The precast concrete (PC) method allows for simple assembly and disassembly of structures; however, ensuring airtight connections is crucial to prevent energy loss and maintain optimal building performance. This study focuses on the analytical investigation of the shear capacity of precast ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) ribs combined with standard concrete PC cladding walls. Five specimens were tested under static loading conditions to evaluate their structural performance and the thermal behavior of the UHPC rib shear keys. Test results indicated that the specimens exhibited remarkable structural performance, with shear capacity approximately three times greater than that of standard concrete. Numerical models were subsequently developed to predict the shear capacity of the shear keys under various loading conditions. A comparison between the experimental results and finite element (FE) models showed a maximum strength difference of less than 10% and a rib displacement error of up to 1.76 mm. These findings demonstrated the efficiency of the FE model for the simulation of the behavior of structures.

The purpose of this study is to present a plan for reducing noise between floors of apartment houses in Korea and to examine the method for evaluating noise blocking performance rating between floors. The definition of floor noise and classification method of floor noise can be described, and floor noise can be distinguished into lightweight impact sound and heavy impact sound. The wall-type structure, which is mainly adopted in domestic apartments, relatively transmits vibration caused by impact sources rather than using columns and beams, so noise problems between floors are relatively higher than systems using columns and beams. Three representative methods for reducing and blocking floor noise are described, and criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of floor noise reduction by each method are described. In addition, the method for noise reduction and blocking grades for each construction method currently applied in Korea was described, and as a result, it was judged that the domestic rating evaluation method was not suitable for the current domestic situation, and a new evaluation method and standard were needed.

Recently, in newly constructed apartment buildings, the exterior wall structures have been characterized by thinness, having various openings, and a significantly low reinforcement ratio. In this study, a nonlinear finite element analysis was performed to investigate the crack damage characteristics of the exterior wall structure. The limited analysis models for a 10-story exterior wall were constructed based on the prototype apartment building, and nonlinear static analysis (push-over analysis) was performed. Based on the finite element (FE) analysis model, the parametric study was conducted to investigate the effects of various design parameters on the strength and crack width of the exterior walls. As the parameters, the vertical reinforcement ratio and horizontal reinforcement ratio of the wall, as well as the uniformly distributed longitudinal reinforcement ratio and shear reinforcement ratio of the connection beam, were addressed. The analysis results showed that the strength and deformation capacity of the prototype exterior walls were limited by the failure of the connection beam prior to the flexural yielding of the walls. Thus, the increase of wall reinforcement limitedly affected the failure modes, peak strengths, and crack damages. On the other hand, when the reinforcement ratio of the connection beams was increased, the peak strength was increased due to the increase in the load-carrying capacity of the connection beams. Further, the crack damage index decreased as the reinforcement ratio of the connection beam increased. In particular, it was more effective to increase the uniformly distributed longitudinal reinforcement ratio in the connection beams to decrease the crack damage of the coupling beams, regardless of the type of the prototype exterior walls.

Seismic fragility was assessed for non-seismic reinforced concrete shear walls in Korean high-rise apartment buildings in order to implement an earthquake damage prediction system. Seismic hazard was defined with an earthquake scenario, in which ground motion intensity was varied with respect to prescribed seismic center distances given an earthquake magnitude. Ground motion response spectra were computed using Korean ground motion attenuation equations to match accelerograms. Seismic fragility functions were developed using nonlinear static and dynamic analysis for comparison. Differences in seismic fragility between damage state criteria including inter-story drifts and the performance of individual structural members were investigated. The analyzed building had an exceptionally long period for the fundamental mode in the longitudinal direction and corresponding contribution of higher modes because of a prominently insufficient wall quantity in such direction. The results showed that nonlinear static analyses based on a single mode tend to underestimate structural damage. Moreover, detailed assessments of structural members are recommended for seismic fragility assessment of a relatively low performance level such as collapse prevention. On the other hand, inter-story drift is a more appropriate criterion for a relatively high performance level such as immediate occupancy.

Recently, the importance of air filters used in air purifiers and ventilation systems is emphasized in Korea. As a result, air filter test reports are required by users to ensure the removal efficiency of particulate matter. However, the tests are conducted for the filter material alone, which lead to a possible discrepancy between the test report and actual efficiency when applied to actual devices. Therefore, in this study, the removal efficiency data of the filter test reports were compared with actual filter efficiency data after application to the ventilation systems for some ventilation systems in the market. For ventilation system A, the field test results using filter leakage test method were slightly lower than those in the test report but nearly the same. For ventilation system B, the field test result was much higher than reported in the test report. This was due to the broad range of particle sizes measured using the filter leakage test method. The field tests using the particle counter method showed that the removal efficiency of ventilation system A for 0.3 μm was under 50% which translates to less than half of those of the filter test reports. For ventilation system B, the removal efficiency was 15%~21%. much lower than reported in the filter test reports. The lower removal efficiencys are mainly assumed to be caused by leakage of the filter installation among other factors. Therefore, the field test methods for the particulate matter removal efficiency of ventilation systems should be established to verify actual efficiency and improve the efficiency in the future.

The objective of this study is to apply performance-based seismic design to high-rise apartment buildings in Korean considering collapse prevention level. The possible issues during its application were studied and the suggestions were made based on the findings from the performance-based seismic design of a building with typical residential multi-unit layout. The lateral-force-resisting system of the building is ordinary shear walls system with a code exception of height limit. In order to allow the exception, the serviceability and the stability of the ordinary shear wall structure need to be evaluated to confirm that it has the equivalent performance as the one designed under the Korean Building Code 2009. The structure was evaluated whether it satisfied its performance objectives to withstand Service Level and Maximum Considered Earthquake.

본 연구에서는 태풍 동반 강풍으로 발생한 피해를 예측하기 위하여 강풍 위험도 평가 모델을 개발하고 위험도를 평가하였다 . 강풍 위험도 평가 모델은 강풍 위험 모델과 강풍 취약도 모델의 합성곱을 통하여 개발되었으며, 강풍 위험과 강풍 취약도 모델은 모두 확률기반의 몬테카를로 모사 기법을 이용하여 개발되었다. 강풍 위험도는 아파트에 설치되어 있는 창호 시스템에 대하여 정량적으로 평가되었다. 강풍 위험도에 영향을 미치는 요인들의 상대적 영향성을 평가하기 위하여 지역적 요인(부산, 대구, 대전, 서울), 지형적 요인(지형계수, 지표조도구분), 건물의 형태적 요인(건물 높이, 지붕 경사각, 주 호수)에 따라 강풍 위험도를 비교하였다. 개발된 위험도 평가 모델을 적용하여 총 432개 강풍 위험도를 비교한 결과, 지표조도구분이 강풍 위험도에 가장 높은 영향을 보이는 것을 확인하였으며, 다음으로 지형계수, 건물 높이, 평가 지역, 지붕 경사각, 주호 수 차례로 영향을 미치는 것을 파악하였다. 본 연구에서 확립된 강풍 위험도 평가 모델은 창호 시스템의 경제적 가치와 결합하여 강풍으로 인한 손실 추정 및 피해 저감 대책 수립의 기본 데이터로 활용이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구에서는 강풍 위험과 강풍 취약도의 합성곱을 통하여 강풍 위험도를 평가할 수 있는 확률적 체계를 수립하였으며, 수치적으로 개발한 모형으로 아파트 창호 시스템의 강풍 위험도를 평가하였다. 강풍 위험 모형은 1951년부터 2013년까지에 한반도에 영향을 준 태풍의 기후학적 자료를 몬테카를로 모사기법에 적용하여 개발되었다. 또한 몬테카를로 모사기법으로 창호 시스템의 저항성능과 풍하중의 확률 분포를 비교하여 강풍에 대한 4가지 피해단계의 구조적 파괴확률을 평가할 수 있는 취약도 모형이 개발되었다. 개발된 몬테카를로 모사기법으로 평가한 강풍 위험과 강풍 취약도는 각각 웨이블 분포와 로그정규분포로 곡선맞춤 되었으며, 합성곱을 통한 강풍 위험도 평가에 사용되었다. 본 연구에서 개발한 확률적 위험도 평가체계를 통하여 평가지역, 지표조도, 지형, 지붕 경사각, 건물 높이 등이 아파트 창호 시스템의 강풍 위험도에 미치는 영향성을 정량적으로 평가할 수 있었다. 향후 본 연구를 통하여 개발된 강풍 위험도 평가 모델은 평가지역의 존재하는 건축물에 대한 데이터베이스와 결합하여 손실추정 및 피해 저감대책 수립 등의 분야에서 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

This study was performed to investigate the exposure levels of magnetic field (MF) in residences near electrical transformer rooms in apartment buildings in Korea. We determined that the location of transformer rooms in apartment buildings in Korea is not same as in other countries. In particular, in Korea, the transformer on the pole near buildings serves residential buildings of less than 5 floors. In the buildings taller than 5 floors transformers are often placed below the parking lots in the basement. We estimated that there were, however, about 85,000 with transformer room adjacent to an apartment and had identified about 1,600 apartment buildings with transformers that can be included in the TransExpos study. The mean value of measured MFs was 1.17 mG in apartments above transformer room and 0.97 mG in other floors from transformer room. This study was concluded that apartments in building with transformer room can be classified into high-exposure category based on their location in relation to transformer room.

국내에서 1990년대 설계된 철근콘크리트 내력벽시스템으로 설계된 공동주택에 대한 내진 성능평가를 연구하기 위하여 실제 시공된 13개 건물의 도면을 수집하고 해석을 수행하였다. 내진성능을 평가하기 위하여 FEMA 356과 FEMA 440에 따라 산정하였다. 요구곡선을 위하여 내진설계 스펙트럼은 건축구조설계기준(2009년)에서 정한 값을 사용하였다. 각 건물에 대하여 인명안전과 붕괴방지의 수준에 대한 성능점을 산정하였다. 붕괴방지수준에 대하여 성능점에 도달할 때의 부재의 상태를 확인하여 본 결과, 총 13개중 9개(약70%)의 건물의 연결보와 벽체에 붕괴방지 수준 이상의 손상이 발생하였으며, 내력벽보다 연결보에서 손상이 더 크게 나타났다. 또한 본 연구에서 산정한 성능점과 주기의 상관성을 고찰한 결과, 반비례의 상관성이 있음을 알 수 있었다.

The renovation project of an apartment building can be classified into four processes: ordering the project stage, planning stage, examination and judgment stage, design stage and construction stage. However, in the domestic renovation business, the project performance process has yet to be madε systematic by stage. Of the stages involved in renovation, the design stage is the one that involves very complex roles and business processes of those involved in the project, including the project manager, architect，resident and engineer. In particular, in the design stage, the insufficiency in the ability to utilize the input information by project participants and improper decision making cause various problems in the subsequent construction and ultimately make it difficult to accomplish a renovation project that fully satisfies the residents. Therefore, the design of renovation is a very important stage to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the project performance process as well as the recognition of the design management technology. For this purpose, we aim to analyze the information utilization process with focus on the input information at each stage of the design process. The information utilization process of this study is analyzed through the processes of input information, technical tools and output to establish a decision-making method for each design stage. The aim was to implement the project performance process for the general design management.

Building materials are composed of very complex chemical compounds. The aims of this paper are to investigate the emission concentrations of indoor pollutants from new apartment house and the emission variation patterns during 75 days. The average value of total volatile organic compounds(TVOCs) concentration was 3,768 ㎍/㎥ in five new apartments. Major VOCs included toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene and o-xylene. The average concentrations of each compound were measured as : benzene(58㎍/㎥), toluene (793㎍/㎥), ethylbenzene(438㎍/㎥), styrene(79㎍/㎥), m,p-xylene(1,210㎍/㎥), o-xylene(364㎍/㎥). The results indicated that the major VOCs from the new apartment were affected by building products such as on aromatic hydrocarbon compounds. TVOCs emission are characterized as high emission level at initial time (12,856㎍/㎥) and decreased through time. After a lapse of 75 days in sample house, TVOCs concentration decreased in about 20 times as compared with the initial concentration. The TVOCs emission profiles strongly depended on the generation mode and the concentration of the VOCs in building material.

이 논문은 풍동실험 결과를 토대로 고층아파트 건축물의 풍압분포에 대한 내용을 다루고 있다. 태풍에 의해 창유리 파손을 입은 아파트 단지의 풍압모형을 제작하여 각 건축물의 상호간섭효과를 조사하였다. 풍동실험은 풍압모형을 이용하여 대형경계 층풍동에서 수행하였다. 간섭하는 주변건물의 여부에 따른 실험결과를 비교하고 검토하였다. 주변건물이 없어서 바람을 직접 맞을 때에는 105동, 106동은 주로 정압이 작용하였지만, 주변건물이 둘러싸고 있을 때의 105동, 106동은 큰 부압이 작용하는 것을 관찰할 수 있었다. 따라서 고층아파트 외장재 설계시 외장재의 안전성 확보를 위해서는 풍동실험을 수행하여 바람에 의해 야기되는 상호간섭효과를 고려하는 것이 가장 적합한 방법이라 할 수 있다.

This paper described the dynamic characteristics of 20-story apartment buildings from the results of full-scale measurements and analysis. The natural frequencies and mode shapes are quantified by measuring and analyzing ambient vibrations of the structure and compared with the results from dynamic analysis. Comparison with computed mode shapes and frequencies shows good agreement with the experimental results. It proved that it is important to estimate coupling beam and soil parameters through a comparison of the measured results with calculated results.

국내의 경우 아파트 등 공동주택의 안전점검과 진단은 2-6년 주기로 수행되고 있다. 하지만 최근 2016년 이후의 안전점검 및 진단 용역의 적법 수행여부에 대한 정부합동점검결과, 공동주택의 부실수행 비율이 매우 높다. 이는 공동주택의 경우 법정 대가기준 대비 평균 1-10% 수준에서 용역이 낙찰되기 때문인 것으로 분석된다. 본 연구에서는 공동주택의 안전전검 및 진단에 대한 결과조사를 바탕으로 업체형태, 협약방식 별로 협약대가, 조사 및 시험의 충실성 등 현황을 분석하였다. 조사대상은 년도, 규모, 지역 등 다양한 변수 분포를 가지며, 이를 바탕으로 공동주택의 안전점검 및 진단의 부실 현황을 분석하였다.

국내의 경우 아파트 등 공동주택의 안전점검과 진단은 주기적으로 수행되고 있지만 부실수행의 비율이 매우 높다. 현재 국내 공동주택 안전점검-진단 세부지침 및 해설서는 시설물 일반 그리고 건축물 일반과 표본층수 산정 방법과 재료시험 수행개수 등이 동일하다. 그러나 공동주택은 일반 건축물과 달리 생애주기 동안에 용도변경이 거의 없으며 하중의 편차가 크지 않는 특성이 있다. 특히 지상 또는 지하주차장의 면적이 넓고 형태가 다양하며, 건설년도에 따라서 지하주차장 시스템이 달라지고 있다. 한편 공동주택은 벽식구조와 골조식 구조로의 전이부가 있거나, 콘크리트의 강도가 건축물 상하부에서 달라 지는 등 여러 가지 고유의 특징을 가지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 공동주택의 주요 특징을 고려하여 공동주택 안전점검 및 진단의 수행방법 개선을 위한 방안을 제안하였다.

This study will evaluate the characteristics of the building code and program analysis by comparing the result of the wind loads design criteria and the results of the wind loading program modeling analysis, and evaluating the suitability of the program models through analysis results and interpretations of the program.

Based on the study of seismic retrofit of buildings using damper of apartment buildings, it was found that using genetic algorithm is efficient for seismic retrofit compare to existing way of retrofit. Therefore using genetic is recommended when seismic retrofit applied.