Background: As ways to optimize the mobilization of postural stability muscles for sitting up motions, arm reaching motions and head raising motions have important effects. Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of reaching to sit-up training on the trunk muscle activity, postural ability, and balance ability of patients with hemiplegia due to stroke. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Methods: This study was conducted with 18 stroke patients who met the selection criteria divided into two groups: a study group of 9 patents and a control group of 9 patients. The study group carried out reaching to sit-up training, which can promote trunk muscles and improve control through trunk interactions. The control group received general physical therapy intervention Results: The activity of the trunk muscle was significantly different before and after intervention in study and control group. The functional reaching test showed significant changes in both the study group and the control group. The timed up and go test showed a significant change in the study group. Conclusion: Reaching to sit-up training for 4 weeks showed increases in trunk muscle activity in stroke patients and was effective in improving balance ability.

Background: Despite the fact that aquatic exercise is one of the most popular alternative treatment methods for children with cerebral palsy (CP), there are few research regarding its effectiveness. Objects: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aquatic exercise on upper extremity function and postural control during reaching in children with CP. Methods: Ten participants (eight males and two females; 4–10 years; Gross Motor Function Classification System levels II–IV) with spastic diplegia were recruited to this study. The aquatic exercise program consisted of four modified movements that were selected from the Halliwick 10-point program to enhance upper extremity and trunk movements. The participants attended treatment two times a week for 6 weeks, averaging 35 minutes each session. The Box and Block Test (BBT), transferring pennies in the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test (BOT), and pediatric reaching test (PRT) scores were used as clinical measures. Three-dimensional motion analysis system was used to collect and analyze kinematic data. Differences in BBT and BOT values among pre-treatment, post-treatment, and retention (after 3 weeks) were analyzed using a Friedman test. In addition, the PRT scores and variables (movement time, hand velocity, straightness ratio, and number of movement units) from the three-dimensional motion analysis were tested using a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The significance level was established at p < 0.05. When the results appeared to be statistically significant, a post-hoc test for multiple comparisons was performed with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: All clinical measures, which included BBT, transferring pennies of BOT, and PRT, were significantly increased between pre-intervention and post-intervention scores and between pre-intervention and retention scores after treatment (p = 0.001). Three-dimensional motion analysis mostly were significantly improved after treatment (p = 0.001). Conclusion: Aquatic exercise may help to improve body function, activity, and participation in children with varying types of physical disabilities.

장기화된 코로나의 영향은 우리의 지역과 사회, 목회 환경을 빠르 게 변화시켰다. 온라인 가상 커뮤니티는 목회를 위한 적극적 활용 공간이 되었을 뿐 아니라 MZ세대와 가나안 성도들을 위한 새로운 제3의 공간1)이 되었다. 이 논문은 코로나(COVID 19)를 겪은 새로운 상황 가운데 베반스의 종합 교회의 모델(Synthetic Model)을 통해 하이브리드 교회의 등장 배경을 분석했다. 베반스의 상황화 유형을 통한 신학적 성찰은 디지털 교회의 탄생 곧 “새로운 교회(Verge Church)”를 기존 목회에 대한 위협이 아닌 공존과 병행 가능성으로 바라보도록 새 시각을 제공하고 온라인 디아스포라를 위한 대안의 필요성도 제공한다.2) 본 논문에서는 미디어를 활용한 형태의 목회를 전통교회와 접목해 가는 하이브리드3) 교회와 선교의 중요성을 되짚고, 가나안 성도들 곧 집단 씨알로 흩어진 새로운 민중의 움직임이 제도권 형태를 넘어 모판심기를 통해 새로운 해방의 가상공간으로 확장된다고 보았다. 온라인과 오프라인을 동시에 시소놀이 하듯 찾는 세대들에게 올라인(All-Line)교회는 플랫폼을 통한 새로운 돌봄의 환경을 제공할 수 있기에 전통적 형태의 제도권 교회는 동시대적 요청에 적합한 길을 찾아 메타버스 시대 미디어 사역과 공존해가는 선교와 목회 방향을 추구할 수 있다고 결론을 내린다.

Background: As technology has progressed, various robot-assisted devices have been developed to reduce therapists’ labor and assist in therapy. However, due to their many limitations, it is more practical to use traditional mechanical devices. The grahamizer is one such traditional mechanical device used clinically to rehabilitate the upper extremities. No study has yet established the efficacy of the grahamizer in individuals with stroke. Objects: This study investigated the immediate change in arm reaching after the use of a grahamizer. Methods: Twenty-two stroke survivors participated in this study (11 males and 11 females). The reaching of the more-affected arm was measured three times using the three-dimentional electromagnetic motion tracking system “trakSTAR”. After the first measurement, the subjects performed 500 rotatory arm exercises using the grahamizer. To assess the grahamizer’s effect, the subjects were remeasured in the same way. Results: There were significant increases in the reaching distance (p < 0.05) and movement smoothness (p < 0.05) of the more-affected arm after using the grahamizer. Conclusion: Our study confirms that using the grahamizer is beneficial in the rehabilitation for improving movement of the more-affected arm in stroke survivors.

This paper first claims that the Avatamsaka (Sanskrit) Sutra, or the Flower Ornament Sutra (大方廣佛華嚴經) is the best writing among the innumerable Sutras and other books that describe Truth. The Chinese characters in the Avatamsaka Sutra shows infinity, innumerable Bodhisattvas and the infinite Dharma body (無限法身) of Vairocana (毘盧遮那佛). Yet this dimension of the ultimate reality is not simply that of the nihilistic (虛無主義的) nothingness or void. Emptiness is the perfect emptiness with wondrous movement, and it is the most profound source (根源) of all animate existences and inanimate things. I claim that literary reading and watching films have the innate purpose (目的) of having this meditative mind, of which the most profound spiritual vision is presented as Ocean Samadhi in the Avatamsaka Sutra. In the first place, the innate (內在的) guide us to clearly see the binary structure (二元對立構造) of ego (自我). The ego is unstable between good and evil, right and wrong, decency and destitute. In order to let the audience feel free from the ego, we should take a profoundly different way than thematic approach (主題的接近). This way of understanding literary works and films is not to find the author’s intention and the main message implied in the work. Literature, film, and other arts are special areas that lead audiences outside the local, petty ego that is, into the dimension of the true self or the Transmiddle zone (領域) with special power of sensibility (感覺). As a literary text or film constructs the plot, story, and mood, it deconstructs itself (in terms of postmodernism). Ethical deconstruction would lead the audience beyond the limits of time and space into the spiritual dimension. A serious (深奧) literary text or film Great works (傑作) of literature and film direct our attention to break the shell (外觀) of our ego and encounter (直面) the source of life outside the ordinary habit of the ego. The exterior of the ego is the dimension of the pure consciousness. The unveiling process is the way in which it unlocks our spiritual sight (靈的視視) and presents with us a story of the protagonist’s failure (失敗) to flourish (繁榮) in the society (社會). The primal reality of the ego is that it is split into two, and thus fundamentally unstable. The ocean Samadhi (海印三昧) as portrayed in the Avatamsaka Sutra presents us with the vision that the whole cosmos (宇宙) and uncountable atoms are one. In this spiritual light, all phenomena in the whole universe are dependent co-arising or interdependent arising (同時發生); it is possible because everything is empty and has no stable substance. The Avatamsaka Sutra presents that the Buddha-body comprises, and thus it is truly “Emptiness (眞空) as Fullness (充滿).” Phenomena as the variances of Emptiness go through the processes of birth and death, not the Emptiness itself. It is like “empty space.” In the Hua-yen marvelous cosmos of Emptiness as fullness, one and all are interconnected with one another, and it is beyond our intellectual understanding (知的理解). In this way, Chinese characters (漢字) in the Avatamsaka Sutra (華嚴經, 大方廣佛華嚴經) describe (描寫) the infinite Dharma body (無限法身) of Vairocana (毘盧遮那佛). The ultimate truth is nondual (不二), and thus nonphenomenal (非現象的). The truth (眞理) of every existence (存在) is actually the spiritual dimension of not one, not two (不一, 不二). “Not one, not two” is the characteristic nature of the dimension beyond time and space, for it indicates the most fundamental realm (根本領域) of transcendence, where all phenomena are both separate and one.

Background: Despite muscle latency times and patterns were used as broad examination tools to diagnose disease and recovery, previous studies have not compared the dominant arm to the non-dominant arm in muscle latency time and muscle recruitment patterns during reaching and reach-to-grasp movements. Objects: The present study aimed to investigate dominant and non-dominant hand differences in muscle latency time and recruitment pattern during reaching and reach-to-grasp movements. In addition, by manipulating the speed of movement, we examined the effect of movement speed on neuromuscular control of both right and left hands. Methods: A total of 28 right-handed (measured by Edinburgh Handedness Inventory) healthy subjects were recruited. We recorded surface electromyography muscle latency time and muscle recruitment patterns of four upper extremity muscles (i.e., anterior deltoid, triceps brachii, flexor digitorum superficialis, and extensor digitorum) from each left and right arm. Mixed-effect linear regression was used to detect differences between hands, reaching and reach-to-grasp, and the fast and preferred speed conditions. Results: There were no significant differences in muscle latency time between dominant and non-dominant hands or reaching and reach-to-grasp tasks (p>.05). However, there was a significantly longer muscle latency time in the preferred speed condition than the fast speed condition on both reaching and reach-to-grasp tasks (p<.05). Conclusion: These findings showed similar muscle latency time and muscle activation patterns with respect to movement speeds and tasks. Our findings hope to provide normative muscle physiology data for both right and left hands, thus aiding the understanding of the abnormal movements from patients and to develop appropriate rehabilitation strategies specific to dominant and non-dominant hands.

The relationships among corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices, corporate identity, and Hedonic and Utilitarian Dimensions of Consumer Attitude were evaluated for the luxury corporation Hermes. Discretionary CSR practices and moral/ethical CSR practices emerged as significant predictors of the corporate social values dimension of identity. Relational CSR practices, however, contributed mainly to the expertise dimension of corporate identity. Also, familiarity with CSR practices of a corporation had a significant effect on corporate identity, which in turn affected both dimensions of consumer attitude. Both corporate expertise and corporate social values were significant predictors of consumer attitude. The results are interpreted within a dual process model of corporate identity.

Theoretically, the meanings attached to luxury brands have been thought to be integrated in consumers’ identities, yet this possibility has not yet been explicitly investigated. This paper describes the development of a 23-item instrument for assessing the enrichment of an individual's personal identity through their identity as a luxury consumer. An exploratory factor analysis on data from a survey using this instrument indicates the existence of five factors (unburdening, pleasure, impressiveness, sensation and connectedness). The scale has a variety of potential applications and can serve as a framework for further empirical research.

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of reaching distance on movement time and trunk kinematics in hemiplegic patients. Eight hemiplegic patients participated in this study. The independent variables were side (sound side vs. affected side) and target distance (70%, 90%, 110%, and 130% of upper limb). The dependent variables were movement time measured by pressure switch and trunk kinematics measured by motion analysis device. Two-way analysis of variance with repeated measures was used with Bonferroni post-hoc test. (1) There were significant main effects in side and reaching distance for movement time (p=.01, p=.02). Post-hoc test revealed that there was a significant difference between 110% and 130% of reaching distance (p=.01). (2) There was a significant main effect in side and reaching distance for trunk flexion (p=.01, p=.00). Post-hoc test revealed that there were significant differences in all pair-wise reaching distance comparison. (3) There was a significant side by target distance interaction for trunk rotation (p=.04). There was a significant main effect in target distance (p=.00). Post-hoc test revealed that there were significant differences between 70% and 110%, 70% and 130%, 90% and 110%, 90% and 130% of target distance. It was known that trunk flexion is used more than trunk rotation during reaching task in hemiplegic patients from the findings of this study. It is also recommended that reaching training is performed with limiting trunk movement within 90% of target distance whereas reaching training is performed incorporating with trunk movement beyond 90% of target distance in patients with hemiplegia.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of different objects and target location of dominant hand on the non-dominant hand movement kinematics in a bimanual reaching task. Fifteen right-handed volunteers were asked to reach from same starting point to the different target point of right and left hand with grasping the objects of different size. Independent variables were 1) three different object types (small mug cup, name pen, and PET bottle), and 2) three different target locations (shorter distance, same distance, and longer distance than the non-dominant hand) of the dominant hand. Dependent variables were movement time (MT), movement distance (MD), movement mean velocity (MVmean), and movement peak velocity (MVmean) of the non-dominant hand. Repeated measures two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for differences in the non-dominant hand movement kinematics during bimanual reaching. The results of this study were as follows: 1) MT of the non-dominant hand was increased significantly when traveling with grasping the mug cup and reaching the far target location, and was decreased significantly when traveling with grasping the PET bottle and reaching the near target location of the dominant hand. 2) MD of the non-dominant hand was significantly increased during reaching the far target location, and significantly decreased during reaching the near target location with dominant hand. 3) MVmean of the non-dominant hand was increased significantly when traveling with grasping the PET bottle, and was decreased significantly when traveling with grasping the mug cup of the dominant hand. Therefore, it can be concluded that the changes of the ipsilateral hand movement have influence on coupling of the contralateral hand movement in bimanual reaching.

목적 : 본 연구는 양측 팔뻗기 과제를 수행하는 동안 팔뻗기 속도의 변화와 수직이동거리를 알아보기 위해 정상 성인을 대상으로 책상위에서의 4가지의 다양한 팔뻗기 과제 수행시 최대 속도와 수직이동거리를 측정하였다. 연구방법 : 연구대상자는 상지에 선천적인 기형, 심각한 외과적 혹은 신경학적 질환이나 지난 1년 동안 상지의 외상이나 통증을 경험했던 사람은 제외한, 우세 손이 오른손인 건강한 성인 30명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 상지움직임의 변화는 실시간 삼차원 동작분석 장치인 CMS-HS를 사용하였다. 연구에 적용된 4가지 양측 팔뻗기 과제는 다음과 같다. 과제 1은 왼손으로 컵을 지정된 위치에 옮기는 단순 뻗기 작업을 수행, 과제 2는 왼손과 동시에 오른손도 같은 컵으로 같은 작업을 수행, 과제 3은 왼손은 같은 작업을 수행하는 동안 오른손은 얇은 펜을 옮기는 작업을 수행, 과제 4는 왼손은 같은 작업을 수행하는 동안 오른손은 높이가 10cm 높은 상자위에 같은 컵을 올리는 작업을 수행하였다. 결과 : 왼손과 동시에 오른손도 같은 컵으로 같은 작업을 수행하는 과제 2는 왼손으로 컵을 지정된 위치에 옮기는 단순 뻗기 작업을 수행하는 과제 1과 비교시 최대속도가 더 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). 그러나 왼손은 같은 작업을 수행하는 동안 오른손은 얇은 펜을 옮기는 작업을 수행하는 과제 3은 과제 1과 유의한 차이가 없었고(p>0.05), 같은 컵을 옮기는 과제 2보다는 유의하게 감소하였다(p<0.05). 또한 수직이동거리에 대한 짝비교 검정을 실시한 결과, 양손에 같은 작업을 수행하는 동안 왼손의 수직이동거리는 56.8mm였고, 과제 2와 같은 작업을 하는 동안 오른손에 10cm 높이 위에 컵을 올리는 작업을 적용하였을 때 왼손의 수직이동거리는 68.4mm로 유의하게 증가되었다(p<0.05). 결론 : 본 연구는 치료적인 팔뻗기 과제 수행시 팔뻗기 속도와, 공간적 동기화가 가능한 양측 팔뻗기의 적용의 필요성을 알아보기 위해 다양한 팔뻗기 과제에 대한 최대 속도와 수직이동거리를 측정하였다. 양측 팔뻗기 과제는 한측 팔뻗기 과제 수행시보다 최대 속도가 높게 나타났고, 반대편 쪽 작업 수행 난이도가 어려울 경우, 속도가 감소되는 결과를 통해 시간적 동기화를 예측할 수 있었으며, 반대편 쪽 작업대 높이 변화를 통해 공간적인 동기화를 알 수 있었다. 이런 결과는 뇌졸중 환자의 상지 재활시 양측 팔뻗기 과제를 이용한 치료에 기초자료가 될 것이라 사료된다.

목적 : 본 연구는 뻗기 과제를 수행하는 동안 팔과 체간의 움직임에 있어서의 차이를 알아보고자 실시하였다. 정상 성인을 대상으로 책상 위에서의 팔뻗기 과제 수행시 거리에 따른 팔의 움직임에 대한 체간의 움직임을 알아보기 위하여 대상자의 팔의 길이에 비례하여 다양한 거리에서의 팔뻗기 과제를 실시하였다. 연구방법 : 연구대상자는 상지에 선천적인 기형, 심각한 외과적 혹은 신경학적 질환이나 지난 1년 동안 상지의 외상이나 통증을 경험했던 사람은 제외한, 우세 손이 오른손인 건강한 성인 20명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 상지움직임의 변화는 실시간 삼차원 동작분석 장치인 CMS-HS를 사용하였다. 팔길이에 대한 50%, 70%, 90%, 110%, 130% 거리의 작업수행시 체간의 움직임이 측정되었고, 단일 표식자에서 얻어진 속도와 움직인 거리 그리고 체간과 상지의 최대속도시간을 나누어 처리하였다. 결과 : 거리가 증가하는 동안 체간의 움직임은 팔의 길이의 90%의 거리에서부터 체간의 움직임이 유의하게 증가됨을 보였다(p.<05). 팔의 움직임에 대한 체간의 회전은 팔길이의 70% 거리에서부터 유의한 회전을 나타내기 시작했다(p.<05). 팔과 체간의 최대속도 도달시간은 팔길이의 70%, 90% 110%의 거리에서는 팔의 최대속도 도달시간이 먼저 나타났고, 팔길이의 130%의 거리에서는 체간의 최대속도 도달시간이 팔보다 먼저 나타남을 보였다. 결론 : 본 연구의 결과 거리에 따라 팔의 움직임에 대한 체간의 회전과 굴곡이 유의하게 일어나는 거리를 알 수 있었고, 거리에 따른 체간의 운동속도에 있어서의 움직임 패턴을 예측할 수 있었다. 따라서 상지 손상이 있는 환자들의 책상 위에서의 작업 수행이나 작업치료시 작업이 일어나는 거리에 따라 체간의 올바른 움직임을 위한 더 많은 연구가 필요할 것이다.

The problem of establishing the servo system to reach the desired location keeping all features in the field of view and following a straight line is considered. In addition, robustness of camera calibration parameters is considered in this paper. The proposed approach is based on switching from position-based visual servoing (PBVS) to image-based visual servoing (IBVS) and allows the camera path to follow a straight line. To achieve the objective, a pose estimation method is required; the camera's target pose is estimated from the obtained images without the knowledge of the object. A switched control law moves the camera equipped to a robot end-effector near the desired location following a straight line in Cartesian space and then positions it to the desired pose with robustness to camera calibration error. Finally simulation results show the feasibility of the proposed visual servoing technique.