AR (alkali resistant)-glass fibers were developed to provide better alkali resistance, but there is currently no research on AR-glass fiber manufacturing. In this study, we fabricated glass fiber from AR-glass using a continuous spinning process with 40 wt% refused coal ore. To confirm the melting properties of the marble glass, raw material was put into a (platinum) Pt crucible and melted at temperatures up to 1,650 °C for 2 h and then annealed. To confirm the transparent clear marble glass, visible transmittance was measured and the fiber spinning condition was investigated by high temperature viscosity measurement. A change in diameter was observed according to winding speed in the range of 100 to 700 rpm. We also checked the change in diameter as a function of fiberizing temperature in the range of 1,240 to 1,340 °C. As winding speed increased at constant temperature, fiber diameter tended to decrease. However, at fiberizing temperature at constant winding speed, fiber diameter tended to increase. The properties of the prepared spinning fibers were confirmed by optical microscope, tensile strength, modulus and alkali-resistance tests.

One of the key challenges for the commercialization of carbon nanotube fibers (CNTFs) is their large-scale economic production. Among CNTF spinning methods, surfactant-based wet spinning is one of the promising techniques for mass producing CNTFs. Here, we investigated how the coagulation bath composition affects the spinnability and the properties of CNTFs in surfactant-based wet spinning. We used acetone, DMAc, ethanol, and IPA as coagulants and analyzed the relationship between coagulation bath composition and the properties of CNTFs in terms of kinetic and thermodynamic coagulation parameters. From a kinetic perspective, we found that a low mass transfer rate difference (MTRD) is favorable for wet spinning. Based on this finding, we mixed the coagulant bath with solvent in a proper ratio to reduce the MTRD, which generally improved the wet spinning. We also showed that the coagulation strength, a thermodynamic parameter, should be considered. We believe that our research can contribute to establishment of surfactant-based wet spinning of CNTFs.

Isotropic pitch-based carbon fiber was successfully prepared from tetrahydrofuran-soluble fraction of coal tar pitch cocarbonization with petrolatum by air-blowing. The effects of reaction temperature and time, amount of petrolatum added on the composition and spinning properties of resultant pitches were investigated. It indicated that petrolatum could effectively improve the softening point, aromaticity, hydrogen content and molecular weight of the resultant pitches by promoting cross-linking and dehydrogenation polymerization reactions at low air-blowing temperature. Moreover, more aliphatic and naphthenic structures had been introduced into resultant pitches as addition of petrolatum and also inhibited the generation of quinoline-insoluble particles. The obtained green fibers were facile to be stabilized and carbonized and the resultant carbon fibers showed fully isotropic and finer, uniform diameter with smooth surface and higher tensile strength of up to 0.92 GPa. It provided a facile chemical modification method for isotropic pitch-based carbon fiber production.

‘용매 이동 유도 상분리‘라는 신 기법을 이용하여 바이젤 중공사막을 개발했고 이를 물/기름 에멀젼 분리에 적용하였다. 바이젤막은 미세유체장치를 이용한 방사법을 통해 제조되며, 제조액으로는 실리카 나노입자가 분산된 삼성분계 혼 합액 (물/가교 가능한 단량체/ 에탄올)을 사용한다. 실리카 나노 입자의 양, 입자 표면을 개질하는 계면활성제의 양에 따라 표면층의 기공 크기 및 하부 층의 구조 변화를 살펴보았다. 바이젤 막의 장점은 후 코팅 공정을 거치지 않고도, 막 표면 전체를 실리카 입자 층으로 덮어 anti-fouling 효과를 보유한다는 점이다. 물/기름 에멀젼에서 순수 물을 얻는 정밀여과에 적용하였으며, 상용 폴리설폰 중공사막보다 우수한 oil rejection 및 투과도를 보여주었다.

Our understanding of dust emission, interaction, and evolution, is evolving. In recent years, electric dipole emission by spinning dust has been suggested to explain the anomalous microwave excess (AME), appearing between 10 and 90 Ghz. The observed frequencies suggest that spinning grains should be on the order of 10nm in size, hinting at polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon molecules (PAHs). We present data from the AKARI/Infrared Camera (IRC) due to its high sensitivity to the PAH bands. By inspecting the IRC data for a few AME regions, we nd a preliminary indication that regions well-tted by a spinning- dust model have a higher 9 m than 18 m intensity vs. non-spinning-dust regions. Ongoing eorts to improve the analysis by using DustEM and including data from the AKARI Far Infrared Surveyor (FIS), IRAS, and Planck High Frequency Instrument (HFI) are described.

Taguchi’s experimental design was employed in the melt spinning of molten mesophase pitch to produce carbon fibers. The textures of the obtained carbon fibers were radial with varied crack angles, as observed by scanning electron microscopy and polarized optical imaging. The diameter, crack angle, preferred orientation, and tensile modulus of the produced samples were examined to investigate the influence of four spinning variables. The relative importance of the variables has been emphasized for each characteristic. The results show that thicker carbon fiber can be obtained with a smaller entry angle, a higher spinning temperature, a reduced winding speed, and an increased extrusion pressure. The winding speed was found to be the most significant factor in relation to the fiber diameter. While it was observed that thicker carbon fiber generally shows improved preferred orientation, the most important variable affecting the preferred orientation was found to be the entry angle. As the entry angle decreased from 120° to 60°, the shear flow was enhanced to induce more ordered radial alignment of crystallite planes so as to obtain carbon fibers with a higher degree of preferred orientation. As a consequence, the crack angle was increased, and the tensile modulus was improved.

This review presents current progress in the preparation methods of liquid crystalline nanocarbon materials and the liquid crystalline spinning method for producing nano-carbon fibers. In particular, we focus on the fabrication of liquid crystalline carbon nanotubes by spinning from superacids, and the continuous production of macroscopic fiber from liquid crystalline graphene oxide.

In this work, thermal treatment accompanied with different acid treatments was applied to a commercial coal tar pitch (CTP) to obtain a spinnable precursor pitch for carbon fiber. In the case of thermal treatment only, a relatively high reaction temperature of between 380˚C and 400˚C was required to obtain a softening point (SP) range of 220˚C-260˚C and many meso-phase particles were created during the application of high reaction temperature. When nitric acid or sulfuric acid treatment was conducted before the thermal treatment, the precursor pitch with a proper SP range could be obtained at reaction temperatures of 280˚C-300˚C, which were about 100˚C lower than those for the case of thermal treatment only. With the acid treatments, the yield and SP of the precursor pitch increased dramatically and the formation of meso-phase was suppressed due to the lower reaction temperatures. Since the precursor pitches with acid and thermal treatment were not spinnable due to the inhomogeneity of properties such as molecular weight distribution and viscosity, the CTP was mixed with ethanol before the consecutive nitric acid and thermal treatments. The precursor pitches with ethanol, nitric acid, and thermal treatments were easily spinnable, and their spinning and carbon fiber properties were compared to those of air blowing and thermal treated CTP.

Traditional textiles -- especially hand-woven ones -- have long been items of trade throughout the world. Notably, the Chinese shipped only finished textiles or cloth over the Silk Road to multiple trade centers en route to Europe. As early as the 16th century textile designs were customized to suit market needs; i.e., trading companies had Indian hand-woven naturally dyed textiles customized with motifs and colors that appealed to their Thai or Indonesian customers. These marketing and product development practices were demonstrated in "Interwoven Globe", the Metropolitan Museum of Art’s recent large exhibition and catalog (Peck, 2013). What are Traditional Textiles? Textiles were considered precious before they were machine produced. Today, people seldom understand how difficult it is – the time, effort, and cost – required to make hand-loomed textiles. The industrial revolution allowed textiles to be produced rapidly for the mass market at relatively low price points. Traditional textiles include a variety of textiles using historical or traditional production techniques. This paper examines hand-woven textiles using traditional hand-looms either backstrap or floor. Traditional textiles also encompasses felts, embroidered textiles, and batik textiles which are resist dyed -- the base cloth in this case is commercially produced. Some textiles – as cloth or those made into garments – are imbued with significant cultural meanings such as protection, luck, familial relationships, tribal membership, etc. These often have religious and magical meanings. Such textiles are often reverently passed down to descendants and can be required parts of ceremonies, such as the geringsing double ikats worn in many of their sacred rituals i.e. Sabah Usamba held in Tenganan Pergerinsingan, Bali (Crippen & Mulready, 2001, 2012). Traditional textiles continue to be used for lifecycle and religious ceremonies throughout Southeast Asia (SEA) including the many island cultures of Indonesia; these created some ongoing demand for continuation of textile traditions. Over the past few decades increased scholarly activities followed by increased cultural tourism expanded demand for newly made authentic contemporary traditional textiles. The paradox of increased demand simultaneous with few weaver made traditional textiles more valuable and created new opportunities for reviving traditional weaving. More newly woven traditional textiles were produced and generally sold in the locales where woven. In the 1980’s, increased tourism to Asia, Southeast Asia (SEA), and other areas as well as a larger expatriate community in SEA brought a much greater awareness of textile traditions to people previously unfamiliar with them. Many tourists wanted something more than a T-shirt to remember their trip so souvenirs diversified in type and quality/price points (Crippen & Mulready, 1995). The sale of authentic contemporary textiles woven using traditional techniques started to increase. Many organizations supported continuation of such traditions. Today more traditional textiles -- both antique and contemporary -- are for sale on the internet. This has the potential to expand the market for contemporary traditional textile products. A web-enabled global audience interested in traditional textile end products such as scarves, wall-hangings, pillows, etc., has the potential to expand demand. Lee and Littrell (2003) discuss potential problems when expanding from local to web-based global markets for cultural products. Traditional textiles would be considered a cultural product. Today, a global revolution is in progress which allows small companies – including cooperatives and others – to directly market to the global consumer. Telling their stories via the Internet brings attention and authenticity to their products, hopefully increasing sales and keeping textile traditional alive. The purpose of this exploratory research is to examine websites selling traditional textile products to determine how they demonstrate authenticity for contemporary traditional textiles. Two case studies from Southeast Asia (SEA) are presented to illustrate how storytelling techniques support such authentication efforts when marketing traditional textiles on the Internet. Authenticity Concepts of "authenticity" range from subjective producer/consumer evaluations -- sometimes with no basis in reality-- to highly technical specifications set by law or manufacturer's associations. A textile example of the first one is a so-called batik dress which in actuality has a surface printed design meaning that it is not authentic batik. Authentic batiks use wax or other substances to resist or prevent dyeing in covered areas when dyed. The terms batik tulis is used in Indonesia and Malaysia when the resist wax is drawn by hand; whereas batik cap (chop) designates stamped wax process. Machine printing requires no waxing and is faster and cheaper. Today, there is a market segment interested in authentic textiles and crafts (Anderson & Littrell, 1995). Textile study groups, tours, publications, and internet websites help to educate consumers interested in authentic textiles. Consumers vary in what aspect/s of authenticity they find interesting (Littrell et al, 1995). Uniqueness, workmanship, aesthetics, use, cultural and historical integrity (including age and documented provenance), creativity, and genuineness are all important. "Spinning a Yarn" Storytelling -- sometimes called "spinning a yarn" - is used to help demonstrate/create authenticity when marketing products. It is frequently used to explain the complex production processes of traditional crafts and textiles. This is often augmented by personally observing and/or viewing photos and/or videos of how traditional textiles/products are made. Many people contributed to the resurgence of traditional textile weaving. Most are unknown and often worked collectively in development efforts. Individuals travelled to remote areas and fell in love with the traditional textiles and the people who made them. Some of these individuals then found ways to monetarily support the people making the textiles -- globalization has made cash necessary to pay for such things as mandatory education and school uniforms. In the 1950s, Jim Thompson, an American, founded his company which continued to expand after his disappearance in Malaysia in 1967. The website Jimthomspson.com uses his romanticized personal history to promote an international market for luxury hand-woven Thai silk textiles. Carol Cassidy, an American found the Lao weaving traditions while serving as a UNDP (United National Development Programme specialist in an apparel factory in Laos. Carol, a weaver, started her business and trained local weavers, developed new products, and maintained quality control standard for her company Lao Textiles. Her website Laotextiles.com is informational only; she does list retail stores that carry her products and her contact information. Internet Marketing Internet marketing allows sellers to tell stories -- actually to tell many stories. Different websites or links within websites can target various consumer market segments. Specialty categories, including various aspects of authenticity can be demonstrated in different ways which can stand alone and/or mutually support one another and the website as a whole. For the consumer who values cultural and historical integrity, a story or page/s can be built around this aspect. With increased interest in fair trade, compensation, and working conditions some companies -- especially co-operatives and non-profits -- often focus on this aspect. Sustainability including environmental aspects often linked to Fair Trade can be easily addressed. The Internet allows consumers to read all of the story or only the parts that interest them the most. It offers a convenient way for sellers to broaden their reach to new customers who might not have the opportunity to travel to the craft or textile production site. This potential must be supported with good website design and operations (Lee and Littrell, 2003). Case Studies: Using Storytelling to Establish Authencity for Internet Marketing of Traditional Textiles This is an exploratory study which attempts to determine what storytelling methods are effective in internet marketing of authentic traditional textiles. The two chosen websites attempt to duplicate the experiences of tourists visiting weavers where they work. The two websites selected for analysis Ock Pop Tok (Laos) and Threads of Life (Indonesia). Criteria for selection included vetting by experts who had visited the in-country facilities and confirmed the websites accurately represent the facilities and their work. Websites were selected that actively support women in development efforts such as training and support-- financial and otherwise -- for women to earn living wages while being able to live near family, support for continuation of authentic traditional weaving, sustainability, environmental sensitivity, etc. Ock Pop Tok Ock Pop Tok (OPT) translates to “East Meets West”; their website Ockpoptok.com uses a banner to describe itself as having Lao Textiles with a tag line of "keeping it alive for the next generation". Lao characters in the background tend to give some Lao authenticity. The home page photographs rotate between a team picture (taken September 2013) of women and men workers -- who all look very happy and excited -- and other photographs. Some have spinning wheels or other tools they use in their work; their textiles are displayed in the background. This page describes their activities and programs as being a Laos based social enterprise working primarily in the field of textiles, handicrafts, and design. They work with women artisans, rural producer groups, and students who can work in their shops. They opened the Living Crafts Centre in 2004 which includes a weaving and dyeing studio, craft school, and an exhibition area. Their website also describes on-site lodging where themed rooms are decorated using their textiles. Their catchy categories for web pages are divided into learn, create, shop, stay, and eat. OPT has a non-profit gallery -- Fibre2Fabric -- which focuses on using textiles as a way to explain Lao culture. Their activities are well documented and the village weaver projects for rural development are described; its goal is to alleviate poverty. Laos has multiple ethnic groups and OPT, in combination with other partners, works training many rural area women to produce handicrafts for poverty alleviation. Their work in 11 rural areas is described and includes photographs. The website also includes a photograph of all their weavers. It would appeal to people who only want to purchase products as well as those who would like to plan a trip where they could not only visit the learning center but also take a class and even stay. OPT discusses their sustainable development policies in depth. Threads of Life Threads of Life (TOL) is described as a privately funded organization dedicated to the preservation, promotion, and marketing of traditional woven, natural dyed, and handmade ritual textiles. Their home page rotates and focuses on nature and culture. Their website Threadsoflife.com includes a list of associates who assist Threads of Life, as well as Balinese employees, with a quote from each. Under the "What We Do" section, they list revitalizing traditional textile traditions, field work, conservation efforts, and supporting women’s cooperatives. The description of supporting the cooperatives is as follows: “Threads of Life works directly with over 1,000 women in more than 35 cooperative groups on the Indonesian islands from Kalimantan to Timor. The common question among these cooperatives is, ‘How do we maintain our culture and identity, and make a living at the same time?’” “Threads of Life helps to answer this question. Our business model uses real markets to reward cultural integrity, promote conservation of the environment, and empower families in some of the world's poorest places to lift themselves out of poverty.” This site is rich in content and photographs which support the written materials. For example, the complete descriptions of the ikat, a technique which ties and dyes yarns before weaving include details such as not only who wove the textile but also who tied the resist yarns and who dyed it. The Threads of Life Textile Arts Center in Ubud, Bali, is their main store. Photographs of textiles with good descriptions and a code number are included from various locations; however, it is unclear how or if these can be ordered. TOL also offers accommodations and small group tours, including those related to traditional textiles. They too offer a newsletter and have a foundation which supports environmental issues. Commonalities and differences between the two websites will be presented including their use of storytelling, photography, ease of purchasing product, pricing, fair trade information, sustainability, and ecological issues.

PAN precursor fibers were produced via wet-spinning process, and effects of polymerization and spinning processes, especially the stretching process, were investigated on mechanical properties and micro-morphologies of precursor fibers. An increase in molecular weight, dope solid and densification and a decrease in surface defects were possible by controlling polymerization temperature, the number of heating rollers for densification and the jet stretch ratio, which improved the mechanical properties of precursor fibers. The curves for strength, modulus, tensile power and diameter as a function of stretch ratio can be divided into three stages: steady change area, little change area and sudden change area. With the increase of stretch ratio, the fiber diameter became smaller, the degree of crystallization increased and the structure of precursor fibers became compact and homogeneous, which resulted in the increase of strength, modulus and tensile power of precursor fibers. Empirical relationship between fiber strength and stretch ratio was studied by using the sub-cluster statistical theory. It was successfully predicted when the strengths were 0.8 GPa and 1.0 GPa under a certain technical condition, the corresponding stretch ratio of the fiber were 11.16 and 12.83 respectively.

In order to improve the breaking strength and elongation of Polybutylene succinate (PBS) monofilament, the monofilament was produced by blending PBS and Polybutlyne adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT). The PBS/PBAT blend monofilament was prepared by the melt spinning system, and the weight ratios of the compositions of PBS/PBAT was 100/0, 95/5, 90/10 and 85/15, respectively. The breaking strength, elongation, softness and crystallization of PBS/PBAT blend monofilament were analyzed by using a tensionmeter, softness measurement, X-ray diffractometer in the both dry and wet conditions. The PBS/PBAT blend monofilaments were spun in the take-up velocity of 1.19m/sec under the drawing ratio of 6.8:1 condition. The production volumes of PBS/PBAT blend monofilaments showed 20% less than that of Nylon. The breaking strength of PBS/PBAT blend monofilaments were decreased as PBAT contents increased, while elongation and softness were increased. In case of PBAT content were over 5%, the breaking strength, elongation and softness of PBS/PBAT blend monofilaments were not shown to increase in spite of increasing in PBAT contents. Based on these results, it was possible to make the monofilaments with the maximized physical properties when the PBAT contents at 5%.

Co-based amorphous powder was produced by a new atomization process “Spinning Water Atomization Process (SWAP)”, having rapid super-cooling rate. The composition of the alloys was ((Co0.95Fe0.05)1-xCrx)75Si15B10 (x=0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075). The powders became the amorphous state even if particle size was up to about 500 μm. The coercive force of powders was about 0.35 - 0.7 Oe. Furthermore, Co-based amorphous powder cores with glass binders were made by cold-pressing and sintering methods. The initial permeability of the core in the frequency range up to 100 kHz was about 110, and the core loss at 100 kHz for Bm = 0.1 T was 350 kW/m3.

N-type solid solutions doped with 1 was prepared by melt spinning, crushing and vacuum sintering processes. Microstructure, bending strength and thermoelectric property were investigated as a function of the doping quantity from 0.03wt.% to 0.10wt.% and sintering temperature from to , and finally compared with those of conventionally fabricated alloys. The alloy showed a good structural homogeneity as well as bending strength of . The highest thermoelectric figure of merit was obtained by doping 0.03wt.% and sintering at .

연구의 궁극적 목적을 두었다. 일반 사육환경에서 나타날 수 있는 발육온도(20, 25, 3)와 최종령 초기 유충 체중 변이(412.6-1,616.0 mg)는 누에의 용화 결정에 영향을 주지 많았다 한편 유약호르몬(juvenile hormone：計I)동력제인 피리프록시팬(pyriproxyfen)은 10-s M의 낮은 농도에서도 난포세포 개방화를 유도하여, 이 약제가 누에에서도 동력제라는 것을 확인하였다. 피리프록시펜은 약제 농도 및 처리 시기별로 특이하게 누에 미화용 유발 효과를 보였다. 피리프록시펜은 JH 에스테라제(JH esterase： JHE)를 직접적으로 억제하지 못하고, 오히려 활성을 증가시키는 것으로 나타났으며, JH 결합단백질(JH binding protein：JHBP)의 유전자 발현을 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 피리프록시펜은 체내에 JH 동력제로 작용하면서 JHE 유전자 활성을 제고시켰지만, JHE활성 증가에 따른 체내 JH함량이 줄어듬에 따라 JHBP의 유전자 활성을 억제하는 것으로 해석된다. 양잠농가 주변으로 살포 가능성이 있는 농약을 대상으로 난포세포 개방화 분석을 실시 한 결과, 제초제 3종(simazine, molinate, alachlor)이 JH 동력제 효과를 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 누에 미화용 원인체 규명을 위해서 이들에 대한 직접 노출 시험이 요구된다.

Electrostatic spinnings were performed with the solutions of PAN/DMF to be nanofiber webs. The diameter of the fibers ranged from 200 nm to 1000 nm depending on the PAN concentration and on the applied DC voltage. The nanofibers were oxidatively stabilized and subsequently carbonized up to 1000℃ with carbonization yield of 40%. The bulk electric conductivity of the carbonized web increased form 6.8×10-3S/cm to 1.96 S/cm while the carbonizaton temperature increased from 700℃ to 1000℃.