The long-tailed goral (Naemorhedus caudatus) is an endangered animal species in all its habitats worldwide, including South Korea. The imbalanced sex ratio in fragmented habitats is closely associated with extinction. Therefore, sex identification using wild animal samples would be necessary. However, only a few studies have been reported about the sex identification of gorals. In this study, we thus aimed at comparing the efficiency of sex identification using various goral sample types as templates and the amelogenin (AMEL) and DEAD-box polypeptide 3 (DDX3) genes as target sequences. We extracted DNA from goral feces, tissues, and blood samples, then amplified the AMEL (SE47/SE48 and SE47/SE53 primer pairs) and DDX3 genes for sex identification, comparing the goral DDX3X and DDX3Y target sequences to those in cattle. Our results indicated that the tissue- and blood sample-derived AMEL amplicons showed an unspecific band pattern containing the sex-specific band in the case of both primer pairs we used, whereas the DDX3 amplicon showed only the sex-specific band. In the case of the feces samples, only the sex-specific band was amplified using both the AMEL and DDX3 primer pairs. However, we found that the DDX3 amplicon exhibited a clearer band pattern than the AMEL amplicon. Then, we compared the DDX3X and DDX3Y target sequences between cattle and gorals. We found 5 and 8 nucleotide differences in the DDX3X and DDX3Y sequences, respectively. In conclusion, the DDX3 gene-related sex identification of the long-tailed goral appears to be more efficient and precise than the AMEL gene-related approach. This method could be used for the sex identification of the members of the Bovidae family.

상업적 영농을 하는 양돈농가는 돼지의 생산비를 줄이면서 소비자들이 선호하는 고품질의 고기를 생산하는 것이 소득증 대에 있어서 무엇보다 중요한 일이다. 이에 농림축산식품부는 돼지도체를 1+, 1, 2 및 등외등급으로 판정하고, 그 결과에 따라 농가수취가격을 차등화함으로써 고품질 돼지고기 생산을 촉진하기 위해서 돼지고기 도체등급제도를 시행하고 있으며, 돼지도체의 체중과 등지방두께를 기준으로 1차 등급판정을 한 다. 가장 높은 등급인 1+ 등급은 돼지의 탕박 기준으로 도체 중이 83-93 kg, 등지방두께가 17~25 mm이다. 축산물등급판정 통계연보에 의하면, 2018년 경락단가가 가장 높은 평균 도체 중량은 암퇘지가 83.5 kg, 거세돼지가 77.8 kg이었으며, 평균 등지방두께는 암퇘지가 19.2 mm, 거세돼지가 20.3 mm인 것으로 조사되었다. 본 연구는 거세돼지와 암퇘지에 대한 분산분석, 육량변수와 육질변수 사이의 개별 상관관계, 그리고 육량변수세트와 육질 변수세트 사이의 정준상관분석을 수행하였다. 먼저 분산분석의 결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 첫째, 돼지의 육량 및 육질특성변수들에 있어서 성별 차이를 분석한 결과는 등지방두께는 거세돼지가 암퇘지보다 0.14㎜ 두꺼웠다(P<0.05). 둘째, 육즙감량과 가열감량은 거세돼지가 암퇘지보다 많았다 (P<0.05). 셋째, 보수력, 콜라겐함량, 지방함량, 수분함량, 단백질함량 및 전단가는 암퇘지가 거세돼지보다 높았다 (P<0.05). 육량특성과 육질특성 사이의 상관분석 결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 첫째, 도체중이 무거울수록 등지방두께가 두껍고, 육즙감량이 많이 생기지만, 가열감량은 줄어드는 관계를 갖는다 (P<0.01). 둘째, 등지방두께가 두꺼울수록 지방함량이 늘어나고, 육즙 감량이 많이 생기지만, 콜라겐함량, 수분함량, 단백질함량 및 가열감량과는 음(-)의 상관관계를 갖는 것으로 나타났다 (P<0.01). 셋째, 수분함량과 지방함량의 상관관계가 가장 높았으며 (0.793), 이어서 단백질함량과 지방함량의 상관관계가 높았지만 (0.634), 이들 함량 간에서는 서로 음(-)의 관계를 보이고 있다 (P<0.01). 마지막으로 정준상관분석의 결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. 첫째, 육량특성변수 짝과 육질특성변수 짝 사이에 유의한 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다 (P<0.01). 둘째, 등지방두께(BFT)가 높으면 지방함량과 육즙감량은 높은 반면, 수분함량, 단백질함량, 가열감량, 콜라겐함량, 전단가 및 보수력이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과에 따르면, 소비자들은 지방함량이 많으면서 수분손실이 많은 돼지고기와 단백질함량과 콜라겐함량이 적은 돼지고기는 기피할 수 있다는 점을 간과하여서는 안 될 것이다. 특히 국내 돼지도체등급은 1차적으로 돼지도체중량과 등지방두께를 평가한 이후, 육질항목을 평가하여 최종등급이 판정 되고 있기 때문에 우선적으로 육량지수인 도체중량과 등지방 두께를 적절하게 관리하는 것이 소비자의 요구를 충족하면서 농가의 생산비 절감 및 농가수취가격상승에 의한 소득증대로 이어지는 중요한 요인이 된다는 사실에 주목할 필요가 있다.

This study was conducted to analyze the specific genes associated with sex-determination in Korean native cow. The highly organized spermatogenesis requires accurate spatial and temporal regulation of gene expression, which is governed by transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and epigenetic processes. Recently, farmers have been interested in determining the sexual identity of the calves in their farm. We analyzed the sperm of Korean native and Holstein cows, which were supplied from Hanwoo Improvement Center. We evaluated sperm motility and expression of sperm-specific genes after treating semen with both male- and female reagents. Sperm motility in Korean native cows decreased by approximately 10% in the first 30 minutes after treatment with sex-determination reagent. However, sperm motility of Holstein cows decreased to 60-70% after 15 minutes and to 20-30% after 30 minutes. We selected six specific genes expressing in the spermatozoa to analysis the gene expression level. The Real-time PCR results suggest that the selected genes (Gimap4, Tmeff1, Rac2, Abi2, Rac1, and Clu) were highly expressed in the group treated with the male reagent compared to the group treated the female reagent and to the untreated-group (control). In the present study, we suggest that the selected genes play a pivotal role in sex-determination.

This study was conducted to analyze the specific genes associated with sex-determination in semen of Korean Native cow. Male fertility is dependent upon the successful perpetuation of spermatogenesis that is a highly organized process of germ cell differentiation occurring within the seminiferous tubules in the testis. The highly organized spermatogenesis requires accurate, spatial and temporal regulation of gene expression governed by transcriptional, post-transcriptional and epigenetic processes. Recently, the farmers have been interesting in the male or female of calves in the their farm. In first, we analyzed the semen supplied from Hanwoo Improvement Center, NongHyup. The sperm motility in Hanwoo was decreased approximately 10 % in the 30 min after sex-determinant reagent. However, Holstein' sperm motility was decreased to 60-70% after 15 min and the motility was considerably decreased to 20-30 % after 30 min. Next, we analyzed the sperm specific expression genes both male- and female reagents treated-group. The real-time PCR results suggest that the selected genes (GIMP4, TMEFF1, RAC2, ABI2, RAC1, and CLUS) were highly expressed in the group treated with the male reagent compared to female reagent treated group and untreated-group. In the present study, although X or Y gene is play a key role in the sex-determination of mammalian, we suggest that the selected genes may be involved in the sex-determination.

블루베리혹파리(Dasineura oxycoccana)는 우리나라에서 2010년에 처음 발견된 이래로 지금은 전국의 블루베리 재배지에서 발견되고 있는 외래해충이다. 이 해충의 생태 조사와 방제 연구를 위해 효과적인 유인제 개발이 필요한 실정이다. 비록 캐나다 개체군으로부터 이 해충의 암컷 성페로몬이 이미 보고되었을지라도, 캐나다 연구자들은 이 물질의 질량 스펙트럼이 아닌 기체크로마토그래피의 머무름 시간 비교를 통해 성페로몬을 동정하고 야외 유인시험을 통해 확인하였다. 우리는 블루베리혹파리 유인제 개발의 첫 단계로서 이 종의 성페로몬을 암컷으로부터 분리하여 천연 물질의 질량 스펙트럼을 확인하는 것을 목표로 하였다. 암컷 성충 21마리의 복부 추출물을 농축한 시료 속에서 이 종의 성페로몬으로 알려진 ‘2,14-diacetoxy heptadecane’을 성공적으로 분리하였다. 한편, 암컷 성페로몬의 부성분으로 추정할 수 있는 추가적인 유사물질은 발견되지 않았다

소나무재선충은 북미가 원산으로 일본, 중국, 한국을 비롯한 동북아시아의 소나무류에 막대한 피해를 주고 있으며 포르투칼과 스페인에도 발생하여 유럽 소나무류에도 큰 위협이 되고 있다. 소나무재선충은 매개충인 Monochamus속에 의해 새로운 기주로 옮겨지기 때문에 매개충을 방제하는 것이 가장 중요하다. 국내 소나무재선충 매개충은 솔수염하늘 소와 북방수염하늘소가 보고되어 있으며 이들을 방제하기 위하여 주로 유기합성농약을 항공 살포하거나 연막기를 이용하여 살포하고 있다. 하지만 유기합성농약의 대면적 살포는 산림생태계에 큰 위협요인이 되고 있다. 본 발표에서는 유기합성농약을 대체하기 위하여 소나무재선충 매개충의 집합-성페로몬 및 카이로몬 연구 그리고 이들 유인제의 현장적용 연구 및 추후 연구방향에 대해 소개를 하고자 한다.

In this study, we isolated and identified an aggregation-sex pheromone from Monochamus saltuarius, the major insectvector of the pine wood nematode in Korea. Adult male of M. saltuarius produces 2-undecyloxy-1-ethanol, which is knownto be an aggregation-sex pheromone in other Monochamus species. We performed field experiments to determine the attractivenessof the pheromone and other synergists. More M. saltuarius adult beetles were attracted to traps baited with the pheromonethan to unbaited traps. Ethanol and (-)-α-pinene interacted synergistically with the pheromone. Traps baited with pheromone+(-)-α-pinene+ethanol were more attractive to M. saltuarius adults than traps baited with pheromone, (-)-α-pinene, or ethanol alone.Ipsenol, ipsdienol, and limonene were also identified as synergists of the aggregation-sex pheromone for M. saltuarius adults.

In many avian species, it is difficult to distinguish the sexes based on their external features. Sex determination is an important area of study in developmental and evolutionary biology, as well as in ecology. In penguins, physical sexual characteristics between males and females are hard to differentiate particularly the Jackass penguins (Spheniscus demersus) which show little sexual dimorphism. Although it is always thought that males are usually larger than females, sexing by direct observation may be difficult especially in young birds. In this research, we evaluated a sex determination technique in Jackass Penguins using genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) amplification using primers. Genomic DNA was extracted from feathers of Jackass penguins, Chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) and Ducks (Anas Platyrhynchos var. domestica) using E prep (Viagenkorea.CO, Korea) reagent. A primer set is designed for sex determination. The primers amplifythe homologous region of the CHD-W gene (chromo-helicase-DNA-binding gene) unique to females, and the CHD-Z gene, occurring in both sexes and characterized by two bands in females and only one band in males. The results showed that analyses of the polymerase chain reaction products in Jackass penguins using 2550F-2718R and P2/P8 primer sets showed one band in both males and females. Moreover, 2550F-2718R primer set identified the sex of chickens but not in ducks while primer P2/P8 showed only one band in both chickens and ducks. The 1272L-1237H primer showed one band in male and two bands in female in all species tested. It was confirmed that the use of 1272L-1237H primer concur in identifying the sex of the following species: Jackass penguins, ducks and chickens.

Apolygus spinolae (Meyer-Dür) (Heteroptera: Miridae) is an important pest of fruit and tea trees in Korea and Japan. Analyses of extracts of metathoracic scent glands revealed that those of female bugs contained hexyl butyrate, (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate, and (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal in a ratio of 20:100:7. The glands of males contained the same three compounds, but the ratio of the components was quite different, with hexyl butyrate being the most abundant. Field trapping tests with various blends of the synthetic compounds dispensed from high-density polyethylene tubes showed that (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate and (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal were essential for attraction of male A. spinolae, and catches with a wide range of ratios of these two compounds did not differ significantly. However, adding hexyl butyrate at 50% or more of the (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate to the binary blend strongly inhibited attraction of males. Trap catches increased with increasing amounts of a 10:1 blend of (E)-2-hexenyl butyrate and (E)-4-oxo-2-hexenal from 0.011 to 11 mg loaded into the tube. Catches of males in traps baited with lures containing 1.1 mg of the binary blend were not significantly different from catches in traps baited with live virgin females.

The sex pheromone of Stathmopoda masinissa (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae) [감꼭지나방], an important pest of persimmon in Korea, was studied. Two pheromone components which known from Japanese population were detected in the gland extracts of females by mass spectral analysis of the gland extracts and comparisons of retention time with authentic compounds. Those were (E4,Z6)- 4,6-hexadecadienyl acetate (E4,Z6-16Ac) and (E4,Z6)-4,6-hexadecadien-1-ol (E4,Z6-16OH) in the ratio of 10:90. In a persimmon orchard, a single compound of E4,Z6-16Ac and E4,Z6-16OH was attractive to S. masinissa. However, the mixture of E4,Z6-16Ac and E4,Z6-16OH (1:1) caught significantly more males than each single component. In addition, the traps baited with E4,Z6-16Ac attracted significantly more Oedematopoda ignipicta (Lepidoptera: Stathmopodidae) [붉은꼬마꼭지나방] than control. These results suggest that both of the E4, Z6-16Ac and E4,Z6-16OH are needed to attract S. masinissa

The sex pheromone of Synanthedon bicingulata (Staudinger), a major pest of peach trees in many regions of northeast Asia, was identified. Two major components from the pheromone gland extracts of female moths are E3,Z13-18:OAc and Z3,Z13-18:OAc, and the average ratio of these components is about 4:6, respectively. In addition to the major components, four minor components, Z13-18:OAc, E2,Z13-18:OAc, E3,Z13-18:OH, and Z3,Z13-18:OH also were identified from pheromone gland extracts. Field tests showed that E3,Z13-18:OAc and Z3,Z13-18:OAc are essential for attraction of male S. bicingulata moths, and males are optimally attracted to the blend ratio found in pheromone gland extracts of conspecific females. Addition of the minor glandular components (Z13-18:OAc, E2,Z13-18:OAc, E3,Z13-18:OH, and Z3,Z13-18:OH) did not affect captures of males to the primary binary blend. Thus, the blend of E3,Z13-18:OAc and Z3,Z13-18:OAc at the natural ratio can be used for monitoring populations of this species.

Previous studies indicated that Matsumuraeses phaseoli and M. falcana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) are separate species since a few differences were observed in genitalia morphology and female sex pheromone composition. A clear difference was detected in the DNA sequences of cytochrome oxidase I of the two species separately collected in different plants and regions. A hybridization test also showed that a post-zygotic reproductive isolation occurred between the species. In field monitoring, however, both species have been caught simultaneously and together in the separate sex pheromone traps installed for the two species around neighboring soybean and red bean fields. Molecular marker-assisted identification with several adults sampled from the trapped insects showed that only ca. 40% of M. phaseoli adults identified as the species by genitalia morphology was the M. phaseoli, while ca. 97% of M. falcana adults identified as the species was the M. falcana. The result indicated that the observation of genitalia did not make a decisive criterion for classification of the insects. Conclusively, it suggested that the sex pheromones of the two species should be studied more precisely although there is a possibility that the two species are hybridized in fields as in laboratory, and speciation is under process.

Synanthedon haitangvora (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) is an economically important pest of apple trees in Korea and China. We report here the identification of compounds in pheromone gland extracts of female S. haitangvora, and the male responses to blends of different components and ratios in the field. Two major components from pheromone gland extracts of S. haitangvora females were identified as Z3,Z13-18:OAc and E2,Z13-18:OAc, and the average ratio of these components was about 1:1. Seven minor components, Z9-16:OAc, Z11-16:OAc, Z9-18:OAc, Z13-18:OAc, E3,Z13-18:OAc, Z3,Z13-18:OH, and E2,Z13-18:OH, also were identified from gland extracts. Field tests showed that male S. haitangvora were attracted to Z3,Z13-18:OAc alone, but the maximum number of males was attracted to the binary blend of Z3,Z13-18:OAc and E2,Z13-18:OAc mimicking the blend found in female extracts. The addition of minor components to a 1:1 blend of Z3,Z13-18:OAc and E2,Z13-18:OAc did not increase the numbers of moths captured. The only significant effect of minor components was the strong inhibitory effect of adding Z3,Z13-18:OH to the primary binary blend. Increasing doses of the optimum pheromone blend in the lures from 0.1 to 2.0 mg increased trap catches of male S. haitangvora.

This study was carried out to identify the sex pheromone of the soybean podworm, Matsumuraeses phaseoli. EAG response of M. phaseoli male antenna to various chemical compounds were examined. Of them, (E,E)-8,10-dodecadienyl acetate (E8E10-12:Ac) and (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate (E8-12:Ac) were most EAG-active. The abdominal tips of M. phaseoli females were extracted with distilled hexane 4h after light-off for 30 min. In an electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD), female extracts showed two EAG-active components. In a GC-MS analysis, three components (E8E10-12:Ac, E8-12:Ac, and (E,Z)-7,9-dodecadienyl acetate) were identical with those of authentic standards following the retention time and their ratio was 7: 1: 1. Of these three components, EAG responses of M. phaseoli males to E8E10-12:Ac and E8-12:Ac were significantly dose-dependent. Field effectiveness of these components remains to be evaluated.