To develop quality-improved bakery products, the influence of the partial replacement of wheat flour by Artemisia princeps leaf powder (APP) on the quality characteristics of cookies, including antioxidant activities, was investigated. Studies were carried out to evaluate the addition of different percentages of APP on the quality characteristics of cookies prepared by incorporating APP (1-4%) into wheat flour. The incorporation of APP significantly affected the cookies’ physicochemical parameters and sensory acceptance attributes. Such incorporation at different levels significantly reduced moisture content while increasing the cookie dough’s density (p<0.05). The spread ratio, loss rate, L*, and b* values of the cookies decreased, but their hardness and a* value increased significantly with increasing levels of APP substitution (p<0.05). 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline- 6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities were significantly increased (p<0.05) with higher APP substitution and were well-correlated. Hedonic sensory results showed that cookies fortified with 2% APP generally received satisfactory and acceptable acceptance scores. Consumers seemed to prefer the cookie texture in terms of chewiness when the samples were softer and lighter but less reddish, whereas taste acceptance may be a dominant factor in overall acceptability.

이 연구는 한국의 대학 연구자들이 무엇을 과학자의 사회적 책임으로서 중시하고 있고, 또 연구자의 사회적 책임에 대한 상이한 인식에 영향을 주는 요인들은 무엇인지를 탐구한다. 분석 결과, 학문적으로 우수한 연구 결과 창출을 가장 중요한 과학자의 사회적 책임으로 꼽은 응답자가 가장 많았고, 이어 사회문제해결에 기여하는 연구 수행, 산업적으로 활용이 가능한 연구 수행의 순으로 나타났다. 연구윤리를 준수한 연구활동이나 연구실 구성원(학문후속세대)에 대한 후원과 돌봄을 선택한 응답자는 상대적으로 소수였다. 즉, 과 학자의 사회적 책임에 관한 학술적, 정책적 담론과 달리, 연구자들은 전체 사회에 대한 책임 보다 과학 내부에 대한 책임을 자신들의 사회적 책임으로 강조하는 경향을 보였다. 각각의 사회적 책임에 대한 응답을 결정하는 요인을 살펴본 결과, 기초연구비중은 학문적으로 우수한 연구 결과 창출 대비 산업적 연구, 연구윤리준수, 사회문제해결에 기여를 연구자의 사회적 책임으로 인식할 가능성에 부정적인 영향을 주고 있었다. 연구윤리준수와 사회문제해결에의 기여의 경우, 기초연구비중의 영향은 기초연구자들의 내재적 연구동기를 통제했을 때 통계적 유의미성이 사라졌으나, 산업적 연구의 경우 내재적 연구동기를 통제해도 기초연구비중의 영 향은 유의미하게 남았다.

This study investigated the influence of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and progesterone on acrosome reaction and proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition boar sperm. The sperm were diluted with semen extender and incubated with NaHCO3 and progesterone at 38℃, 5% CO2 for 6 h. Plasma membrane integrity and acrosome reaction were analyzed using SYBR14/propidium iodide (PI) and FITC-PNA/PI doubling staining method, and proportion of PUFA was analyzed using gas chromatography. In results, Plasma membrane integrity was significantly decreased in 50 mM NaHCO3 group and acrosome reaction was significantly increased by over the 100 mM NaHCO3 group compared to control group (p < 0.05). In addition, progesterone significantly increased decreased plasma membrane integrity at 100 mM progesterone and acrosome reaction at over the 5.0 µM progesterone (p < 0.05), but there was no difference among the 5.0 to 100 µM groups. PUFAs were significantly decreased in 100 mM NaHCO3 and 50 µM progesterone treatments compared to control group. In summary NaHCO3 and progesterone induce acrosome reaction and reduce PUFA composition in boar sperm, therefore, the results maybe help to understand basically knowledge for the acrosome reaction and PUFA composition in boar sperm.

The purpose of this study is to reveal concrete evidence on how aesthetic preference is applied in product design by countries. Since the 19th century, the proportion has been examined various times, and the conclusions consistently showed the strong preference for the golden ratio (1:1.618). However, previous studies are mainly focused on western products that were designed by western designers, so when the same experiment conducted for the first time in Asia with the question of ‘Is the Asian subjects also likes the golden ratio?’, the result clearly revealed that Korean subjects have a significant preference for the root ratio (1:1.414) and perfect square (1:1). It demonstrates that proportion preference might be different by countries, and it also influences on everyday products. Moreover, there is not enough evidence of Asian product proportions. For this reason, this study will strive to expand the knowledge on Asian aesthetic preference by focusing on Japanese automobiles that were designed and produced in Japan. 55 iconic Japanese automobiles were analyzed for proportion and compared with 50 iconic German automobiles. The result shows that Japanese automobiles have a shorter length of 7:10 (1:1.414) ratio than German automobiles with 13:23 (1:1.769) ratio. This result proves that there is the difference in preference for the proportion of Japan and Germany, and it has already influenced on automobile proportions. This result has a strong value that finding the most appropriate proportion of automotive design is a major issue in new product development, so this can be adapted to various fields of the design process where strong cultural value exists.

본 연구는 내생적 성장모형을 통해 경제성장과 사회적 효용 관점에서 기초연구 예산의 적정 비중 및 그 규모를 다룬다. 이에 본 연구는 지식스톡을 고려한 내생적 성장모형을 구축하고, 이를 토대로 기초연구예산의 적정 여부를 판단하는 하나의 기준을 제시한다. 아울러 정부의 투자 비중과 기초연구 투자 비중 간의 이론적 적정 비율은 정부자본에 대한 산출 탄력성과 지식스톡에 대한 산출 탄력성 간의 비율과 같다는 사실도 도출하였다. 이러한 사실에 기대어 기존 선행연구들의 결과에 따라 필요 파라미터 값들을 특정한 후 적정 규모를 산정하고, 실제 투자 규모와 비교함으로써 유의미한 시사점을 도출해보았다. 이상 본 연구의 결과는 적정 투자 규모 수준에 대한 새로운 기준과 그 규모에 대한 대략적인 수치를 제시하고 있기 때문에, 향후 기초연구정책 수립과 관련하여 합리적인 예산배분⋅조정을 위한 기초 자료로서 크게 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 다만, 본 연구에서 제시한 최적의 해는 경제적 관점에서 도출한 것이므로 해석함에 있어 주의할 필요가 있다.

It is common knowledge that a conventionally woven textile consists of two assemblies of parallel threads (warp and weft), one interlaced with the other at ninety degrees. Where each of the two assemblies is arranged in a particular colour sequence, a check design, known as a ‘tartan’, may be created. Although similar check-type cloths have been produced worldwide, it is the tartans of Scotland which have received most attention and it is here that a complex set of rules evolved and tartans of different types became associated traditionally with different regions, family groups or 'clans'. There is an impressive array of publications focused on the identification of tartans and their clan associations. This paper explains the nature of tartans, analyses typical surface structures, ratios and proportions, and suggests possible avenues of use for modern designers. The principal sources of data were a collection of tartans held at ULITA - An Archive of International Textiles (University of Leeds, UK) and Stewart's 1974 publication The Setts of Scottish Tartans. Based on the observation that divisions into halfs and thirds were dominant, a series of templates is presented with the intention of developing an awareness among designers that ratios and proportions used in familiar or traditional frameworks can be employed in a modern context.

OBJECTIVES: This study is to develop the optimum mixing proportions for cement concrete pavement with using recycled aggregates. METHODS: The mixture varied recycled coarse aggregates content from 50 % to 100 % to replace the natural coarse aggregates by weight. Tests for fundamental properties as a cement concrete pavement were conducted before and after hardening of the concrete. RESULTS: It was found that the variation in the amount of the recycled aggregate affected the compressive and flexural strength development, as well as the chloride ion penetration resistance. As the amount of the recycled aggregate content increased the compressive and flexural strength and the resistance to chloride ion penetration decreased. However, the resistance to freeze-thaw reaction was affected significantly. In addition, the gradation of the aggregate became worse and hence so did the coarseness factor as the recycled aggregate amount increased. CONCLUSIONS : The fundamental properties of the concrete with recycled aggregate does not seem to be appropriate when the recycled aggregate quality is not guaranteed up to a some level and its replacement ratio is over 50%. The optimized gradation of the aggregates should also be sought when the recycled aggregate is used for the cement concrete pavement materials.

FRP Hybrid Bar, composite structures composed of synthetic resins, deformed bar and glass fiber, was invented in order to solve corrosion of rebar in reinforced concrete structures. In order to bond deformed bar and glass fiber to FRP Hybrid Bar, synthetic resins is used. Curing time of the synthetic resins greatly affect productivity. If curing time of synthetic resins is short, cost of facilities is reduced and productivity is increased. Also, If this curing time is shorter or omitted, FRP Hybrid Bar can be commercialized. So, it can cause mass-production and substantial economic effect. Therefore, in this paper, optimum mix proportion is observed in order to increase economic efficiency of FRP Hybrid Bar and reduce curing time of synthetic resins. Total 9 variables are set, adjusting ratio of hardener ratio, and 3 resin moulds on each variables are fabricated. Optimum mix proportion is suggested based on data measured by temperature sensor.

선박은 끊임없이 항해를 하는 것이 아니고 경우에 따라 특정한 장소에서 머물기도 한다. 선박을 한 장소에 머물도록 하는데 가장 유용한 방법은 선박의 닻을 이용하여 정박하는 것이다. 정박한 선박의 닻은 이와 연결된 묘쇄와 함께 파주력를 발생시키고, 이 파주력은 바람, 조류 등의 외력에 불구하고 선박이 일 정한 장소에 머물 수 있도록 한다. 그러나 파주력은 선박의 이동성능을 제한함으로써 다른 항행선이 돌진하더라도 쉽게 피할 수 없다. 따라서 항행선들은 이 동성능이 제한된 정박선을 피하여 항해하여야 할 주의의무가 있다. 일반적으로 항행선과 정박선간에 충돌이 발생하면 일반 불법행위 이론에 따 라 그 원인을 제공한 항행선이 대체로 모든 책임을 지고 있다. 그러나 우리나 라의 해양안전심판원(이하 “해심원”이라 한다)은 자체의 산정지침에 따라 정박 선이 항행선에 대하여 주의환기신호를 울리지 않으면 5%의 원인제공비율을 부 과하고 있다. 그러나 항행선은 정박선의 주의환기신호의 유무와 관계없이 조종 성능이 거의 없는 정박선을 피할 기본적인 의무를 가지고 있는데 이를 간과하 고 정박선에게 무조건 선원의 상무에 따라 의무를 부과하는 것은 타당하지 않다. 더욱이 항행선이 경계를 하지 않을 경우 정박선의 주의환기신호는 충돌예 방효과도 거의 없는 형편이다. 또 선박의 사정에 따라 정박당직을 할 수 없거 나, 아예 선박에 선원이 없는 경우에도 일률적으로 정박선에게 5%의 의무를 부 과하는 것은 불합리하다. 이러한 관점에서 저자는 항행선과 정박선의 충돌에 관한 외국 및 우리 법원의 판례, 해심원의 재결사례를 비교 검토하여 현행의 문제점을 명확하게 식별하는 한편, 이에 대한 개선방안으로서 해심원의 산정지 침 개선방안을 제시하고자 한다.

The purpose of this research is to analyse the changes of ground level of Sungnyemun, the South Gate of Seoul City, and the principles of arch scale through the investigation based on the old records in Joseon dynasty. The result of this research is as follows: 1) The ground level of Sungnyemun, refers the level of foundation stone which was confirmed as original which is verified through the excavation conducted in 2005, maintained 1m's elevated level in 15～16 century and its elevated date presumed in King Sejong's reign(1418～1450). 2) The ground level of Sungnyemun is closely related with the royal funeral ceremony. 3) The width and height scale of Sungnyemun arch is about the ratio of 1 to 1. 4) During the Joseeon dynasty, Sungnyemun was referred as standard of other city wall gate. And it has similar architectural characteristics with Heunginjimun (or East Gate) of Seoul and Hwaseong Janganmun.

For recipe prediction of colorant proportion showing nonlinear behavior, we modeled the effects of colorant proportion of basic colors on the target colors and predicted colorant proportion necessary for making target colors. First, colorant proportion of basic colors and color information indicated by the instrument was applied by a linear model and a multi-layer perceptrons model with back-propagation learning method. However, satisfactory results were not obtained because of nonlinear property of colors. Thus, in this study the neuro-fuzzy model with merit of artificial neural networks and fuzzy systems was presented. The proposed model was trained with test data and colorant proportion was predicted. The effectiveness of the proposed model was verified by evaluation of color difference(δE).

This study was firstly to reflect upon the background of the generation and the urban spatial value and significance of the medieval plaza. The main aim of this study was to extract the spatial determinants which give the great influence on the formation of the medieval plaza and in addition the endogenous rules and aesthetical grounds regarding the respective elements. Especially they could be applied to the design guideline. They are dimension(volume and scale), shape, elevation as the morphological elements and enclosure, proportion, grade difference, spatial sequence and plaza group as the spatial determinants and visual sequence, visual or spatial boundary, approaching axis and perspective effect as the aesthetic and visual elements and function(use), human behaviour as the social-behavioral elements and otherwise, for instance, plaza furniture, ground decoration and vegetation. This study was intended to analyze each elements based on the classical historical literatures and to suggest the planning conditions for composing the ideal plaza referring to the cases and literature review on the medieval plaza and finally is expected to contribute to the plaza design methodology.

The purpose of this study is to prove the correlations among various factors what determined to formation of front elevation proportion system through making an actual survey and investigating. According to the analysis of them, we make conclusions as follows; 1, On the assumption that average distance of 1Kan(間) is 1, the height of foundation is 0.21, the height of floor from foundation is 0.24, the height of normal column from floor is 0.85, the height of eaves from foundation is 1.10. 2. Southeast faced buildings are wider than southwest faced buildings in the distance of 1Kan (間) in the range of $110{sim}220mm$. The height of foundation and floor in the southeast faced buildings are higher than those in southwest faced buildings beside the height of normal column, eaves, high column in the southwest faced buildings are higher than those in southeast faced buildings. 3. As number of front Kan(間) increases, the distance of 1Kan(間) decrease and the height of eaves and high column(高柱) increases. This is cause of making a maximum needed inner space by increasing the distance of 1Kan(間). This is an wisdom for living from ancestors. 4. As number of Dori(道里) increases, the distances of 1Kan are nearly same but the height of eaves and high column(高柱) increases about 300mm, This is a natural result from an increasing of building scale. 5. The distance of 1Kan(間) in later 19C building is most wide but, the unit heights are minimal average values at year 1900 as a reference mark. After this, the height of normal column, eaves, high column are higher about $170{sim}330mm$. 6. The number of Kan in front elevation, Dori(道里), and direction of building have correlations each other in proportion system of traditional housing An-Chae with significant level, p<0.05.

All architectures in the history have certain attitudes of aesthetic expression of their own. Depending on the culture, such aesthetic attitudes are not the same but different. This paper aims to identify the nature of the difference of aesthetic attitude in the architectures of the East and the West. As a way of approach for this purpose, two keywords are employed as representative concept. They are: 'proportion' and 'vitality'. Proportion, of course, represent the attitude of the Western, while, vitality, the Eastern. Although these two words are subjective selection, it is hoped that the nature of aesthetic attitudes could be observed through the windows of these two representative concepts. We all know that the architects and students of architecture of this period, are very much concerned about the aesthetic expression of their design. However, the value judgement of aesthetic quality seems quite confused in modem period. If the nature of aesthetic attitudes of the Eastern and the Western architecture is well understood, such understanding will help much for the direction of architectural aesthetic of future architecture.

4 royal palaces are currently remained from capital city (Seoul) of 'Cho-Sun(朝鮮)' period. In these palaces, 'Main hall of Royal Palace(正殿)' is the center of the Royal Palaces. The 'Main hall of Royal Palace' of the Royal Palace was the best building of that time. Therefore there were many studies about the 'Main hall of Royal Palace'. But these studies were individual studies of these 'Main hall of Royal Palace'. Therefore, this study is to analyze and compare 4 'Main hall of Royal Palace' of the Royal palaces. It is to study the proportion regarding the Diameter of the pillar, the Height, the pillar and pillar Interval's Distance, and the arrangement of 'Kong-Po(bracket sets)'. With these studies, it is to prove that the 'Main hall of Royal Palace' is the building which high construction technique of this time is expressed. Result of this study is as followings; First, the proportion of pillar height(H) to its diameter(D) average from H=8.0 to 8.5D. Only the Myeong-Jeong-Jeon omitted the 'Go-Ju(高柱)' in the 'Toi-Kan (退間)' to place Ea-Jwa(御座). Second, Second, the proportion of diameter of the pillar of 'Eoi-Bu-Pyeong-Ju(外部平柱)' and 'Nae-Jin-Go-Ju(內陣高柱)' average D1(Diameter of 'Eoi-Bu-Pyeong-Ju') =0.91D2 (Diameter of 'Nae-Jin-Go-Ju'). In regards to the height, the single floor 'Main hall of Royal Palace' and double floor 'Main hall of Royal Palace' seems to be different. The height proportion of the double floor 'Main hall of royal palace' is H1(Height of 'Eoi-Bu-Pyeong-Ju')=0.34H2(Height of 'Nae-Jin-Go-Ju') and single floor 'Main hall of Royal Palace' has a proportion of H1=0.62H2. Third, in Geun-Jeong-Jeon, with the proportion of height and diameter of the pillar, interval's distance between pillars and diameter, the pillar interval distance and height, of 'Ea-kan(御間)' from the 'Toi-Kan' is different from 'Main hall of Royal Palace'. This is because the structure of 'Toi-Kan' of Geun-Jeong-Jeon is not stable. In order to reinforce this, 'Gui-Go-Ju(隅高柱)' of the Geun-Jeong-Jeon jut out $4{\sim}7%$ more compared to In-Jeong-Jeon. Fourth, when comparing double floor 'Main hall of royal palace' of Geun-Jeong-Jeon and In-Jeong-Jeon, based on distance of 'Eoi-Bu-Pyeong-Ju' and 'Nae-Jin-Go-Ju' of lower level, the 'Sang-Bu-Pyeong-Ju(上部平柱)' of Geun-Jeong-Jeon jut out $4{\sim}7%$ more compared to the In-Jeong-Jeon and also It becomes thicker. Fifth, the arrangement of 'Kong-Po' on the front row of 'Gan(間)' had to do with the change of side 'Gan'. Even though the Geun-Jeong-Jeon and the In-Jeong-Jeon were double floors, the arrangement of the 'Kong-Po' is different because the number of side bay is different.

The aims of the study are first, in other to meet the demand for a new product design process, to review the prototype theory and to find out the conceptual structure of product aesthetics, which is another properly thought to be as important as the typical pattern in an effort to patch up the theory second to help designers overcome the limits of idea generation and create consumer oriented designs with a high success rate by setting up a new product design process that is established through the application of the aesthetically influential factor 'proportion'based on the preceeding studies that tested product aesthetics measuring devices. In other words, this study tries to find out product categories, making use of the prototype theory to introduce an ideal proportion for product design, recognizing the importance of proportion by conducting product pattern analysis: to create a differentiated method that can product consumer oriented designs, even if it only manipulate proportion and to establish a new design process that can systematically explain the methodology for various form generation that applies proportion. This study reviews the theoretical aspects of concepts pertaining to the above … and, based on them, empirically tests them by patting to use the programs, for proportion manipulation. This study was conducted in the following way: To begin with, this study takes out proportion out of some aesthetically influential factors that has a great impact on the way consumers prefer certain product designs and tries to see how proportion affects the consumer preference when consumers select a product. In addition, we could analyze the difference between the ideal proportion that consumers prefer and the traditional golden proportion produced through theoretical studies. The correlations between preferred proportion and ideal proportion, and preferred proportion and golden proportion could be shown. In order that we may create form variations through more detailed proportion manipulation on the basis of the ideal proportion verified as preferable, we again applied the proportion factor to the process utilizing PDS(proportion Distortion System). In the way the restraint of form generation could be pursued. All in all, this study makes an attempt to set up a design process to create new product forms through the application of Proportion.

Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) is a thermal analysis technique that the mass of sample is measured by time and temperature changes. In this study, TGA was applied for estimating the proportion of Nylon-6,6 nanofibers in the cement paste as well as the decomposition temperature of Nylon-6,6 nanofibers. An electrospinning process was conducted for producing nanofibers and adding directly into the cement powder. The TGA results show that there was approximately 0.5 % of nanofibers in the composite pastes. Besides, the decomposition temperature of Nylon-6,6 nanofibers was clarified in the range of 300℃ to 410℃.

본 연구는 고로슬래그 미분말 (GGBFS),플라이애시 (FA) 그리고 실리카 퓸( SF)을 각각 세 종류와 네 종류로 시멘트와 혼합한 다성 분계 시멘트의 특성 연구에 관한 것이다. 물-결합재 비는 0.45 이다. 본 연구에서는 혼화재료를 시멘트의 50%와 60% 비율의 두 가지로 치환하 였으며, 각 배합에 대해서 GGBFS는 20~40%, FA는 5~35% 그리고 SF는 0~10%를 배합하여 기초특성에 관한 실험을 수행하였다. GGBFS/FA 비와 SF 치환율에 따른 다성분계 시멘트에 대해 압축강도, 물 흡수율, 초음파 속도 (UPV), 건조수축 그리고 XRD 분석을 수행하였다. 실험결과 SF를 치환함에 따라 흡수율은 감소하고 압축강도, UPV와 건조수축은 증가하였다. 이러한 압축강도, 흡수율 그리고 UPV 등의 결과는 SF의 혼 합률이 증가함에 따라 용출된 수산화칼슘을 소비하여 CSH의 형성에 기여하기 때문이다. 각 SF 혼합률에서 GGBFS/FA 비가 증가함에 따라 강도, 흡수율 그리고 UPV도 증가하였다. GGBFS/FA 비와 강도, 흡수율, UPV는 선형적인 관계를 나타내었다. 본 연구를 통해 GGBFS/FA비와 SF 치환율은 다성분계 시멘트의 기초 특성에 중요한 요소임을 발견할 수 있었다.