PURPOSES : Concrete, which is a construction material, is the most widely used compression material; however, unlike steel, it exhibits nonlinear material characteristics. Therefore, to examine the behavior of structures under the nonlinear conditions of concrete materials, one must select an appropriate numerical-analysis technique and a reasonable material model. When performing the nonlinear numerical analysis of a structure using general-purpose structural analysis software, the stress–strain curve or the Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion is typically employed to consider the nonlinear material characteristics. In this study, an efficient nonlinear numerical analysis is conducted by defining the stress–strain curves and Mohr–Coulomb parameters applicable to Strand7 to examine and design the stability of reinforced concrete structures. METHODS : This study was conducted by improving existing data. Based on the tensile region of the concrete stress–strain curve presented in a simple shape and the results of the splitting test, the proposed Mohr–Coulomb parameter was improved based on regulations stipulated in the design standards of concrete structures. The characteristics and usability of the improved material models were examined using concrete splitting tensile and bending models. RESULTS : A yield area distribution similar to that of the reference data is obtained when the Mohr–Coulomb material model is used in the numerical analysis of the concrete splitting tension, thus confirming the validity of the model. In the Mohr–Coulomb material model, nonlinear resistance continues even after the maximum reaction force occurs. However, when the stress–strain curve material model is applied, at the moment the maximum reaction force occurs, the material yields and begins to be damaged. In addition, by applying the Mohr–Coulomb material model to the bending numerical-analysis model, the magnitude of stress in the tensile region from the initial stage exceeds the yield stress defined in the stress–strain curve. CONCLUSIONS : Based on a series of examples, the usability of the proposed concrete stress–strain curve and Mohr–Coulomb parameters is confirmed. However, to obtain numerical-analysis results that are consistent with the nonlinear behavior of actual structures, nonlinear testing of reinforced concrete structures shall be conducted and material models shall be improved.

This study reports an experimental and analytical exploration of concrete columns laterally confined with Fe-based shape-memory alloy (Fe-SMA) spirals. For performing experiments, Fe-SMA rebars with a 4% prestrain and diameter of 10 mm were fabricated and concrete columns with internal Fe-SMA spiral reinforcement were constructed with a diameter of 200 mm and height of 600 mm. An acrylic bar with an attached strain gauge was embedded in the center of the specimen to measure local strains. Experimental variables encompassed the Fe-SMA spiral reinforcement, spacing, and activation temperature. Uniaxial compression tests were conducted after applying active confinement to the concrete columns through electrical-resistance heating. Notably, as the Fe-SMA spiral spacing decreased, the local failure zone length and compressive fracture energy of the prepared specimens increased. Additionally, a model incorporating compressive fracture energy was proposed to predict the stress–strain behavior of the. This model, accounting for active and passive confinement effects, demonstrated accurate predictions for the experimental results of this study as well as for previously reported results.

The most comprehensive and particularly reliable method for non-destructively measuring the residual stress of the surface layer of metals is the sin method. When X-rays were used the relationship of sin measured on the surface layer of the processing metal did not show linearity when the sin method was used. In this case, since the effective penetration depth changes according to the changing direction of the incident X-ray,  becomes a sin function. Since  cannot be used as a constant, the relationship in sin cannot be linear. Therefore, in this paper, the orthogonal function method according to Warren’s diffraction theory and the basic profile of normal distribution were synthesized, and the X-ray diffraction profile was calculated and reviewed when there was a linear strain (stress) gradient on the surface. When there is a strain gradient, the X-ray diffraction profile becomes asymmetric, and as a result, the peak position, the position of half-maximum, and the centroid position show different values. The difference between the peak position and the centroid position appeared more clearly as the strain (stress) gradient became larger, and the basic profile width was smaller. The weighted average strain enables stress analysis when there is a strain (stress) gradient, based on the strain value corresponding to the centroid position of the diffracted X-rays. At the 1/5 max height of X-ray diffraction, the position where the diffracted X-ray is divided into two by drawing a straight line parallel to the background, corresponds approximately to the centroid position.

취성특성을 가진 탄소섬유복합체의 인장특성을 결정하기 위해 ASTM D 3 0 39에 따라 인장시험을 실시하였다. 극한시 점에 박리, 부분파단으로 인해 스트레인 게이지의 계측값의 변동성이 커져 신뢰성을 확보하기 어렵기 때문에 극한응력과 탄성 계수를 이용한 유효극한변형률을 제안하고, 극한계측변형률과 상호보완하였다. 특히 게이지가 비정상적으로 작용할 경우에도 적용이 가능하다는 장점이 있다. 또한 유효극한변형률을 결정하는 탄성계수는 단일시편에서 여러 변형률 구간에 대하여 평가하여 비교 검증할 수 있다.

Fatigue crack growth retardation of 304 L stainless steel is studied using a neutron diffraction method. Three orthogonal strain components(crack growth, crack opening, and through-thickness direction) are measured in the vicinity of the crack tip along the crack propagation direction. The residual strain profiles (1) at the mid-thickness and (2) at the 1.5 mm away from the mid-thickness of the compact tension(CT) specimen are compared. Residual lattice strains at the 1.5 mm location are slightly higher than at the mid-thickness. The CT specimen is deformed in situ under applied loads, thereby providing evolution of the internal stress fields around the crack tip. A tensile overload results in an increased magnitude of the compressive residual stress field. In the crack growth retardation, it is found that the stresses are dispersed in the crack-wake region, where the highest compressive residual stresses are measured. Our neutron diffraction mapping results reveal that the dominant mechanism is by interrupting the transfer of stress concentration at the crack tip.

PURPOSES: This study is primarily focused on evaluating the effects of the non-linear stress-strain behavior of RAP concrete on structural response characteristics as is applicable to concrete pavement. METHODS : A 3D FE model was developed by incorporating the actual stress-strain behavior of RAP concrete obtained via flexural strength testing as a material property model to evaluate the effects of the non-linear stress-strain behavior to failure on the maximum stresses in the concrete slab and potential performance prediction results. In addition, a typical linear elastic model was employed to analyze the structural responses for comparison purposes. The analytical results from the FE model incorporating the actual stress-strain behavior of RAP concrete were compared to the corresponding results from the linear elastic FE model. RESULTS : The results indicate that the linear elastic model tends to yield higher predicted maximum stresses in the concrete as compared to those obtained via the actual stress-strain model. Consequently, these higher predicted stresses lead to a difference in potential performance of the concrete pavement containing RAP. CONCLUSIONS : Analysis of the concrete pavement containing RAP demonstrated that an appropriate analytical model using the actual stress-strain characteristics should be employed to calculate the structural responses of RAP concrete pavement instead of simply assuming the concrete to be a linear elastic material.

Due to a lack of the hoop action of lateral reinforcements the effective confining force in rectangular sections reduces compared to circular ones. Therefore, the stress-strain model obtained from the experimental data with circular sections overestimates the lateral confinement effect in rectangular sections, which evaluates seismic safety margin of overall structural system excessively. In this study experiments with laterally-confined square sections have been performed and the characteristic values composing stress-strain model have been analyzed. With introduction of section coefficients, in addition, the new unified stress-strain model applicable to square sections as well as circular ones has been proposed.

In order to avoid collapse of bridges in earthquakes bridge piers are generally designed to attain sufficient ductility. This full-ductility design method has merits for securing the seismic safety readily against strong earthquakes but, it has weakness of high cost design because of excessive safety margin. Recently, in many countries with high seismic technologies, the seismic design concept tends to shift from the collapse prevention design to the performance-based one which requires different performance (damage) levels according to the structural importance. In order to establish this performance-based design method the displacement ductility of confined concrete members should be evaluated quantitatively. And the stress-strain model of confined concrete is indispensible in evaluating displacement ductility. In this study, 6 test groups with different lateral reinforcement ratios were prepared. 10 same specimens with circular section for each group were tested to obtain more reliable test results. The characteristic values necessary for composing the stress-strain model were obtained from experiments. Based on these characteristic values the new stress-strain model modifying the Hoshikuma's one has been proposed.

This study investigates the stress-strain relations of internally confined hollow concrete filled tube pier reinforced with GFRP tube by uniaxial compression test. The confined concrete subjected multi-axial stresses have been known as the strength of concrete increases significantly. Many researchers have studied in confining effects of CFT which have only outer GFRP tube. In this study, specimens reinforced with outer and inner GFRP tube were tested by uniaxial compression test. To investigate the influence of concrete strength increase by confining conditions in GFRP tube, 13 specimens with different thickness of tube, hollowness ratio and nominal concrete strength were tested and compared with Steel tube.

RC교량의 내진성능은 교각에 충분한 연성도를 제공함으로써 확보할 수 있다. 이러한 연성도는 교각의 소성힌지 영역에 적절한 횡방향철근을 배근함으로써 실현할 수 있다. 횡방향철근에 의한 횡구속력은 유효구속력으로 결정되므로 단면형상과 횡방향철근량이 지배적인 요소가 된다. 동일한 횡방향철근량을 제공하더라도 설치간격, 배치형태, 갈고리 상세 등의 차이에 의해 유효구속력에 차이가 있게 된다. 후프띠철근에 의해 횡구속력을 발휘하는 원형단면과는 달리 사각 또는 중공사각단면에서는 유효구속력을 증가시키기 위해 보강띠철근이 함께 사용된다. 이러한 보강띠철근을 어떻게 고려하느냐에 따라 횡구속된 콘크리트의 응력-변형률 관계는 달라지게 된다. 본 연구에서는 실험을 통해 후프띠철근과 함께 보강띠철근을 갖는 정사각단면 콘크리트의 응력-변형률 관계를 파악하였으며 기존의 평가식과 비교를 통해 역학적 특성을 분석하였다.

내진설계의 기본적인 개념은 지진 시 요구되는 연성도 이상의 변형성능을 확보하는 것이다. 기둥의 경우 소성힌지 영역에 적절한 횡철근을 배근함으로써 이를 실현할 수 있다. 가장 경제적인 설계를 위해서는 횡구속 콘크리트의 응력-변형률 특성에 기초하여 횡철근량을 산정하는 것이다. 우리나라(도로교 설계기준)에서는 목표연성도를 단일화하여 동일한 횡철근을 제공하고 있으나 일본에서는 횡구속된 콘크리트의 응력-변형률 곡선식을 제공함으로써 경제적으로 소요 횡철근량을 산정하고 있다. 이러한 재료레벨(응력-변형도)의 특성을 사용하면 설계는 어려워지지만 보다 경제적인 설계가 가능하며 이는 성능에 기반한 내진설계의 경향과도 부합된다. 이 연구에서는 현행 도로교설계기준의 갈고리상세에 부합되는 횡철근을 배치한 부재에 대해 횡철근량을 변수로 하여 응력-변형률 실험을 수행하였다. 응력-변형률 특성을 정량적으로 평가할 수 있는 인자를 도입하여 실험결과와 기존의 콘크리트 모델식을 비교 분석하였다.

In order to investigate 95% retained critical current of Bi-2223/Ag tapes under various stress-strain conditions, load cell attached tension and bending apparatus was used. The critical current of stress-strained tape was degraded below 95% retained critical current when tension and bending was simultaneously applied together. But only one of this tension or bending did not degrade the tape below 95% retained critical current. Deformation temperature was important to maintain the 95% retained Ic of Bi-2223/Ag tapes after bending or tension deformation because mechanical strength of tapes can be changed drastically between room temperature and 77 K.

A stress-strain relationship for reinforced concrete membrane elements subjected to reversed cyclic loading is quite different to that of concrete cylinder subjected to uniaxial compression. The compressive strength of cracked concrete membrane elements is reduced by cracking due to tension in the perpendicular direction. Based on the three reinforced concrete panel tests, a softened stress-strain curve of concrete subjected to reversed cyclic loading is proposed. The proposed model consists of seven stages in the compressive zones and six stages in the tensile zones. The proposed model is verified by comparing to the test results.

아스팔트포장층내에 보강용 토목섬유를 설치하여 포장층의 응력-거동특성을 연구한 예는 매우 드물다. 본 연구에서는 유한요소법을 사용하여 지오그리드와 유리섬유로 보강한 층의 응력-변형 특성을 연구하였다. 유리섬유와 지오그리드의 강성이 다른 두가지 종류를 사용하고 설치위치, 포장단면층의 두께 변화를 주어 아스팔트포장층에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 포장층내에 발생하는 수직응력, 수직변위, 최대전단응력을 분석한 결과 수직응력, 수직변위 보다 최대전단응력을 크게 감소시키는 경향이 나타났다. 최대전단응력 감소효과가 약 15$\sim$20% 정도 있음을 알 수 있었다. 보강재의 탄성계수가 큰 유리섬유가 가장 효과가 좋으며 깊이 3cm$\sim$5cm에 설치하는 것이 가장 효과가 좋은 것으로 나타났다.

아스팔트포장층내에 보강용 토목섬유를 설치하여 포장층의 응력-거동특성을 연구한 예는 매우 드물다. 본 연구에서는 유한요소법을 사용하여 지오그리드와 유리섬유로 보강한 층의 응력-변형 특성을 연구하였다. 유리섬유와 지오그리드의 강성이 다른 두가지 종류를 사용하고 설치위치, 포장단면층의 두께 변화를 주어 아스팔트포장층에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 포장층내에 발생하는 수직응력, 수직변위, 최대전단응력을 분석한 결과 수직응력, 수직변위 보다 최대전단응력을 크게 감소시키는 경향이 나타났다. 최대전단응력 감소효과가 약 15~20% 정도 있음을 알 수 있었다. 보강재의 탄성계수가 큰 유리섬유가 가장 효과가 좋으며 깊이 3cm~5cm에 설치하는 것이 가장 효과가 좋은 것으로 나타났다.

본 논문에서는 압축파괴에너지를 이용하여 고강도 구속콘크리트에 대한 응력-변형률 모델을 제안하였다. 참고문헌[5]에서 저자가 실시한 압축실험에는 변형률 게이지를 부착한 아크릴 막대를 실험체의 중앙부에 매립하여 압축부재의 국부 변형률 측정을 시도하였다. 이 아크릴 막대를 이용한 국부 변형률 측정은 매우 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 압축파괴영역길이는 아크릴 막대로부터 측정된 국부 변형률 분포에 기초하여 정의되었다. 구체적으로, 구속콘크리트의 국소파괴영역길이는 압축강도 발현시의 변형률 εcc의 2배 이상 변형률이 증가하는 영역으로 정의하였다. 또한, 동일한 횡구속압을 받는 압축부재에 흡수된 에너지양은 부재의 형상이나 크기에 관계없이 일정하다는 가정에서 압축파괴에너지를 도입한 구속콘크리트의 응력-변형률 관계를 제안하였다. 본 연구에서 제안된 모델은 본 연구의 실험결과뿐만 아니라 타 연구자들의 실험결과를 대체적으로 잘 예측하는 것으로 나타났다.

This paper is to investigate the stress-strain curves for STS 201 austenitic stainless steel over the full strain range. Ramberg-Osgood expression can be used to predict the stress-strain curve up to the 0.2% proof stress. Rasmussen and Shin have developed the approach for stress-strain curve of stainless steels beyond 0.2% proof stress based on the Ramberg-Osgood concept. However, for STS201 stainless steel, two existing concepts were not available for predicting the curves and therefore modified method was discussed in this paper.

We investigated Arctic plants to determine if they have a specific mechanism enabling them to adapt to extreme environments because they are subject to such conditions throughout their life cycles. Among the cell defense systems of the Arctic mouse-ear chickweed Cerastium arcticum, we identified a stress-responsive dehydrin gene CaDHN that belongs to the SK5 subclass and contains conserved regions with 1 S-segment at the N-terminus and 5 K-segments from the N-terminus to the C-terminus. To investigate the molecular properties of CaDHN, yeast were transformed with CaDHN. CaDHN-expressing transgenic yeast (TG) cells recovered more rapidly from challenge with exogenous stimuli, including oxidants (hydrogen peroxide, menadione, and tert-butyl hydroperoxide), high salinity, freezing and thawing, and metal (Zn2+), than wild-type (WT) cells. TG cells were sensitive to copper, cobalt, and sodium dodecyl sulfate. In addition, the cell survival of TG cells was higher than that of WT cells when cells at the mid-log and stationary stages were exposed to increased ethanol concentrations. There was a significant difference in cultures that have an ethanol content >16%. During glucose-based batch fermentation at generally used (30℃) and low (18℃) temperatures, TG cells produced a higher alcohol concentration through improved cell survival. Specifically, the final alcohol concentrations were 13.3% and 13.2% in TG cells during fermentation at 30℃ and 18℃, respectively, whereas they were 10.2% and 9.4%, respectively, in WT cells under the same fermentation conditions. An in vitro assay revealed that purified CaDHN acted as a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenger by neutralizing H2O2 and a chaperone by preventing high temperature-mediated catalase inactivation. Taken together, our results show that CaDHN expression in transgenic yeast confers tolerance to various abiotic stresses by improving redox homeostasis and enhances fermentation capacity, especially at low temperatures (18℃).

To evaluate the stress-strain relationship of HVFA(High Volume Fly Ash) concrete, experiments were performed according to the ratio of fly ash usage and concrete compressive strength. Test results were shown that elasticity modulus of HVFAC was influenced by compressive strength, elasticity modulus and fly ash usage ratio. And the existing equation of stress-strain relationship had a large difference. So, new equation of stress-strain relationship for HVFAC was proposed, and the proposed results had a good correlation with test results

평형트러스모델, Mohr적합트러스모델, 그리고 연성트러스모델은 회전각에 기초하기 때문에 회전각모델이라 불리 운다. 이러한 회전각모델들은 콘크리트기여도를 예측할 수 없는 단점이 있다. 콘크리트 기여 성분을 계산할 수 있는 MCFT(Modified Compression Field Theory)나 RA-STM(Rotating Angle-Softening Truss Model) 같은 최근 트러스모델(Modern Truss Model, MTM)은 균열이 발생한 철근콘크리트요소를 연속체 재료로 취급한다. 또한 MTM은 평형조건과 적합조건 그리고 2축 상태에서 콘크리트의 연성 응력-변형률 관계를 이용하여 비선형해석을 수행하고 있다. 본 연구는 전단응력-변형률의 전체 이력 상태를 모두 계산하지 않고, 철근항복과 스트럿 압괴(crushing failure) 파괴기준을 이용하여 해를 찾는 방법으로 수렴속도를 개선한 것이다. 이 알고리즘을 이용하여 Hsu가 실험한 9개의 전단응력-변형률 자료를 분석하였다.