敎育人的資源部는 2000년 12월 30일, 2001년도부터 적용되는 한문 교육용 기초 한자 1,800자 調整案을 확정 공표하였다. 교과용 도서 편찬에서 인명, 지명 등 고유명사는 이와 관계없이 지도할 수 있고, 1,800자 이외에 1할 범위 내의 追加字를 허용하고 있으므로, 현실적으로는 2,000자 이상의 한자가 필요하다는 것을 인정한 셈이다. 이 연구는 한자 학습의 효율성을 提高할 수 있는 방법을 제시하여, 학습자로 하여금 체제적으로 한자를 익힐 수 있게 하는 실용적인 목표를 달성하고자 한 것이다. 한자 학습의 어려움은 주로 字數가 많다는 것과, 字形이 복잡하다는 것으로 歸結된다. 자수의 문제는 일상생활에 필수적인 한자를 選別해서 우선적으로 학습하는 방법으로, 자형의 문제는 구조 분석을 통한 類別 학습 방법으로 해결할 수 있다고 보았다. 『한문 교육용 기초 한자 1,800자 조정 백서(교육인적자원부, 2001.)』의 「교육용 한자 조정을 위한 기초 자료를 참조하여, 검토 대상 한자 4,979자 중, 14점부터 2점까지의 한자 3,061자를 表題字로 삼아 해당 한자마다 점수를 倂記하되 중학교용에는 M(middle-school의 이니셜)자를, 고등학교용에는 H(high-school의 이니셜)자를 덧붙여 두어서 학습 優先順位를 판단하는 기준을 삼을 수 있도록 함으로써 자수의 문제를 해결하고자 하였다. 출현 頻度가 높은 한자부터 학습하는 방법은 수준별?능력별 학습량 조절에도 적용될 수 있을 것이다. 자형의 문제는 자형 분석 방법과 字索 결합 유형 및 形聲의 원리를 활용하는 방안을 제시함으로써, 복잡한 자형을 구조화하고 단순화하여 이해하게 하는 방법으로 해결하고자 하였다. 類別 학습의 장점을 살리되, 종류별로 모으는 기준을 部數와 聲符의 양대 기준으로 바꾸어, 부수 및 성부를 중심으로 각각 소속 한자들을 점수와 함께 정리하여, 여러 가지 방법들이 종합적으로 활용될 수 있도록 적용 방법과 함께 예시하였다. 이 논문에서 제시하는 방법은, 따로따로 또는 부분적으로 활용되어온 기존의 원리들을 전체적이고 綜合的으로 충실히 적용하고자 하는 것이기 때문에 생소하지 않고 간편하며 부분적인 방법들의 단점을 상호 보완할 수 있다. 부록으로 제시된 자료들에 여러 가지 정보를 추가하면, 더 깊이 있고 창의적인 학습이 가능할 것이다.

Copolymerization of α-Methylstyrene(AMS) with Acrylonitrile(AN) was carried out with benzoylperoxide(BPO) as an initiator in toluene at 80℃ in a continuous stirred tank reactor. Reaction volume and residence time were 0.6 liters and 3 hours, respectively. The monomer reactivity ratios, rAMS and rAN determined by both the Kelen-Tüdös method and the Fineman-Ross method were rAMS=0.16(0.14), rAN=0.04(0.06). The cross-termination factor Φ of the copolymer over the entire AMS composition ranged from 0.75 to 0.92. The Φ factors of poly(AMS-co-AN) were increased with increasing AMS content. The simulated conversions and copolymerization rates were compared with the experimental results. It was observed that the average time to reach dynamic steady-state was three times the residence time.

Rosin moeity-containing monomer was prepared by the reaction of abietic acid with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate in tetrahydrofuran(THF) using diethyl azodicarboxylate as a catalyst. This new monomer was photo-polymerized to give thin films in the presence of a radical type initiator. The rate of photo-polymerization and amount of cured polymer were determined using the residual yield method. A thermogravimetric analysis of the cured polymer showed that the film was stable up to 170oC, at which point the polymer film has lost 10 wt % of its weight.

Previous studies have shown that methanol extract and its butanol fraction of Carthamus tinctorius L. Semen have the hepatoprotective effect on the CCl₄ induced hepatotoxicity. The hepatoprotective effect of the subfractions of butanol fraction has been evaluated by analyzing oxygen free radical scavenging enzyme activities and histopathological examinations. In BS-5 subfraction treated group, the activity of superoxide dismutase has been significantly increased as compared with that of CCl₄ treated rats. Antioxidant activity has been evaluated by the examination of the scavenging activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical. BS-5 subfraction has shown strong antioxidant activities. The histopathological examination showed that the treatment of BS-5 subfraction has relieved the ballooning degeneration of hepatocytes which had been generated by CCl₄. It appears that the protective effect of BS-5 subfraction would be mediated of the attenuation of lipid peroxidation by acting as a free radical scavenger, which were based on the increase of superoxide dismutase activity.

Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are among the representative probiotics that have been used for a long time in fermented food. Although there are many studies on detecting the radical scavenging activity of LAB, few studies have been conducted on the environmental factors that improve scavenging activity. This study investigated the environmental factors affecting the DPPH radical scavenging and various antioxidant activities of Kimchi-derived Lactobacillus plantarum K-21 with antihypertensive and radical scavenging activities. The optimal conditions for scavenging DPPH radicals were glucose 2%, bactopeptone 0.5%, Tween 80 0.05%, L-cysteine 0.05%, and an initial pH 6.5 at 35℃. Under optimal conditions, the DPPH radical scavenging activity was 94.8±2.2%, which was 1.5 times higher than that of the basic medium. In addition, L. plantarum K-21 had other antioxidant activities; ABTS radical scavenging (93.6±1.5%), hydroxyl radical scavenging (8.5±0.9%), metal chelating (65.9±0.5%), NO scavenging (53.1±19%), SOD-like (25.1±1.5%), and reducing power (11.7±1.4%) activities were detected. Therefore, L. plantarum K-21 may act not only as a starter for lactic acid-fermented foods with improved functionality but also as a drug for various diseases caused by oxidative stress.

This study is conducted to investigate the effects of growth characteristics (GC) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (DRSA) of the heading lettuce ‘Fidel’ depending on four concentrations of activated mineral groups (AMG: 1.6% active minerals and 0.03% CaO) added to basic nutrient solutions (diluted by 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2%) and on four different light-emitting diodes (LED; B:R:W ratio = 0:1:12, 0:1:9, 0:5:5, and 2:3:5). Both 0.1 and 0.2% AMG showed better GC of lettuce in plant width, plant length, leaf width, leaf length, and the number of leaves than those of other AMG, while leaf thickness and chlorophyll value did not show significant difference among all AMG. Moreover, 0.1 and 0.2% AMG showed heavier shoot fresh weights than those of other AMG. As for the combinations of AMG and LED, B0:R5:W5 showed the best lettuce GC regardless of AMG compared to other AMG and LED combinations. As shown in the above results of LED, although there was a difference in lettuce growth by LED, the differences of lettuce growth by AMG were statistically significant. The DRSA was the highest at 82.8% in B2:R3:W5, followed by B0:R5:W5 at 77.8%. LED showed differences but AMG did not affect DRSA. Therefore, the optimal conditions in plant factory for GC and DRSA of the lettuce were 0.1% AMG and B0:R5:W5.

Many chemically active species such as ·H, ·OH, O3, H2O2, hydrated e-, as well as ultraviolet rays, are produced by Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD) plasma in water and are widely use to remove non-biodegradable materials and deactivate microorganisms. As the plasma gas containing chemically active species that is generated from the plasma reaction has a short lifetime and low solubility in water, increasing the dissolution rate of this gas is an important challenge. To this end, the plasma gas and water within reactor were mixed using the air-automizing nozzle, and then, water-gas mixture was injected into water. The dissolving effect of plasma gas was indirectly confirmed by measuring the RNO (N-Dimethyl-4-nitrosoaniline, indicator of the formation of OH radical) solution. The plasma system consisted of an oxygen generator, a high-voltage power supply, a plasma generator and a liquid-gas mixing reactor. Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of location of air-automizing nozzle, flow rate of plasma gas, water circulation rate, and high-voltage on RNO degradation. The experimental results showed that the RNO removal efficiency of the air-automizing nozzle is 29.8% higher than the conventional diffuser. The nozzle position from water surface was not considered to be a major factor in the design and operation of the plasma reactor. The plasma gas flow rate and water circulation rate with the highest RNO removal rate were 3.5 L/min and 1.5 L/min, respectively. The ratio of the plasma gas flow rate to the water circulation rate for obtaining an RNO removal rate of over 95% was 1.67 ~ 4.00.

Domestic fruit wines, including apple, grape, Moru, and Korean black raspberry wines, contain a wide variety of phenolic compounds with different antioxidant activity. In this study, we established a simple and reliable on-line HPLC-ABTS assay system for determination of the antioxidative characteristics of fruit wines. The quantitative analytical assay of the antioxidative properties of fruit wines was carried out using an HPLC equipped with reverse-phase C18 column, employing acetonitrile and water as gradient mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min and a detection wavelength of UV 320 nm (1st detector) and UV 734 nm (2nd detector). Among fruit wines, Moru wine showed the highest total phenolics and flavonoids content, as well as radical scavenging activity. The differences in radical scavenging activities were attributed to the structural differences in phenolic compound contents. In addition, between on-line HPLC-ABTS analysis and ABTS assay using a spectrophotometric assay gave a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9527. All in all, the present study demonstrates that the established on-line HPLC-ABTS method is simple and reliable, and can thus be used for the determination of the antioxidative characteristics of fruit wines.

This study was executed to evaluate the phenolic content, DPPH radical scavenging rate, and the cytotoxic effect in human cancer cell, 3T3-L1 cell from C. lanceolata extracts at various ethanol concentration. Total polyphenol and flavonoid content of the C. lanceolata at various ethanol concentration showed the high amount in 70%, 100% ethanol extract. The DPPH radical scavenging activity progressively increased in a dose-dependent manner, and showed the highest in 100% ethanol extract. The cytotoxic effect against human cancer cell of the C. lanceolata was higher in 50% and 70% ethanol extracts. In particular, the cytotoxic effect in MCF-7 cell was relatively higher than in other cells. The IC50 (concentration causing 50% cell death) value showed the highest on MCF-7 cell (538.39 ㎍/㎖) in 70% ethanol extract, and exhibited significant activity against Hela cell (637.87 ㎍/㎖), Calu-6 cell (728.64 ㎍/㎖). The extract of 70% ethanol at 1,000 ㎍/㎖ exhibited a pronounced cytotoxic effect on 3T3-L1 cell comparable to that of the other extracts, and reduced in a concentration-dependent manner.

고대한어에서 ‘老’부에 속한 한자 대부분이 ‘연로하다’와 관련이 있지만 자세히 살펴보면 그 의미는 서로 다르게 나타나고 있다. 우선 『說文解字』 ‘老’부에 속한 한자는 ‘老’·‘耊’·‘𦽡’·‘耆’·‘耇’·‘𦒻’·‘𦒶’·‘壽’·‘考’·‘孝’ 등 10자가 보이는데, 이 중에서 일부 한자는 현대한어에서는 더 이상 사용되지 않고 있으며, 또 일부 한자는 書面語에서만 겨우 명맥을 유지하고 있다. 그 사용 예를 살펴보면, ‘老’·‘耊’·‘𦽡’는 모두 나이를 가리키지만, ‘老’는 70세, ‘耊’는 80세, ‘𦽡’는 90세 등 다르게 표현되고 있다. 또 ‘耇’·‘𦒻’은 노인의 외부 모습을 통해 나이를 표현하고 있는데, ‘耇’는 얼굴 피부가 얼어있는 배(껍질)처럼 때가 낀 것과 같은 모습으로 표현하고 있으며, ‘𦒻’은 흔히 노인들 얼굴에서 볼 수 있는 검은 반점을 가리키고 있다. 뿐만 아니라, ‘𦒶’는 노인의 불편한 행위를 통해 나이를 드러내고 있는데, 보폭이 작아서 서로 부딪치는 것과 같은 모습을 표현하고 있다. 이 외에도, 본래 장수의 의미로 사용되던 ‘考’·‘壽’ 중에서, ‘考’는 이후에 의미가 파생되면서 돌아가신 부친, 혹은 시험을 치거나 고찰하는 등 의미를 나타내게 되었다. 현대한어에서는 ‘老’자의 활용이 매우 많으며, 본래의 의미뿐만 아니라 파생의미 또한 증가하였다. 물론 ‘老’자를 부수로 지닌 한자들 또한 현대한어에서 의미범주의 변화가 일어난 것들이 있는데, 그 중에서 ‘老’와 ‘考’ 등 한자는 의미항목이 증가한 반면, ‘孝’의 의미항목은 오히려 줄어들었다. 또 ‘壽’․‘耊’·‘𦽡’·‘耆’·‘耇’ 등은 비록 본래 의미 그대로 書面語에서 사용되고 있으나, ‘𦒻’·‘𦒶’ 등은 현대에 이르러 이미 더 이상 사용되지 않고 있다. 또 문법기능의 측면에서 보면 품사가 가장 다양하게 사용되는 한자는 ‘老’·‘壽’·‘考’인데, 고대한어에서는 명사, 동사, 형용사의 용법으로 모두 사용되고 있으며, 특히 ‘老’자는 현대에 이르러 품사의 활용이 더욱더 다양해졌다. 다시 의미적 측면에서 살펴보면, 고대한어에서는‘𦽡’가 부정적인 의미를 나타내고 ‘老’가 가끔 부정적인 색채를 가지고 있는 것 외에 나머지 한자들은 대부분 중성의미나 긍정적 의미로 쓰이고 있음을 알 수 있다. 또 ‘老’부 한자에서 ‘연로’에 대한 인식은 노인의 피부, 걸음걸이, 長壽 등 시각적으로 형상화된 표현을 하고 있는데, 이러한 문화적 현상은 고대 중국의 예교사상인 ‘敬老’의 영향으로 인하여 부정이미지에 대한 직접적인 표현을 피하고자 하는 기피현상으로 볼 수 있었다. 본고는 ‘연로’함을 나타내는 同義 한자에 대한 차별성을 고찰해 봄으로써, 당시 사람들이 노인에 대해 어떻게 인식하는지와 나이의 표현에 대한 당시 사람들의 인식 정도를 엿볼 수 있었다. 이와 같은 방법으로, ‘동의성’으로 인해 쉽게 혼동하기 쉬운 한자들의 공통점과 차이점을 살펴봄으로써, 동의 한자에 대한 보다 정확한 사용이 확산되기를 기대한다.

In this study, soy-powder yogurt (SPY) with enhanced levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and isoflavone aglycone was produced from sprouting high-protein soybeans (HPSs). The fermented steam-HPS sprouts (0 to 4 cm) were fermented (72 h) with Lactobacillus brevis, and the total free amino acids (FAAs) of the formed mixtures were determined to be 79.53, 489.93, 877.55, 780.53, and 979.97 mg/100 mL in the fermented HPS (FHPS), and the fermented steam-HPS with 0 cm (FSHPS-0), 1 cm (FSHPS-1), 2 cm (FSHPS-2), and 4 cm sprouting lengths (FSHPS-4), respectively. The levels of glutamic acid (GA) and GABA were observed to be the highest, 100.31 and 101.60 mg/100 mL, respectively, in the unfermented HPS (UFSHPS-1, 1 cm) and FSHPS-1 sprouts, respectively. Moreover, the total contents of the isoflavone glycoside form decreased proportionally to the increasing total levels of isoflavone aglycones after fermentation in FSHPS-0, FSHPS-1, FSHPS-2, and FSHPS-4. The levels of isoflavone aglycones were detected as 350.34, 289.15, 361.61, 445.05, and 491.25 μg/g in FHPS, FSHPS-0, FSHPS-1, FSHPS-2, and FSHPS-4, respectively. While FSHPS-1 exhibited the highest DPPH (63.28%) and ABTS (73.28%) radical scavenging activities, FSHPS-4 contained the highest isoflavone aglycone ratio (81.63%). All in all, the FSHPS-1 mixture prepared in this study exhibited high GABA content and functional prosperity, thereby making it suitable for potential applications in the soy-dairy industry.

In a continuing screening of selected medicinal plants native to Mongolia, the antioxidant and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of methanol extract of Iris bungei were investigated. After extraction with 80% of methanol, the methanol fraction was further extracted with n-hexane, EtOAc and n-BuOH in order to obtain four different solvent-soluble fractions, namely n-hexane-soluble, EtOAc-soluble, n-BuOH-soluble and H2O residue. The antioxidant properties were evaluated by radical scavenging assay using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2’-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS+) radicals. The anti-diabetic efficacy of I. bungei extract was investigated by α-glucosidase assay. All tested samples showed dose-dependent radical scavenging and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities. Among the tested extracts, the EtOAc-soluble fractions showed the greatest radical scavenging activity and α-glucosidase inhibitory properties among other solvent-soluble fractions. This result suggested that there was a significant relationship between the total phenolic content and biological efficacy. Thus, I. bungei extract might be considered as a new potential source of natural antioxidant and as a α-glucosidase inhibitory source. A more systematic investigation of this biomass sill be performed for further investigation of activity against antioxidative and anti-diabetic effects.

본 연구논문의 목적은 요안네스 카시아누스의 『제도집』과 『담화집』에 반복적으로 나타나는 ‘철저하고 자발적인 부의 포기와 가난의 지속’이라는 주제가 어떤 의미를 가지고 있으며 그것이 반복되는 이유를 밝히는 것이 다. 카시아누스는 5세기 초 남부 갈리아 지역에서 수도사로 활동했고 『제 도집』과 『담화집』을 수도문헌으로 남겼다. 두 권의 수도문헌은 전통적으로 이집트와 동방의 수도생활을 서방, 특별히 갈리아 지역의 수도사들에게 전 할 목적으로 쓴 것으로 알려져 있다. 이러한 카시아누스의 수도문헌에는 철저한 가난이라는 주제가 의도적이고 체계적인 방식으로 반복되고 있다. 그런데 카시아누스 연구가들은 그동안 가난의 주제 뿐 아니라 그것이 강조 되는 이유와 배경에 관해서 깊은 관심을 기울이지 않았다. 이 연구논문은 카시아누스의 가난에 대한 강조가 의미하는 바를 밝히기 위해서 먼저 『제도집』과 『담화집』에서 가난에 대한 강조가 어떻게 나타나

Background : ROS produced by oxidative stress damaged endothelial cells, and cause a variety of vascular complications. In diabetic hyperglycemia state, ROS increase. The polyol pathway occur in diabetic complications, the excess glucose is absorbed into the polyol pathway when aldose reductase increased, NADPH changes it to sorbitol. Glutathione (GSH) removes ROS. GSH level is reduced by glutathione reductase, using NADPH as an electron donor. Activation of the polyol pathway decrease NADPH, and GSH also reduced. As a result, ROS is increased. In diabetic hyperglycemia state, Glycolysis increases. Effects of increased glycolysis, protein kinase C (PKC) is increased. NAD(P)H oxidase, stimulated by PKC-dependent pathway, increases ROS in the cell. In this study, we measured the ROS scavenging activity of 5 natural products (Lycii fructus, Astragalus membranaceus, Cassia Tora, Polygonatum odoratum, Rubus Coreanus), to confirm the efficacy as diabetic antioxidants. Methods and Results : We extracted 5 natural product by distilled water and ethanol. DPPH radical scavenging activity was significantly higher in Lycii fructus, Rubus coreanus. ABTS radical scavenging activity was better Rubus coreanus, Lycii fructus, Cassia Tora. In addition to, Rubus coreanus, Cassia Tora, Lycii fructus was comparatively higher reducing power activity than other natural products. And total phenolic and flavonoid contents were much higher in Rubus coreanus compared with other extracts. Conclusion : These results suggest that Lycii fructus, Rubus coreanus can be applied as diabetic antioxidant that prevent vascular complications caused by ROS.

This study was conducted to compare the antioxidant, anticytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory properties of Euphorbia maculata ethanol extract with those of E. supina ethanol extract. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and superoxide scavenging activities of E. maculata at 50 μg/mL were 38.3 ± 3.7 and 21.5 ± 1.2%, respectively, whereas those of E. supina at the same concentration were 109.4 ± 0.9 and 59.5 ± 4.8%, respectively. Oxygen radical absorbance capacities of E. maculata and E. supina at 10 μg/mL were 14.70 ± 0.63 and 26.17 ± 1.36 nmol/mL Trolox, respectively. Cupric reducing antioxidant capacities of E. maculata and E. supina at 10 μg/mL were 10.22 ± 0.97 and 62.99 ± 5.28 nmol/mL Trolox, respectively. Total phenolic contents of E. maculata and E. supina at 50 μg/mL were 29.03 ± 0.14 and 87.89 ± 0.20 nmol/mL gallic acid, respectively. E. maculata and E. supina were reported to prevent supercoiled DNA breakage induced by peroxyl and hydroxyl radicals in a concentration-dependent manner, where protection against the supercoiled DNA breakage provided by E. supina was greater than that provided by E. maculata. E. maculata and E. supina at 100 μg/mL inhibited tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells by 49.4 ± 4.3 and 87.3 ± 4.5%, respectively. E. maculata and E. supina at 500 μg/mL inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells by 63.1 ± 7.0 and 85.2 ± 1.6%, respectively. The antioxidant capacities including DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide scavenging, oxygen radical absorbance, and cupric reducing antioxidant activity were found to be highly correlated with total phenolic content (0.896 < r < 0.983, p < 0.01) and anticytotoxic activities (0.915 < r < 0.960, p < 0.01). However, the superoxide scavenging activity was not significantly correlated (r = 0.604, p > 0.05) with the anti-inflammatory activity. Thus, these findings demonstrated that the radical scavenging, anticytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory capacities of E. supina were more potent than those of E. maculata. Further studies are needed to elucidate the properties of polyphenolic constituents in E. supina responsible for these effects and the underlying mechanisms.