Meristem culture (MC) is a technique for producing virus-free garlic plants with high vigor and productivity. We assessed the changes in the agronomic traits of “Namdo” garlic over several generations after the cultivation of MC-induced bulbils. We examined the plant height, leaf sheath length and diameter, leaf number, bulb weight and diameter, clove number, and bulb size distribution. Compared with that of the control, bulb weights of the first-generation bulbils cultivated for three and two years and the second-generation bulbils cultivated for one year increased by 8.7–27.2, 13.9–30.4, and 36.6–46.9%, respectively. In three and two-year cultivation of the firstgeneration bulbils and one-year cultivation of the second-generation bulbils, the proportions of extra-large-sized bulb weight in meristem-cultured plants were 16.2–38.6, 24.0–35.8, and 27.1–51.1%, respectively, whereas that of the control was 7.6%. Thus, the first-generation bulbils can be cultivated for three years to renew the seed bulbs while maintaining productivity.

The objective of this study was to efficiently produce forage crop seed of spring oat (Avena sativa L., cultivar High Speed) in Gyeongbuk area. Forage crop oats (130 kg/ha) were sown with a randomized block design. They were sown in triplicates in 2015 and 2016 using basal fertilizer of 70 kg N, 74 kg P, and 39 kg K/ha. Agronomic traits and seed production of oats were investigated to determine the influence of seeding dates (February 28/29th, March 10th, and March 20th). Heading, flowering, and maturing dates of these oats sown on February 28/29th and March 10th were almost close to each other with 1-2 days of difference for all test plots. For oats sown on the last day (28/29) of Feb., plant heights (111.6-122.6 cm) were significantly longer than those sown in March each year. In addition, panicle number (416.7 per m2) and panicle length (17.3 cm) of oats sown on the last day of February were also significantly (p < 0.05) larger than those of oats sown in March in 2015 and 2016, respectively. Based on these results, it is recommended to sow these oats on the last day of February to have better agronomic traits in terms of plant height, stem length, panicle length, and panicle number per m2. Grain numbers (56.3 and 63.3) and kernel weights (1.72 and 2.00 g) per spike in plots of oats sown on the last day of February were also significantly (p < 0.05) larger than those of oats in other plots in 2016 and in the average of 2015~2016, respectively. The highest grain yield (6,243 kg/ha) was obtained when oats were sown on the last day of February. Feed value of harvested oats was good in terms of proximate compositions including fiber contents and TDN contents. In conclusion, sowing on the last day of February is the most effective way to increase seed production of spring oats in Gyeongbuk area of Korea.

본 연구는 수확시기에 따른 사일리지용 옥수수의 생육특성을 구명하고자 2010년 4월 19일 파이오니아 31N27 품종을 수원 지방에 파종하였다. 7월 10일부터 9월 20일까지 10일 간격으로 수확하여 건물률과 수량조사를 하였다. 경엽의 건물률은 수확시기가 늦어질수록 꾸준히 증가하다가 9월 10일 가장 높은 58.5%를 보였고 그 이후에는 감소하였고(p < 0.05), 암이삭의 건물률은 직선적으로 증가하였으며 전체 건물률도 지속적인 증가를 보였으며(p

A total of 447 accessions consisting of seven Brassica spp.; Brassica carinata (34), B. juncea (199), B. rapa subsp. dichotoma (18), B. rapa. subsp. oleifera (14), B. rapa subsp. rapa (36), B. rapa subsp. trilocularis (56) and B. alba subsp. alba (90) were studied for their morphological characters and fatty acid compositions. There was a wide variation for morphological traits, oil content and fatty acid composition among Brassica species. Seed number/silique and yield/plant were varied from 4.2 (B. alba) to 25.1 (B. rapa subsp. trilocularis) and from 170.7 g (B. rapa subsp. oleifera) to 351.9 g (B. juncea L. Czern.), respectively. Among Brassica species, B. rapa subsp. trilocularis exhibited the highest oil (29.2%), stearic (20.4%) and erucic acid (45.3%) content. B. carinata had the highest content of palmitic (5.2%), oleic (21.2%) and linolenic acid (11.1%). B. rapa subsp. dichotoma and B. rapa subsp. oleifera exhibited the highest content of linoleic (8.1%) and behenic (26.9%) acid, respectively. B. rapa subsp. trilocularis exhibited the highest (45.3%) erucic acid content and significant positive relationship was observed between oleic acid and linoleic acid. This variation of agronomic and fatty acid compositions in Brassica species can be utilized to develop new varieties.

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seed is an important dietary source of protein, oil, carbohydrates, isoflavones, and other nutrients for humans and animals. Raffinose and stachyose are the main antinutritional factors in soybean seed. They are carbohydrates belonging to the raffinose family of oligosaccharides, which are not readily digested in humans and cause flatulence or diarrhea. The genetic reduction of the raffinose and stachyose contents in mature soybean seeds will improve the nutritional value of soybean. The objective of this research was to evaluate agronomic traits with 10 F6 strains selected from breeding populations derived from a cross among seven parents. The contents of raffinose and stachyose in mature seeds were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography. Agronomic traits such as flower color, flowering date, harvesting date, lodging, plant height, seed coat color, hilum color, 100 seed weight, and yield were evaluated. Ten intermediate parents showed low raffinose and stachyose contents. The intermediate parent 883-1 had a small seed size, six intermediate parents (15A1, 15D1, RS-5, RS-33, RS-64, and RS-70) had a medium seed size, and two intermediate parents (14G20 and RS-21) had a large seed size. The intermediate parent RS-21 had a black seed coat and a green cotyledon. Four intermediate parents (883-1, 14G20, RS-5, and RS-21) had elite agronomic traits. The new intermediate parents developed through this study will be used to develop improved soybean cultivars with low contents of raffinose and stachyose.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) has been used as both food and medicine in many cultures for thousands of years. Garlic cultivars are completely sterile and propagated through vegetative method. Collection of a large number of fertile accessions of these genus is needed to explore genetic variability. In order to investigate genetic variation among Allium species and its possibilities for direct cultivation in Korea, we characterized 12 accessions of A. longicuspis, flowering wild garlic which had collected from Central Asia, the main center of garlic diversity. Most of A. longicuspis accessions showed higher over-wintering and bolting rate, longer scape length and more number of bulbils than Korean landraces cultivar, Danyang and Euiseong, but A. longicuspis accessions exhibited smaller size of bulbs and bulbils. Most accessions of A. longicuspis had more number of cloves per bulb, except K229596 and K248824 than Korean landraces. All the accessions of A. longicuspis from Central Asia had complete bolters having many flowers and topsets in umbel. Further studies of A. longicuspis should focus on securing true seeds through removal of topsets and crosses among accessions to create the genetic variability.

국내 밀의 수량 증진을 위해 이삭 길이가 길고 1수립수가 많은 장수형 164계통(F8)을 육성하였고, 본 연구에서는 이들 계통의 주요 농업형질과 이들 특성과 관련 있는 표지인자에 대한 평가를 수행하였다. 장수형 계통은 모본인 금강밀과 비교했을 때, 단위면적당 수수와 리터중은 적고, 파종 후 출수까지 일수가 길었고, 간장, 수장, 1수립수와 단위면적당 생산량은 높게 나타났다. 농업 특성 관련 표지인자를 평가한 결과, 장수형 계통은 Rht-B1, Rht-D1, Vrn-B1, Ppd-A1, Ppd-B1 유전자 좌에서는 같은 유전자를 지닌 것으로 나타났다. 장수형 계통 중 Vrn-D1를 지닌 계통은 Vrn-D1a를 지닌 계통에 비하여 출수에 걸리는 시간이 길었지만, 이삭길이와 1수립수가 많은 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 Vrn-B1 유전자 변이는 장수형 계통의 농업형질의 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 장수형은 Ppd-D1유전자 변이에 따른 간장이나 이삭 길이는 차이가 없었지만, 출수 일수와 수수는 Ppd-D1b를 지닌 계통이 많았지만, 1수립수, 천립중, 리터중과 수량은 Ppd-D1a를 지닌 계통이 높았다. 종실 특성을 나타내는 표지인자 변이는 출수 일수, 간장, 수장, 분얼이나 1수립수 및 수량에는 영향을 주지 않았지만 TaSus2-2B유전자의 Hap-L타입, TaGW2유전자의 Hap-6A-G타입과 TaCwi-A1a 가 각각의 대립 유전자형보다 천립중이 높게 나타났다. 향후 재배환경이 장수형의 농업형질 및 품질에 미치는 영향에 대한 평가가 필요하고, 만숙과 분얼이 적은 장수형의 단점을 보완하기 위한 지속적인 연구가 필요하다.

Wheat is a major food source for a large proportion of the worldwide population. Wheat production is hampered by drought, cold and various diseases. Wheat germplasms contain various characteristics such as high yield, low plant height, resistance to diverse diseases and good seed quality. In this study, we evaluated agronomic traits of wheat germplasms collected from the National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) for application of the breeding program. Total 221 wheat lines contain cultivars and landraces were provided by NPGS and USDA-ARS. The germplasms were evaluated quantitative and qualitative agronomic properties in Korea university research farm. The agronomic traits of the germplasms in each region were analysed using statistical analysis. The most of germplasms were geographically originated from America continent. The germplasms average heading date showed on May 10. The average heading date of Africa germplasms was 6 days earlier than Europe germplasms. The germplasms average plant height and spike length showed 81.7 cm and 8.6 cm, respectively. The germplasms of Europe showed 21.7 cm taller than average plant height of America continent and the germplasms of Africa showed the smallest plant height comparing with other continents. The germplasms of Asia showed taller spikere length than that of other continents. Seed color in germplasm comprises white, red and purple seed color, 24%, 75%, 1%, respectively. In addition, about 39% of the germplasms indicated lodging resistant. These results could be useful for improvement of wheat breeding program.

Soybean is a crop of importance economically and nutritionally in many parts of the world. Thanks to many new genes brought from genomic research, It is possible to introduce various candidate genes through genetic transformation to see the performance of the genes in field. In our lab, soybean transformations have been tried for last 10 years to probe the possibility of traits improvement by transformation of new gene into soybean. For this purpose, three different genes were transformed into Korean soybean variety, Kwangan. First, the gene that controls early flowering of plant was transformed into Kwangan. Second, a candidate gene for soybean mosaic virus (SMV) resistance was transformed to produce transgenic plants. Third, another candidate gene for drought tolerance was transformed. All the transgenic plants from three genes transformation were produced for their gene insertion and their expression using PCR, qRT-PCR. Further analysis including harvesting seeds is currently undertaken.

Understanding how crops interact with their environments is increasingly important in breeding program, especially in light of highly anticipated climate changes. A total of 150 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of F12 generation derived from Dasanbyeo (Indica) x TR22183 (Japonica) were evaluated at Suwon 2010, Shanghai 2010, IRRI 2010 wet season, Suwon 2011, Shanghai 2011, IRRI 2011 dry season, and IRRI 2011 wet season as a total of seven diverse environments. Traits evaluation included eight important agronomical traits such as days to heading (DTH), culm length (CL), panicle length (PL), panicle number per plant (PN), spikelet number per panicle (SN), spikelet fertility (SF), 100-grain weight (GW), and grain yield (GY). As a result of genotyping using 384-plex GoldenGate oligo pool assay (OPA) set (RiceOPA3.1), the linkage map for 235 SNP markers covering a total of 926.53 cM with an average interval of 4.01 cM was constructed and a total of 44 main-effect quantitative trait loci (QTL)s and 35 QTLs by environment interaction (QEI) were detected for all eight traits using single environment and multi-environments analysis, respectively. Of these, fourteen putative QTLs for DTH, CL, PN, SN, GW and GY found in single environment analysis had the similar position to QEI for those traits, suggesting that these same QTLs from both single-and multi-environments are major and stable for certain traits. To the best of our knowledge, 12 QTLs consisted of four QTLs for CL (qCL2, qCL8.1, qCL8.2, and qCL8.3), six QTLs for GW (qGW3.1, qGW3.2, qGW7, qGW8, qGW10.1, and qGW10.2), one QTL for GY (qGY3) and one for SF (qSF4) out of 44 QTLs obtained from single environment analysis were considered to be novel since no overlapping QTL was reported from previous studies. In addition, 12 out of 35 QTLs obtained from multi-environments analysis were also novel.

Wheat is one of the most important food crops in the world and provides 20% of nutritional requirement to the consumers in developing countries. The consumption per capita of wheat is persistent but the self-sufficiency has decreased owing to the less competitive world market and double cropping system with rice in Korea. This study was conducted to obtain baseline data on the selection lines with early maturity and good agronomic traits. Geumgangmil, a leading Korean variety, was crossed with CIMMYT’s line, and a DH (double haploid) line was released using pollens of Maize in Mexico. The 71 inbred lines were grown in fields at NICS, Miryang. The culm length of inbred lines were normally distributed from 37cm to 106cm, though that of the P1 (Geumgangmil) was 71 and P2 (CIMMYT’s Line) was 77cm. Especially, some lines were very short and measured below 50cm. The spike lengths of most of the lines were longer than that of P1 (7.5cm), but were normally distributed. The number of spikelet was less than that in P2 (19ea.), but was more than P1(10ea.). The heading day of most of the lines was between P1 (11th April) and P2 (25th April) and the maturity day of the lines was similar to P1 (1st June) but 5 lines showed 2~6 days shorter maturity period than that of P1. However, 20 lines were found to have 2~10 days longer maturity period than that of P2.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important staple foods that feed more than 50% of the world’s population. With the improving of people’s living standard, eating quality of rice become the most important aims in current breeding programs. Amylose content (AC) and gelatinization temperature (GT) are the two main measures to estimate the rice grain quality. In rice, a total of 27 genes directly involved the rice starch biosynthesis effecting on the rice eating quality. It clearly identified chromosome 6 to be rich in the genes related to AC and GT properties (GBSS I, SSIIa and SBE I) along with other genomic regions scattered in rice genome. Rice blast, caused by the fungal pathogen M. oryzae, is the most devastating disease of rice and severely affects crop stability and sustainability worldwide. Many fungal genes involved in pathogenicity and rice genes involved in effector recognition and defense responses have been identified over the past decade. A total of 99 and 22 blast resistance genes have been identified and cloned; in which 45% were found in japonica cultivars, 51% in indica cultivars, and the rest 4% in wild rice species. Among them, three major resistance gene clusters have been characeterized: the Pik locus on Chromosome 11, and the Pita locus on Chromosome 12, the Piz locus on Chromosome 6 closely to the starch synthesis-related genes. These results could be important clues for studying the relationship between resistance / susceptible materials and eating quality.

In this study, 80 F7:8 recombinant inbred lines (RIL), derived from a cross between dent corn and waxy corn, were evaluated for 10 grain yield and eating-related traits over a two-year period. A total of 39 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and 74 epistatic interactions were confirmed in 2011 and 2012. All QTLs detected in 2011 and 2012, qAC9 (amylose content), qEH4 (ear height), qSEL6 (setted ear length), and q100KW10 (fresh 100 kernel weight) had higher phenotypic variance and were observed in both years; therefore, they may be considered major QTLs. We reported that the QE interaction affects (QTLs and environmental changes) for qEH4, qSEL6, and q100KW10 in discussion. Some new QTLs identified in this study were located on different loci compared with other studies. The genetic region (bin 4.08) strongly controls plant height and ear height, and results from pleiotropy and/or tight linkage. qST3 (including stem thickness) and qEH3 were co-located within two common adjacent simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers (umc2275 and umc1273), whereas qEL6 (ear length) and qSEL6 were co-located within two common adjacent SSR markers (umc2309 and bnlg238). Thus, these SSR markers are a useful selection tool for screening grain yield and yield component traits.

Genetic resources play a great role in crop breeding because of containing a broad array of useful genes. Currently, the harder are rice breeders trying to develop new rice cultivars with the improved traits, they are more often handicapped by the limited availability of germplasm resources. Thus, a desirable core or heuristic (HS) set of germplasm with maximum genetic diversity can be usefully exploited to breakthrough the present and future challenges of the rice breeding. As such we previously developed the rice HS sets of 166 diverse accessions out of a total 24,368 rice germplasms. Here, we report a large-scale analysis of the patterns of genome-wide genetic variations accumulated in the HS as well as Korean rice over the time. We characterized a total of about 11.8 millions of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across the rice genome from resequencing a total of 295 rice genomes including 137 HS and 158 KB rice sets, with an average of approximately 10x depth and > 90% coverage. Using about 460,000 high-quality SNPs (HQSNPs), we specified the population structure, confirming our HS set covers all the rice sub-populations. We further traced the relative nucleotide variabilities of HQSNPs and found the level of the diversity was dynamically changing across the KB genome, which reveals the selection history of KB lines in the past and present. In addition, the results of our genome wide association study (GWAS) suggests that our HS can be also a good reservoir of valuable alleles, pinpointing those alleles underlying the important rice agronomical traits. Overall, the resequencing of our HS set re-illuminates the past, present of the germplasm utilization, which will support the Korean rice breeding in the future.

Our study is performed to confirm the level of genetic diversity and population structure with 80 maize inbred lines (40 waxy inbred lines and 40 flint inbred lines) and to explain the genetic basis of agronomic traits using an association mapping. The 200 SSR loci are confirmed a total of 1,610 alleles in total 80 maize inbred lines. The average number of alleles per locus was 8.05. The average GD was 0.72. The average PIC value was 0.68. The average MAF was 0.40. Population structure was revealed for K=2. Total 80 maize inbred lines were divided by groups I, II and admixed group. The 14 waxy inbred lines were assigned to group I. The 45 inbred lines include 5 waxy inbred lines and 40 flint inbred lines were contained to group II. The 21 waxy inbred lines were contained in the admixed group with lower than membership threshold 0.8. Association mapping between 200 SSR markers and 10 phenotypic traits of waxy/flint maize inbred lines were performed by Q GLM and Q+K MLM. In significant level at 0.01, 72 SSR markers were associated with 10 phenotypic traits using Q GLM. The 4 marker-trait association were detected in Q+K MLM. The results derived from this study will be used for designing efficient new maize breeding programs.

국내 대학과 국립식량과학원 간의 협력 연구를 통해 확보된 32개 벼 형질전환 계통들에 대하여 주요 작물학적 특성및 수량성을 평가하였다. 이들 계통들은 수량성, 내병성, 스트레스저항성, 미질변이 등에 관여하는 17종의 유전자가 니폰바레, 낙동벼, 동진벼 등에 형질전환 되어 육성된 계통들이다. 주요 결과는 아래와 같다.1. 형질전환 계통들은 출수기, 간장, 수장, 수수 등의 주요작물학적 특성뿐만 아니라 수량성에서도 모품종과 상당한 차이를 보였다.2. 조사된 벼 형질 전환계통들에서 조사된 농업형질에 대한다변량분석 결과, 모품종에 비해 각 형질전환 계통군 내에서 관찰된 작물학적 상이성은 일정한 방향성이 없는무작위적이었으며, 그 변화폭도 3개의 모품종들의 작물학적 차이보다 훨씬 크게 관찰되었다.3. 따라서 우량 벼 형질전환 계통 육성의 효율성을 제고하기 위해서는 모품종에 형질전환 되어 발현될 유전자의우수성뿐만 아니라, 계통육성과정에서 다양한 유전학적요인에 의해 야기되는 ‘표현형 왜곡현상’을 적절히 제어할 수 있는 육종전략도 함께 고려되어야 할 것으로 사료되었다.

In order to clarify the chromosomal location of quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with the yield and agronomic traits in waxy corn and sweet corn (Zea maysL.), we were conducted identifying of QTLs associated with yield and agronomic traits by employing genetic linkage map of F2:3 population. A total of 14 QTLs each for days to silking (DTS), plant height (PH), ear height (EH), ear height ratio (ER), ear length (L-Ear) and kernel setting length (L-Sear) were detected in the 158 F2 families. The number of QTL per each trait was ranged from 1 to 6, and also phenotypic variance was ranged from 3.55 to 16.86%. For DTS, one QTLs was found to be controlled by genomic regions at locations chromosomes 1 contributing 9.21% of phenotypic variance. While three QTLs for PH, were found to be controlled by 3 genomic regions at locations chromosomes 1 and 2 contributing 6.68, 6.85 and 8.17% of phenotypic variance, respectively. For EH, six QTLs were found to be controlled by 6 genomic regions at locations chromosomes 1, 7, 8 and 10 range from 3.55 to 11.44% of phenotypic variance. The one QTLs for ER was found at locations chromosomes 1 contributing 7.25% of phenotypic variance. For L-Ear, two QTLs were found to be controlled by 2 genomic regions at location chromosome 7 and 10 contributing 7.40 and 11.63% of phenotypic variance, respetively. The one QTLs for L-Sear was found at locations chromosomes 3 contributing 16.86% of phenotypic variance. Among them, three QTLs, such as qEH8 (11.44%), qLEar10 (11.63%), and qLSear3 (16.86%) may be considered as a major QTLs, while the remaining 11 QTLs might be regarded as minor QTLs. This study may provide valuable information for the further identification and characterization of genes responsible for agronomic traits in waxy corn and sweet corn.

The earth has been facing a rapid warming during past several decades. To figure out the impact of high temperature on agronomic performance of rice especially on yield, we cultivated 89 rice varieties of various origin in Suwon Korea, Shanghai China and IRRI Philippines(Wet season and Dry season). Days to heading, culm length, panicle length, panicle number, spikelet number, spikelet fertility, grain weight and grain yield were comparatively investigated. Overall grain yield displayed significantly lower values in Shanghai and IRRI(wet and dry) compared with in Suwon. Meanwhile minimum values were much lower in Shanghai and IRRI than in Suwon. However, some varieties such as Keunseom, Taichung178 showed similar performance for grain yield in both Suwon and IRRI(wet season), and some varieties such as Hangangchal, Dasan showed similar performance for grain yield in Suwon, Shanghai and IRRI(wet season), Nampung showed very high yield in Suwon comparing to other two locations. For most varieties, grain yield was the highest in Suwon and followed by in Shanghai and at IRRI(wet season). However, in dry season at IRRI, yield trend was quite different from the expectation. Further studies are in progress to find out the genotype by environment interactions in order to obtain basic information for breeding high temperature tolerant rice.