Translators of chemical translations in the late Qing Dynasty translated element terms in several ways: connected with Chinese natural object nouns and recorded new meanings with the same characters of the nouns, created translated names, used common words, borrowed from inherent Chinese characters, and created new character. Translators use or create characters according to different motivations, and the selected characters may accord with the components of the characters coincidentally, resulting in one character with multiple translations. As different translators translated the foreign names of the same element, different motivations for selecting/creating characters, or the same motivations with different components of the characters, resulting in different characters with the same usage. Because of the influence of the words used in the translation of Hua Xue Jian Yuan and the requirements for the systematic use of words, most of the words used for liberal translation that are related to the natural nouns have been retained, and the other words have been almost eliminated. The reasons for the elimination include: the selection of inherent Chinese characters leads to an imbalance in the Chinese character system, the inconvenience of the recognition/use of borrowed and created characters, the phenomenon of one character with multiple translations and different characters with the same usage, etc.

Demand for research on the use of hydrogen, an eco-friendly fuel, is rapidly increasing in accordance with global environmental problems and IMO environmental regulations in the shipbuilding and marine industry. In the case of hydrogen, similar to liquefied natural gas, it has a characteristic that its volume decreases hundreds of times during phase transformation from gas to liquid, so it must be stored in a tank in the form of liquefied hydrogen for transport efficiency. The material of the liquid hydrogen tank is selected in consideration of mechanical properties and hydrogen embrittlement at cryogenic temperatures. In this study, welding research was conducted on STS316L material, which was most commonly used in the space industry. In this study, flux cored arc welding was performed under 4 welding conditions to derive the optimal welding conditions for STS316L material, and then mechanical properties of the welded part were compared and analyzed.

This study summarizes the research methods, subjects, research processes, and achievements of major researchers by analyzing previous research results on Korean food history. The goal of the current study aimed to seek the methodology and direction of ‘food history research’. Literature data from 1945 to 2022 were examined. Results of excavation research on ancient food literature were divided into the following stages: the 1980s, when the foundation for ‘cataloging’ was laid, and the 2000s, when ‘digitization’ was achieved. Achievements of each period were collected, and the achievements and limitations were analyzed. Next, the research results were classified into ‘Food technology history’, ‘Recipe change history’, and ‘Food culture and dietary history’. We observed that around the 2000s, anthropology and folklore research perspectives were reflected, and the research on ‘history of diet’ reached a turning point. Our results indicate the possibility that food history can develop as a special historical area. This could be achieved by establishing an exchange system with other disciplines and creating a systematic curriculum.

본 연구는 사람과 조직 그리고 이들을 둘러싼 환경 내에 존재하는 가치 있고 우수한 요인을 협력 기반의 질문을 통해 찾아 개발하고 발전시키는 변화의 방법인 Appreciative Inquiry(긍정적 가치탐색)를 활용하여 사교육기관의 지속가능경영 연구의 방향과 과제에 대한 체계적 문헌고찰을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 긍정적 가치탐색 방법이 소개된 1986년 이후 의 국내외 문헌을 웹 기반 전자데이터베이스를 활용하여 총 321건(국외 298편, 국내 23편)을 검토하고 분석하였다. 지속 가능한 사교육기관의 교육 경영을 위해서는 문제 중심의 접근법이 아닌 가치와 강점 중심의 접근법을 활용할 필요가 있 다. 사교육기관의 지속 가능한 변화와 발전을 위한 가치 중심적 접근과 연구의 중심에는 긍정적 가치탐색이 있다. 사교 육기관은 긍정적 핵심 가치탐색과 활용을 통해 이상적인 교육 경영 모델을 수립하고, 이해관계자들의 의미요소를 파악하 여 소통방안을 마련하며, 기관과 기관 종사자들의 강점과 장점 및 우수요인과 성공 경험을 통해 발전 전략을 세우고, 기 관의 잠재력 활용과 적극적인 구성원들의 참여를 통한 효용성 있는 협력체계를 구성해 나가야 한다.

The origin and evolution of Chinese characters (hanzi, 漢字), the reasons for its stability and longevity, and its future are some core issues in the study of Chinese characters. We have proposed three research models to tackle these problems: (1). Taking advantage of the logographic nature of Chinese characters, we have used a mathematical model to show that the Chinese writing should have already existed no later than 2100 BCE. (2). We have adopted the “funnel model” of protein folding in biochemistry to illustrate the landscape at the beginning of Chinese writing and how it evolved into a stable writing system. (3). We have proposed an ecological model for studying the past and future of Chinese characters. Based on these models, together with systematic archaeological study of pottery inscriptions and DNA analysis of human skeletons unearthed from various neolithic cultural sites, this article discuss specific issues related to the genesis, the longevity and the future growth of Chinese characters in the context of ecological model of Chinese characters. Particularly, how Chinese characters can be prepared to respond to future challeneges in a world of globalization and dataism.