The research aims to estimate the role of SMAs implementation in impacting event image, commemorative product perceived value, and TBIs in the context of sports tourism events. Additionally, this study analyzes the effects of perceived value and event image on TBIs. This article focuses on the following research questions: (1) What is the SMAs' influence on TBIs? (2) What is the impact of SMAs on event image and commemorative product perceived value? (3) What is the role of event image and product perceived value in the relationships between SMAs and TBIs in the sports tourism context? The data collection was done during the Beijing Winter Olympic Games to address the research goals. The study examines the data from 315 valid questionnaires from tourists in the Chinese market by SEM (structural equation modeling).

With the pandemic of the early 2020s coming to a close, city politicians and planners around the world seek to bring in more tourists and entrepreneurs to assist their local businesses and domestic economies in the return to pre-pandemic levels. There exists a myriad of ways city officials attempt to attract visitors from festivals and fireworks displays to citywide initiatives and awareness programs. This study takes a look at a destination’s perceived coolness, how it is manifested through destination service quality and tourist app use, and how it affects an individual’s revisit intention based on structural and interpersonal constraints.

Religious tourism is one of the most important touristic segments globally. Yet, the cognitive and emotional processes shaping destination loyalty in this context, and the impacts of Augmented Reality (AR) technology were not fully investigated. This study takes a unique approach to examine how awe influences recommendation and revisiting intentions through the mediation of rational (e.g., authenticity) and affective (e.g., emotional) mechanisms. Furthermore, our research unveils the role of AR for reinforcing the future intentions of tourists towards a religious site.

Tourists tend to conform to the majority in their purchase decisions to avoid negative outcomes. Therefore, newly developed yet unpopular tourism destinations are facing difficulty of promotion. On the basis of evolutionary psychology, this study aims to provide a technique of selling unpopular tourism destinations based on tourists’ mating motive, as implied by evolutionary psychology. Many studies have focused on situations when people conform to the majority, whereas a few studies have indicated that individuals also deliberately follow the minority in purchase decisions (Chan et al., 2012; Wang et al., 2012). Research indicates that individuals tend to showcase unique products to attract mates (Chen et al., 2022; Durante & Griskevicius, 2016). Tourists’ mating motive may be activated when their travel decisions are related to mating success. This study hypothesizes that to display differentiation, tourists with activated mating motives are more likely to choose minority-endorsed (vs. majority-endorsed) tourism destinations. Moreover, to verify the evolutionary explanation of tourists’ preference for minority-endorsed destinations, the current study also tests the mediation effect of uniqueness seeking, which has been regarded as a consequence of mating motive and an antecedent of individuals’ disconformity to the majority (Griskevicius, Cialdini, et al., 2006; Imhoff & Erb, 2009). Based on a scenario-based experiment, this study identified the effect of mating motive on tourists’ preference for minority-endorsed tourism destinations. First, tourists’ mating motives positively influence their preference for minority-endorsed tourism destinations. Second, tourists’ uniqueness seeking fully mediates the effect of mating motive on preference for minority-endorsed tourism destinations. The findings inform the tourism industry an effective way to promote unpopular destinations. Tourists are inclined to follow the choice or opinions of others, particularly when tourists are highly uncertain about their decision outcomes. Therefore, tourism marketers usually utilize social clues in their promotion messages such as “popular choice” and “best sellers.” However, newly developed tourism products that lack awareness, though providing high-quality experience, are facing tremendous difficulty of selling. The current study suggests that the less popular destinations can be rebranded and promoted to target romantically motivated tourists.

Imagination plays a critical role in travel decision-making. Given the intangible nature of tourism products, tourists cannot directly experience and evaluate the tourism resources in advance. Thus, tourists must first mentally predict and imagine the future travel experiences and scenarios in the destination based on the marketing information (e.g., travel photo, promo video) and prior knowledge, then form their subjective evaluation of the travel product. This future-thinking process is called “mental simulation”. Stacks of research have shown that mental simulations positively affect travel behavior (Le et al., 2019). However, given that travel is a kind of novelty-seeking activity, tourists are usually not familiar with the destination environment and activities. The lack of prior knowledge might inhibit their mental simulation process, even if destination photos and videos are provided. Thus, how to effectively arouse tourists’ mental simulation of destination experience is an important question for effective tourism marketing.

중국 관광객의 서울과 제주도 관광인식을 알아보기 위해, 인식 특성에 따른 항목 추출, 두 지역을 분석하여 도출 키워드의 관계를 탐구함으로 관광 전략 시사점 도출을 목적으로 하였다. 빅 데이터 분석 프로그램 텍스톰의 중국어 버전을 활용하여 '서울여행', '제주도여행' 키워드를 중국 대표 포털사이트 바이두, 웨이보의 데이터를 수집하여, 빈도분석, TF-IDF분석, N-gram, 인식 항목별 분석 방법을 실시하였다. TF–IDF·N-gram 분석결과 '서울여행'은 역사문화 키워드가 연계되었으며, '제주도여행'은 유흥 및 여행 키워드가 연계되어 지역별 관심도 및 중요행태 차이가 있음을 알 수 있다. 주요 방문지는 서울은 역사문화 관광지 키워드가 도출되었으나, 제주도는 자연경관 키워드가 도출되었다. 주요활동은 서울 전통체험 키워드 도출, 제주도는 소비행태 키워드가 도출되었다. 본 연구는 빅데이터를 활용하여 인식 변화를 빠르게 파악 할 수 있으 며, 중국 관광객의 인식 및 행태의 관계성과 인식 항목별 키워드를 분석함으로써 효과적인 중국 관광객 유치에 대한 기초 데이터로서 의미가 있다.

본 연구는 플리커에 게시된 사진 게시물에 대한 공간적 분석을 통하여 서울을 방문한 관광객의 주요 관광지와 문화권별 관광 특성을 분석하였다. 서울 시내에 2013년 1월 1일부터 2017년 12월 31일 사이에 플리커의 지오태깅된 데이터를 수집하고, 전체 사용자를 관광객과 거주자로 분류하였다. 이후, 관광객이 주로 방문하는 지역인 RoA를 도출하여 RoA 방문 경향을 분석하였다. 아울러 서울 시내 문화권별 관광객이 많이 방문하는 핫스팟 지역 또한 분석하였다. 분석에 사용된 데이터는 총 167,410건 이였으며, 사용자 수는 3,921명이었다. 이후 RoA를 도출하기 위하여 DBSCAN 알고리즘을 통하여 서울 전체에 11개, 종로 내부에 12개의 RoA를 도출하였다. 서울 전체에 종로, 홍대, 남산, 신촌, 강남역, 코엑스, 이태원, 잠실, 가로수길, 전쟁기념관, 대학로 RoA가 도출되었으며, 종로 내부의 경우에는 경복궁, 명동, 광화문, 동대문, 북촌, 시청, 창덕궁, 인사동, 남대문, 광장시장, 창경궁, 감고당길에서 RoA가 도출되었다. 이후 문화권별 관광객의 관광 경향의 차이를 확인하기 위하여 아시아권, 미주권, 유럽권 관광객의 관광 추이를 확인하였으며, 문화권별로 각각 상이한 핫스팟 지역이 나타난 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 뿐만 아니라 발생핫스팟(EHSA)를 통하여 관광객 추이의 시공간적 변화를 확인하였다.

본 연구는 소셜 네트워크 서비스 중 한 유형인 플리커를 이용하여 궤적 데이터를 생성하고, 서울을 방문한 관광객의 이동 특성을 분석하였다. 연구에는 2015년 1월 1일 부터 2017년 12월 31일까지 서울을 방문한 1,476명 관광객이 게시한 플리커 사진 39,157건을 활용하였다. 연구기간 내 서울을 방문한 관광객은 1회 방문시 평균 5.12일을 체류하며, 약 1.27회 방문한 것으로 나타났다. 서울방문 관광객의 첫 방문지는 종로･남산, 신촌･홍대, 이태원 순으로 나타났으며, 주 목적지는 종로･남산이며 주로 인접 지역으로 이동하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 활용한 데이터와 방법론은 관광행태 분석을 효율화하고, 다각적 분석을 가능하게 하는데 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

The industrial structure of Chuja Island is mainly occupied by fisheries. Since the fisheries resources have been depleted and the marine environment has been changed, the fishery industry has been hard to survive. It is the time when residents are looking for a breakthrough in the tourism industry. Market segmentation is a valuable tool in the establishment of marketing strategies. Segmentation of tourists by the same desire and motivation is an essential factor in identifying the characteristics of tourists. The research on market segmentation of tourism sector focuses mainly on demographic subdivision, psychological subdivision, and behavioral subdivision, so it is urgent to study geographical market segmentation. The purpose of this study is to present data that can be used to establish a marketing strategy for tourism promotion in Chuja Island by analyzing the tourism activities via subdivision market according to demographic characteristics, tourism behavior characteristics, and tourism motivation after grasping the geographical segment of tourists through empirical analysis. In this study, 285 valid samples were analyzed by frequency analysis, χ 2 test, cluster analysis and ANOVA test.

Busan is a representative of ocean cities in South Korea, which attracts many Chinese tourists. As a number of Chinese tourists increase, Chinese tourists’ evaluations of sightseeing resources in Busan appear extremely important. However, there are few researches on Chinese tourists’ evaluations of sightseeing in Busan. The purpose of this paper is to analyze Chinese tourists’ evaluations of Busan tourism. Chinese tourists who travel to Busan are chosen as research objects and several aspects including marine, fisheries and general tourism are investigated to evaluate the tourists’ overall satisfaction of the tourism in Busan. IPA analysis, factor analysis multiple regression analysis are used for the research. The results are as follows. Chinese tourists’ evaluations of the importance and performance level of variables on Busan tourism were significantly different (total 19 of 25 variables) and the performance was lower than importance. This means the outputs of the various Busan tourism elements do not live up to their expectations. The findings show that Chinese visitors have high satisfaction on infrastructures of fisheries tourism (e.g. cleanness of aquatic product tourism facilities and sanitary state on fishery products), but low satisfaction in terms of the contents (e.g. unique cooking method experience of seafood and traditional seafood cooking consumption). The factors of fisheries tourism (e.g. product services of fisheries tourism and the attractiveness of seafood in Busan) never affect their satisfaction and intention to revisit and recommend the city.

This research was conducted to examining the mainland Chinese tourists‟ behavior on and credibility perception of travel websites. According to the data collected from the online questionnaire survey, mainland Chinese tourists tend to share negative experiences on the web; and consider more on review information than on reviewers‟ information.

Traditionally, tourists spend their holidays in tourist spaces that provide the needed infrastructure for their experiences (i.e., hotels, restaurants, sight-seeing spots). However, nowadays tourists often occupy more residential space than in the past; this development is fuelled at least by two important trends in tourism. First, destination marketing organizations (DMO’s) increasingly seek to intertwine tourists‘ paths with local neighbourhood in order to create perceived tourist authenticity (e.g. the ‘localhood’ strategy of various city tourism organizations; Wonderful Copenhagen, 2017). Second, shared economy offerings, such as Airbnb, create tourist spaces in residential areas (Gutierrez et al., 2017). Both developments result in the integration of tourists into the residents’ living sphere, and anecdotal evidence indicates that this does not come without fraction between residents and tourists (e.g., Andereck et al., 2005; Gutierrez et al., 2017; Yang et al., 2013). Specifically, residential infrastructure as well as residents’ cultural identity may be impaired by tourism that digs its way through residential areas (Yang et al., 2013). As a consequence, residents often perceive urban tourism in their neighbourhood as ‘overtourism’ and a threat to their group, overall leading to low support for tourism development and negative attitudes towards tourists. This might negatively influence the tourism of the place, since the friendliness and hospitality of the local people are an important factor of the touristic experience (Kim, 2014). While the two mentioned developments of DMO’s ‘localhood’ strategy and Airbnb are likely to further fuel this trend, surprisingly little is still known about the perceptions of both tourists and residents, and the consequences for tourism performance. Against this background, the present research sets out to investigate the potential dilemma between the localized (and allegedly authentic; Lu, Chi and Liu 2015) tourist experience and the effect on residents‘ predispositions towards tourists and tourism itself. An initial question this research aims to answer is whether tourists indeed prefer and seek the authentic experience of ‘localhood’. Examining the issue of tourists’ perceived authenticity is crucial because it is the underlying assumption of DMO’s ‘localhood’ strategy. Second, this research sets out to investigate both residents’ and tourists’ perceptions of this development, mapping out potential consequences in a structural equation modelling approach. Specifically, this study aims to understand what drives residents’ perceptions of ‘overtourism’ and how this in turn affects their predispositions towards incoming tourists and tourism itself. In a third step, the consequences of these predispositions on tourists’ experience in the residential tourist space are analysed.

This paper selects Xi'an and Suzhou as the research objects, uses the methods of questionnaire and situational simulated method to discuss the impact of tourists' perceived destination image and self-concept congruity on intention to visit, and the moderating effect of self-construal (independent / interdependent). The Study I found the following results: the tourists' perceived destination image and self-concept congruity as well as the self-concept congruity dimensions (actual self-concept congruity, ideal self-concept congruity, social self-concept congruity, ideal social self-concept congruity) have a significant positive effect on intention to visit; the impact of ideal self-concept congruity is greater than that of actual self-concept congruity; the impact of ideal social self-concept congruity is greater than that of social self-concept congruity; and the ideal self-concept congruity has strongest impact on intention to visit. The Study II found out that: self-construal has moderating effect on this impact; the higher the actual self-concept congruity perceived by the tourists of independent self-construal, the greater the intention to visit; the higher the social self-concept congruity perceived by the tourists of interdependent self-construal, the greater the intention to visit. The research conclusion has certain reference value for building of tourism destination image, understanding of the tourism decision-making of the tourists and formulation and implementation of marketing strategies of relevant departments and enterprises.

Scholars, policymakers, and cultural organizations have studied cultural tourism destinations (e.g., historical, artistic, or lifestyle/heritage offerings) from different perspectives since the late 1990s. However, the current tourism literature contains gaps can be further narrowed by studying cultural tourism destinations from tourists’ perspectives. To narrow the gaps in the literature, this study adapted the M-R model to examine the influence of experimental value variables (i.e., service staff excellence, aesthetic, playfulness, and consumer return on investment) on tourists’ satisfaction. Additionally, it investigates how on-site activity involvement moderates the relationship between tourists’ satisfaction and their sense of belonging. Drawing on a survey of over 500 Taiwanese tourists, our findings reveal that service staff excellence, aesthetics, and playfulness influence tourist’ satisfaction, which in turn, can affect their sense of belonging. Furthermore, sense of belong can positively affect tourists’ behavioral intentions, which is measured by their intentions to revisited and recommend. As for the moderating effect of on-site activity involvement, this research find it can positively moderate the relationship between satisfaction and sense of belonging. Several implications of the study are identified, and avenues for future research are suggested.

By carrying out experimental research, the authors aim to explore the influence of animosity on tourists’ travel intention. Although animosity is proven to have a direct negative impact on consumer’s purchase intention in many other product categories in the consumer marketing domain (Moufakkir, 2014), little has been investigated into its impact on tourists’ behavioural intention within the tourism context. It is a first study in tourism using experiment method to examine the relationship between Chinese tourists’ animosity triggered by different scenarios and their outbound travel intention. By analysing and comparing types of animosity and price promotion, the research contributes to the existing literature in both consumer behaviour and tourism via better understanding the impact of attitude (animosity) on behaviour (travel intention) and the relative marketing application (price promotions). This study has discovered that although animosity triggered by unexpected incidents and political disputes will lead to significant decrease in travel intention, even deep price cut cannot reverse the unwillingness to travel to those destinations when animosity exists. This research is particularly important for countries/regions that are seeing an increasing number of Chinese tourists and investing heavily to provide tailored products and services to this target market, negative feelings, particularly animosity should be taken into consideration when developing tourism strategies (Richter, 1983).

Foreign tourists inbound Japan have been over 24 millions in 2016. It was the result of the policy of “Tourism-oriented nation” which is pushed by Japanese Government. And the aim is increasing foreign tourists to 40 million by 2020 Olympic Game in Tokyo - “Inbound Japan” - the project of cooperation between state and people. It is not so surprised to the leading countries in tourism of the world, but that means foreign tourists will be over 6 times less than a decade from 2012 after the Great Eastern Japan Earthquake. It will boost GDP in macro economy extremely, but meanwhile, there are problems at the spots and local areas. We discuss the relations and gaps between foreign tourists and local residents as one of global issues and propose our solution for how to adjust both benefits, establish and keep a partnership relation for the mutual interest among respective parts concerned.

In this study, we conducted an empirical analysis using structural equation modeling (SEM) by distributing questionnaires to 208 Chinese tourists who constitute the largest proportion of foreign tourists visiting South Korea. The survey was conducted in a face to face (FTF) manner with the aim to contribute to globalization of Korean cuisine through comprehensive analysis of the effects of preference characteristics of Korean wave dramas on the relationship among images, attitudes, and purchase intentions for Korean cuisine. The main actor characteristics among the preference characteristics of Korean wave dramas had a significant effect on the attitudes and purchase intentions for Korean cuisine. However, the thematic characteristics among the preference characteristics of Korean wave dramas did not have a significant effect on the purchase intentions for Korean cuisine; in addition, the production characteristics did not have a significant effect on the attitudes and purchase intentions for Korean cuisine. The eco-friendly and health images of Korean cuisine had a significant effect on the purchase intentions for Korean cuisine, and the attitudes toward Korean cuisine significantly affected the purchase intentions for Korean cuisine. Based on the results of this study, it is considered necessary to continuously publicize Korean cuisine through Korean wave dramas to build positive attitudes toward Korean cuisine through enhanced images of Korean cuisine.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect that Chinese tourists’ perceptions of beauty products and their friendliness toward Korean culture have on beauty tourism, particularly on Chinese tourists’ intent to purchase, re-purchase, and recommend beauty products. Between the 10th and 21st of June, 2016, a total of 277 questionnaires were distributed in Seoul, Busan, and Daegu using SPSS 21.0. Cronbach’s α was undertaken to test the reliability of the questions and an analysis of the frequency, factors, t-test, and Sobel test used in the study. Korean beauty was derived from two factors: “product favorability” and “product excellence and credibility.” Product favorability had a significant effect on the intent to purchase, as did participants’ friendliness toward Korean culture. Re-purchases and the intent to recommend beauty products were also significantly affected. In the relationship between the perception of beauty products and the intent to purchase, the study revealed partial mediation effects of the participants’ friendliness toward Korean culture on product favorability and complete mediation effects on product excellence and credibility. Friendliness toward Korean culture had partially mediated the effect that product favorability had on the intent to re-purchase and recommend. Tourists’ friendliness toward Korean culture had complete mediation on the effect that product excellence and credibility had on the intent to re-purchase and recommend. According to the Gender Equality and Family Act, the difference between buying and selling beauty depends on the difference between purchase and intentions. Friendliness toward Korean culture has become an important variable thanks to product superiority and reliability.