Silicone surfactants are widely used in many industrial area because of its thermal stability and lower foaming property. But it has limitation to expand the application because of migration and bubble generation issues when it is mixed with organic surfactant. In this study, epoxy functionalized fluoro-silicone surfactant, perfluoro glycidoxypropyl polyether siloxane(PFGES), was synthesized using hydrosilylation reaction among perfluoro methyl hydrogen siloxane, allyl glycidyl ether, and allyl ployether in order to get lower surface tension, better thermal stability than conventional silicone surfactant, and reactivity with anhydride function.

Titanium dioxide particles are used as photocatalysts, sensors, adsorbents and catalyst. Core-shell polymers of inorganic/organic pair, which have both core and shell component, were synthesized by sequential emulsion polymerization using Acrylate as a shell monomer and potassium persulfate (KPS) as an initiator. We found that when Acrylate core prepared by adding 0.5~2.0 wt% EU-S133D, Titanium dioxide / Acrylate core-shell polymerization was carried out on the surface of Titanium dioxide particle without forming the new Titanium dioxide particle during acrylate shell polymerized in the inorganic/organic core-shell polymer preparation. The structure of core-shell polymer were investigated by measuring to the thermal decomposition of polymer composite using thermogravimetric analyzer(TGA) and morphology of latex by scanning electron microscope(SEM).

We have investigated the effects of polyols and NaCl on the rheological behaviours of surfactant mixtures. Sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES), cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB), disodium cocoamphodiacetate (DSCA), cocamide DEA (CDEA) and lauroyl/myristoyl DEA (LMDE) were used as surfactants. The polyols added into the surfactant mixture were 1,3-butylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerin, sorbitol, dipropylene glycol, PEG 1500 and PEG 400. The addition of amphoteric surfactant to SLES aqueous solution lead to increase the height of foam and the viscosity of the system. The addition of nonionic surfactant, LMDE or CDEA to the SLES aqueous solution increased the viscosity and the effect of LMDE was better than that of CDEA. The effect of adding polyols and NaCl into the surfactant mixture aqueous solution lead to increase or decrease the viscosity of the systems depending on the concentration of NaCl and the kinds of polyols. These results can be explained through the salting in or salting out of surfactant of the systems.

BaTiO3/epoxy composites have been widely investigated as promising materials for embedded capacitors in printed circuit boards. It is generally known that the dielectric constant (K) of the BaTiO3/epoxy composites increases with improvement of the dispersion of BaTiO3 particles in the epoxy matrix that comes from adding surfactant. The influences of surfactant addition on the dielectric properties of the BaTiO3/epoxy composites are reported in the present study. The dielectric constant of the BaTiO3/epoxy composites is not significantly affected by the surfactant addition. However, the temperature coefficient of capacitance increases and the peel strength decreases as the amount of added surfactant increases. The influences of surfactant addition on the dielectric properties of the neat epoxy are also very similar to those of the BaTiO3/epoxy composites. The residual surfactant in the BaTiO3/epoxy composites affects the temperature coefficient of capacitance and the peel strength of the epoxy matrix, which in turn affects the temperature coefficient of capacitance and the peel strength of the BaTiO3/epoxy composites.

본 연구에서는 공업용수 중에 미량 함유될 수 있는 철 이온 제거를 위해 철 용액에 음이온 계면활성제 SDS를 주입하여 미셀을 형성한 후, 미셀 표면에 철 이온의 흡착 또는 결합으로 형성된 응집체를 관형 세라믹 정밀여과막으로 제거하였다. 음이온 계면활성제의 영향을 살펴보기 위해 일정한 1mM의 철 농도에서 음이온 계면활성제의 농도를 0~10 mM로 변화시켰다. 그 결과, 6mM 일 때 가장 높은 철 제거율 88.97%를 보였다. SDS 농도에 따른 미셀 응집체의 입도 분포를 확인하기 위해 전기영동광산란분광광도계(Electrophoretic Light Scattering Spectrometer)를 사용하여 분석 한 결과, 6mM 일때 큰 응집체의 분포도가 가장 높았다. 또한, 세라믹 분리막에 대하여 주기적 질소 역세척을 실시할 경우 역세척 주기의 영향을 조사하였다. 그 결과, NCMT-7231 (평균기공 0.10μm) 분리막의 최적 역세척 시간(BT)는 20초이었다.

소형의 담액 수경재배기를 이용하여 기본 배양액에 셀레늄(Se) 1mg L-1과 계면활성제 PVA-95(polyvinyl alcohol-95) 1, 2, 4mg L-1과 CLS(calcium lignosulfonate) 5, 25, 50, 100mg L-1을 처리하여 청경채와 상추 식물체의 Se과 양이온 함량, 생육, 그리고 비타민 C 함량을 조사하였다. 생육은 처리간에 차이는 있지만 종류와 농도 별로 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았다. 총 비타민 C 함량은 두 작물 모두 모든 처리구에서 대조구에 비해 약간 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 유의성은 없었다. K 함량은 싱추의 경우는 일정한 경향이 없었지만, 청경채의 경우 Se 1+PVA-95 4mg L-1 처리구가 가장 높았고, Se 1+CLS 처리에서는 대조구에 비해 5mg L-1 농도에서는 증가하였지만 처리 농도가 증가할수록 감소하였다. Ca 함량은 두 작물 모두 Se 1+PVA-95와 CLS 처리에서 대조구에 비해 증가하였다. Mg 함량은 상추에서는 계면 활성제 처리에 의한 Mg 함량의 변화가 없었으며, 청경채에는 Se 1+CLS 25mg L-1 처리구가 대조구에 비해 증가하였고 기타 처리는 차이가 없었다. 식물체내 Se 함량은 상추에서는 계면 활성제 PVA-95 처리와 CLS 처리가 대조구에 비해 Se 함량이 모두 높았고, PVA-95 처리에서는 농도의 증가에 따라 Se 함량이 낮아졌으며, CLS 처리에서는 50mg L-1 까지는 높아졌지만 100mg L-1에서는 낮아졌다. 청경채의 엽내 Se 함량은 계면활성제 PVA-95 처리가 큰 효과가 없었으나 CLS 25mg L-1 처리에서 현저히 증가되었다.

Caprylic/Capric triglyceride-in-water emulsions stabilized by Nikkol HCO-60 and HCO-10 were prepared using emulsion inversion point method at different HLB values. Emulsions with various droplet sizes were formed, and emulsion inversion point was detected by electrical conductivity. The change in emulsion droplet sizes and long term stability were monitored using laser scattering method and visual method. The droplet sizes and stability of emulsions were affected by HLB of surfactant. At emulsion inversion point, the water volume fraction increased as the HLB of surfactants decreased. According to our analysis, this resulted from a tendency of forming the W/O (water-in-oil) emulsion as the HLB of surfactants was decreased. The emulsion inversion point was clearly detected by the microscope and the electric conductivity meter. Nanometer-sized emulsion was obtained at the optimum HLB by using emulsion inversion point method. The main pattern of instability of emulsions in HLB 12 and 13 systems was Ostwald ripening. However, The patterns of instability of emulsions below 11 of HLB systems were Ostwald ripening and coalescence. All emulsions produced with surfactants in the range of HLB 8-13, creaming caused by density difference between water phase and oil phase.

This paper deals with the effects of the surfactant and preplate process (sensitization and activation) on electroless copper plating on carbon nano-fiber (CNF). Ultrasonic irradiation was applied both during dispersion of CNF and during electroless plating containing preplate process. The dispersion of CNF and flatness of the plated copper film were discussed based on the changes in surfactant concentration and preplate process time. It was clearly shown that high concentration of surfactant and long time of preplate process could promote the agglomeration of CNF and uneven copper plating on CNF.

The transformation of the liquid crystal complex made by binding of anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), into high charge density cationic polymer, the homopolymer of diallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) was induced by adding of nonionic surfactants and investigated by means of microscopy and FE.SEM. Among nonionic surfactants in this experiments polyethylene glycol (3 mol) ether of lauryl alcohol (laureth-3) made variation in the complex. The laureth-3 transformed the complex into spherulite vesicle with the size of ca.100μm. This change increased the viscosity and the turbidity of the solution phase separated originally. Microscope showed that they are spherulite particles and polarized microscope suggested they are multi.lamellar liquid crystals. FE-SEM also proved that explicitly.

화장품과 유처리제 등에 응용할 수 있는 양이온 계면활성제인 N-octadecyl pyridinium bromide를 사용하여 온도 40~60℃ 범위에서 적하법을 이용한 임계미셀농도를 적용 미셀형성에 따른 열역학적 특성(자유에너지, 엔탈피, 엔트로피, 열용량)을 조사하였다. 그 결과 자유에너지 변화는 온도가 증가함에 따라 감소함을 알 수 있었다.

The hydrosilylation is an addition reaction of Si-H bond to unsaturated double bonds, which provides a convenient mechanism to synthesize poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-methylsiloxane)copolymer having siloxy units in polymer backbone. In this study, Poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-methylsiloxane) copolymer was synthesized through the polymerization reaction of cyclopentasiloxane with poly(methyl-hydrogen) siloxane. Silicone-hydrogen functional group of the poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-methylsiloxane) copolymer was substituted to the alkyl groups by hydrosilylation. And their structure was analyzed with FT-IR, H-NMR and GPC instruments, respectively. Surface tension of the synthetic compounds is increased from 22dyne/cm to 25dyne/cm according to increase additional EO moles. The cmc which was evaluated by surface tension was ranged 10-5 to 10-4mol/L and it was decreased according to increase of dimethyl siloxyl content. HLB number of these surfactants was evaluated 9.5 to 11.5 range. These silicone surfactants is applied to self-emulsifier defoamer and personal care products as surface tension depressant, emulsifier, foam control agent.

본 연구에서는 칼슘 이온 제거를 위해 칼슘용액에 임계미셀농도(CMC) 이상으로 음이온계면활성제인 sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)를 주입하여 미셀을 형성한 후, 미셀 표면에 칼슘 이온의 흡착 또는 결합으로 형성된 응집체들을 2종류의 세라믹 분리막으로 배제하였다. 그 결과, 99.98% 이상 칼슘 배제율을 보였다. 또한 본 실험범위에서 TMP가 증가할수록 막오염(Rf)은 증가하는 경향을 보였지만, 구동력의 증가로 인해 총여과부피(VT) 및 무차원한 투과선속(J/Jo), 투과선속(J) 역시 증가하였다. 또한 세라믹 분리막에 대하여 주기적 질소 역세척을 실시할 경우, 질소 역세척 시간(BT) 및 여과 시간(FT), 즉 역세척 주기의 영향을 조사하였다. 그 결과, NCMT-6231 (평균기공 0.07 μm) 및 NCMT-7231 (0.10 μm) 분리막의 최적 BT는 각각 10초, 15초이었다. 또한, 최적 FT는 2종류 분리막 모두 5분으로, 빈번한 질소 역세척이 막오염을 효과적으로 감소시켰다. 한편 칼슘용액으로 실험하여 도출된 최적 운전조건을 두유 포장팩 세척수로 사용하고 있는 지하수에 적용한 결과, 2종류의 분리막 모두 칼슘을 99.98% 이상 제거할 수 있었다.

[ SF6 ] gas has been widely used as an insulating, cleaning and covering gas due to its outstanding insulating feature and because of its inert properties. However, the global warming potential of SF6 gas is extremely high relative to typical global warming gases such as CO2, CFCs, and CH4. For these reasons, it is necessary to separate and collect waste SF6 gas. In this study, the effects of a surfactant (Tween) on the formation rate of SF6 gas hydrates were investigated. The SF6 gas hydrate formation rate increased with the addition of Tween and showed a nearly 6.5 times faster hydrate formation rate with an addition of 0.2 wt.% Tween compared to an addition of pure water. This is believed to be due to the increased solubility of SF6 gas with the addition of the surfactant. It was also found that SF6 gas hydrate in the surfactant solution showed two-stage hydrate formation rates with a formation rate that increased rapidly in the 2nd stage.

The rheological properties and surface tensions of polymer solutions and polymer-surfactant mixed solutions were investigated. The polymers used in this study were a homopolymer of acrylic acid crosslinked with an allyl ether of pentaerythritol, an allyl ether of sucrose, or an allyl ether of propylene (CARBOMER), acylate/C10-30 alkyl acylate crosspolymer (AAAC), and ammonium acryloydimethyltaurate/VP copolymer (ADTV). A solubilizing agent PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil (HCO-40) and an emulsifying agent polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate (POLYSORBATE 60) made the micelles intervening between AAAC polymers, resulting in the increase of viscosity. However, HCO-40 made this behavior over the wider range of surfactant concentration than POLYSORBATE 60. From the view point of surface tensions in the same range of surfactant concentration, AAAC/HCO-40 solution showed the area of increasing surface tension with surfactant concentration in contrast to the AAAC/POLYSORBATE 60 solution showing no increasing area.

The diffusion behavior of phenol, toluene and benzoic acid in aqueous SDS solution was examined. It showed a similar experimental results for phenol and toluene. The diffusion coefficients of the solutes were characterized by the presence of two distinct regions: below the cmc and above the cmc. For phenol and toluene, it remained approximately unchanged when the SDS concentration was below the cmc. Above the cmc there was an apparent decrease in the diffusion coefficients of the two solutes with increasing SDS concentration. However, for benzoic acid the diffusion behavior was different from that of phenol and toluene. The diffusion coefficient of benzoic acid decreased slightly with increasing SDS concentration, however the diffusion coefficient was almost constant above the cmc. For benzoic acid the diffusion behavior was dependent on the joint contribution of benzoic acid molecules as well as the benzoate ions.

Liquid crystal (LC) system was introduced into W/O emulsion in order to enhance the stability and moisturizing effect. The LC system, composed of beeswax, surfactant, and water was formed on the surface of emulsion droplet, which was investigated through a polarized microscope. The phenomenon that the viscosity in W/O emulsion system is decreased with time, was reduced by the formation of LC with the addition of beeswax. Centrifugal separation test showed that the stability of emulsion system was increased with the addition of beeswax to 3%. The color change of vitamin C was delayed in LC emulsion systems, which indicates stabilization effect against the oxidation of vitamin C. Evaporation rate in W/O emulsion was retarded by LC, so that high moisturizing effect is expected in W/O LC system.

순환식 양액재배시 계면활성제가 무기이온 흡수 증진에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 상추의 생육, 광합성율, 증산율 및 무기이온 함량을 분석하였다. 상추 생육은 0.3mg·L-1 PVA-95처리에서 가장 높았으며, l/2배액에서 재배된 상추의 생육도 양호하였다. 칼슘 함량이 증가된 0.3mg·L-1 CLS 처리의 상추는 생육이 낮음에도 불구하고 높은 증산율과 광합성율 및 엽내 카리, 칼슘 및 마그네슘 함량이 높았다. 따라서 높은 생육량과 비료 절감 효과가 인정된 PVA-95 처리와 CLS 처리에 의한 엽내 무기 성분 함량 증가가 인정됨에 따라 수경재배 상추의 고품질 생산에 유용하게 사용 가능하리라고 판단된다.