밭에서 55.5%, 47.8%로 가장 높았고, 대부분 품종들은 밭보다 논에서 10~30% 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 이삭길이도 10~25% 감소하였다. 생초수량은 다청옥이 밭에서 65,750 kg/ha, 논에서 33,880 kg/ha로 최고 수량을 보였다. 생초수 량과 유사하게 건물수량도 다청옥이 밭에서 26,910 kg/ha, 논에 서 21,670 kg/ha로, TDN수량은 밭에서 18,040 kg/ha, 논에서 14,390 kg/ha로 최고 수량을 보여주었다. 사일리지용 옥수수의 사 료 가치를 평가하기 위하여 조단백질, 전분을 종실에서 분석한 결 과 논과 밭에서 재배한 품종간의 차이는 보이지 않았다. 그리고 잎과 줄기, 종실을 이용하여 ADF와 NDF 함량을 분석한 결과 잎 과 줄기는 밭에서는 P3394, P1543 같은 수입종이, 논에서 재배할 때는 신광옥, 다안옥 같은 국산품종이 낮을 함량을 가지고 있었다. 또한 종실에서는 밭보다 논에서 ADF와 NDF 함량이 일부 품종에 서 감소하였지만, 대부분 품종에서는 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 따라서 논과 밭에서 재배한 옥수수 품종들의 사료 가치는 큰 차이 를 보이지 않으므로, 배수 관리 등을 통해 생육을 정상적으로 재배 한다면 논에서의 옥수수 수량성을 확보 할 수 있다고 판단된다

This study aimed to examine the changes in dry matter yield and growth characteristics of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in response to variations in sowing dates during the autumn season of 2021-22 in a dry paddy field of Chilbo-myeon, Jeongeup-si, Jeollabuk-do. Treatments comprised four sowing dates at 10-day intervals, i.e., October 8, October 18, October 28, and November 8, 2021. The winter survival rate of alfalfa showed a significant difference between different treatments but was at a satisfactory level for all (p<0.05). The winter survival rate for the fourth sowing date, a month later than the first sowing date, was approximately 11.7% lower than that for the first sowing date. The plant height ranged between 82.3–93.1 cm and 60.5–63.7 cm at the first and second harvest, respectively, smaller at the second harvest than at the first harvest. The total dry matter yield of alfalfa was the highest at 13,316 kg/ha for the first sowing date, and the later the sowing date, the lower the dry matter yield. The protein content of alfalfa ranged between 13.6–17.3% in the first harvest, lower than the standard alfalfa protein content of 20% or more. In relative feed value, the first sowing (Oct. 8) was the most significantly higher in the first harvest (p<0.05). These results suggest that the early and mid-October sowing dates are optimum for sowing alfalfa during autumn and result in improved plant growth, dry matter yield, protein content, and winter survival compared to those at later sowing dates. Therefore, dry paddy fields can be safely employed for alfalfa cultivation with sowing dates in early and mid-October during autumn.

Ecological occupation in irrigation ponds is a well-acknowledged fact that is essential for biodiversity conservation in agricultural ecosystems. However, there are few studies on the ecological functions and relationship between a paddy field and irrigation using macroinvertebrates in an environmentally friendly paddy field. The objective of this study is to identify the community and distribution characteristics of macroinvertebrates in an agricultural paddy field and irrigation pond ecosystems, and to provide basic data on the ecological function of an environmentally friendly paddy field. Macroinvertebrate sampling was conducted from May to September in an agricultural paddy field and irrigation pond in an environment-friendly paddy field in Boryeong city. We conducted a study to identify the distribution characteristics using macroinvertebrate species analysis, such as Functional Feeding Groups (FFGs), Habitat Oriented Groups (HOGs), rarefaction curve, and a two-way dendrogram. A total of 37 species of macroinvertebrates in 28 families, 13 orders were collected study during the period of the investigation. Dominant taxa of macroinvertebrates included Coleoptera, Hemiptera, and Odonata. In terms of FFGs, predators and gathering collectors accounted for approximately 70%, in relation to HOGs, and climbers and swimmers occupied more than 50% from both the paddy field and irrigation pond. With respect to the rarefaction curve, the irrigation pond (July) was high as E (S, 141)=18 species, while the paddy field (May) was comparatively low as E (S, 141)=9 species. In conclusion, our results revealed that macroinvertebrates, such as Notonecta triguttata, Peltodytes intermedius, Appasus major, Laccotrephes japonensis, Appasus japonicus, Sigara substriata, Enochrus simulans, and Sternolophus rufipes, were used as a habitat and spawning ground in both paddy field and irrigation pond. The irrigation pond appears to be a very important spawning ground for macroinvertebrates.

본 연구는 이탈리안 라이그라스를 벼 입모중 파종 후 벼 수확시기에 따른 이탈리안 라이그라스 극조생종 품종 ‘그린팜’ 의 생육특성 및 생산성을 평가하기 위해 중부지역에 위치한 천안에서 2011–2012, 2012–2013 및 2013–2014까지 3년간 수행하였다. 1. 국내육성 이탈리안 라이그라스 극조생종 ‘그린팜’을 3년 간 9월 하순에 파종 후 10일(처리 1), 20일(처리2) 및 30일(처리 3) 간격으로 3회에 나누어 벼를 수확해서 재배하였을 때, 벼 수확시기가 늦어질수록 월동 전 분얼수, 초장, 월동율 및 건물수량은 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 2. 월동 전 분얼수는 처리 1에 비해 처리 2 및 3의 평균이 각각 32% 및 52% 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 3. 벼 수확 지연에 따른 월동율의 경우 처리 1에 비해 처리 2 및 3은 두 처리구 모두 평균 8% 감소하였으며, 건물수량은 각각 평균 32% 및 52% 감소하였다. 4. 벼 입모중 이탈리안 라이그라스 파종 재배시험에서 출수기는 매년 다르게 나타났으며, 봄철 이탈리안 라이그라스 수확 시 초장의 차이는 유의성이 있는 차이를 보이지 않았다. 5. 논에서 입모중 파종으로 극종생 이탈리안 라이그라스 품종 그린팜을 재배할 때는 파종 후 가능한 한 빨리 벼를 수확하여 생산성을 높이는 것이 방법임을 시사한다.

월동기 논과 논두렁에서 서식하고 있는 다양한 절지동물의 발생밀도를 조사하여 생물다양성에 대한 정보를 제공하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 동력흡충기를 이용하여 논과 논두렁에서 각각 5지점씩 50×50 cm 격자 내에 있는 지표면과 식물을 흡입하여 채집하였다. 논과 논두렁에서 채집한 총개체수는 41,197개체였으며, 대부분 Collembola, Hemiptera, Diptera가 많이 채집되었다. 영농형태별 유기농법 재배지와 관행농법 재배지에서의 절지동물 출현패턴은 거의 유사하였으나 채집된 개체수는 유기농법 재배지에서 더 많았다. 종다양성지수, 종풍부도지수, 종균일도 지수는 논보다는 논두렁에서 모두 높게 나타났고, 시기별로 큰 차이를 보였는데 이는 통계적으로 유의하였다(P < 0.05).

Intercropping cereals with legumes is known to improve forage production and crude protein yield. Sorghum × sudangrass hybrids (SSH) have excellent dry matter content and high cultivation temperatures. In this study, we investigated the growth characteristics, forage productivity, and feed value of intercropping SSH with different legumes in rice paddy fields. We used five treatments in this study SSH monocropping and four intercropping treatments of SSH with, lablab, cowpea, sesbania, and two cultivars of soybean (Chookdu 1 and 2). SSH plant height was not significantly different between the monocropping and intercropping treatments. However, the plant heights of lablab, cowpea, and sesbania were significantly higher than those of the two soybean cultivars. The total dry matter yield (kg/ha) was significantly higher in SSH monocropping than in intercropping; among the intercropping treatments, the one with SSH and Chookdu 2 yielded the highest total dry matter yield. The SSH feed value was significantly different between the monocropping and intercropping treatments, although there were no differences between the intercropping treatments. Among the intercropped legumes, lablab showed the highest neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber contents, and cowpea had the highest crude protein content. These results reveal that intercropping SSH with legumes in paddy fields could be a promising cultivation technique to maintain stable forage productivity.

본 연구는 평야지 논토양에서 찰옥수수/콩을 활용한 2모작 재배방법을 개발하기 위한 기초자료로 활용하기 위하여, 2년간 (2019~2020년) 파종시기별 경운방법 및 재식방법에 따른 찰옥수수와 콩의 생육 및 수량 특성을 알아본 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 찰옥수수와 콩의 생육기간 중 토양 수분함량 변화에서 과잉수 정체기간은 쟁기+로터리 처리와 이랑너비가 좁을수록 짧게 조사되어, 쟁기+로터리60 cm 처리구에서 가장 짧았다. 2. 모든 시기의 생육특성 조사에서 찰옥수수는 2차파종 쟁기+로터리60 cm 처리구가 연차간 초장과 경태가 가장 길었고, 엽수도 가장 많았으며, 엽색도도 가장 높았으며, 콩은 1차파종 에서 쟁기+로터리60 cm 처리구가 연차간 모두 초장, 경태, 엽수 및 엽색도의 조사값이 가장 높았다. 3. 찰옥수수 수량에서는 2차파종 쟁기+로터리60 cm 처리구가 연차간 모두 1,245, 1,262 kg/10a 로 가장 많았고, 콩은 1차 파종 쟁기+로터리60 cm 처리구에서 223, 220 kg/10a 로 가장 많았으며, 다음으로 1차파종 쟁기+로터리120 cm · 로터 리60 cm 처리구 및 2차파종에서 쟁기+로터리60 cm 처리구에서 186~210 kg/10a 로 많았다. 4. 생육조사 및 수량평가에서 파종시기와 이랑너비에서 뚜렷한 차이를 보였으며, 평야지 논에서 찰옥수수와 콩 2모작 재 배시 쟁기+로터리하여 60 cm의 고휴에 1열로 찰옥수수는 4월 초에 파종, 콩은 찰옥수수의 수확시기에 맞춘 7월 중순 파종 하여 재배하는 것이 유리할 것으로 생각된다.

This study was carried out to evaluate the forage yield and feed value of winter crops such as Italian ryegrass (IRG), oat, rye, barley, and hairy vetch. Forage crops were sown on 15 th October 2018 in a paddy field after harvesting rice and forage crops were harvested at two times of 25 th April 2019 and 18 th May 2 01 9. T he h ighest d ry m atter (DM) y ield w as h arvested f rom r ye among t he five species of forage crop on 18 th May. DM yield of all forages was increased 14.4% on 18 th May compared to 25 th April. The highest yield of crude protein (CP) was obtained from hairy vetch on 25 th April, whereas it was decreased (38.1%) on 18 th May. Moreover, the highest total digestible nutrient (TDN) yield and relative feed value (RFV) was harvested respectively from rye and hairy vetch on 25 th April. Delay of harvest time considerably increased DM yield but significantly decreased CP and RFV. In conclusion, rye was the best source of DM and TDN and hairy vetch was the high-quality feed. Rye harvested on 25 th April is the proper forage for resolving Korea’s problem of insufficient forage yield.

This study was evaluated to compare annual productivity and feed value of Italian ryegrass and summer forage crops at paddy field in middle region of Korea. Italian ryegrass (Kowinearly) was used as winter forage crop, and forage rice (Youngwoo) and barnyard millet (Jeju) were used as summer forage crops. Each crop was cultivated using the standard forage cultivation method. The plant height, dry matter yield, crude protein content, and total digestible nutrient content of Italian ryegrass were 90.6 cm, 7,681 kg/ha, 9.2%, and 63.8%, respectively, and it was no significant difference by summer forage crops (p>0.05). The plant height of summer forage crops was the higher in barnyard millet than in forage rice (p<0.05). The dry matter, crude protein, and total digestible nutrient yields of summer forage crops were the higher in forage rice than in barnyard millet (p<0.05). Also, the feed value of summer forage crops was higher in forage rice than in barnyard millet. In conclusion, the combination of Italian ryegrass-forage rice was the most effective cropping system for annual forage production with high-yield and high-feed value, and it was considered the combination of Italian ryegrass-barnyard millet was good cropping system for annual forage production through reducing labor and cultivating stable at paddy field in middle region of Korea.

본 연구는 최근 지구 온난화로 인하여 벼의 재배 가능 기간이 길어짐에 따라 남부지방의 벼 2기작 재배의 가능성을 확인하기 위해 수행되었다. 전기작 벼는 4월 15일에 9 개의 품종을 이앙하였다. 전기작 벼의 수확 후 후기작으로는 11개의 품종을 8월 1일에 이앙하여 11월 초에 수확하였다. 전기작의 5 개의 품종(기라라397, 백일미, 조안, 한설 그리고 중모1031)은 7월 말에 수확이 가능하였다. 전기작은 기라라397과 백일미 품종이 수량이 가장 많았다. 전기작의 쌀 수확량은 지역 평균 수확량의 약 93% 정도였다. 후기작은 지녹과 기라라397이 수량이 가장 많았다. 후기작 벼 재배에서 쌀 수확량은 정상적인 계절 재배보다 생육기간이 짧아 지역 평균 수확량의 약 70% 미만이었다. 결과적으로 한국 남부지역의 벼2기작은 경제적 실효성이 아직은 높지 않지만 지구 온난화로 인한 평균기온 상승과 식량자급율을 고려하여 지속적인 연구가 필요하다고 판단된다.