본 논문은 북위 용문석굴 고양동의 미륵명 조상기와 교각미륵 삼존도상을 대상으로, 5세 기 후반부터 6세기 전반에 이르는 미륵신앙 수용 양상과 도상 전개 과정을 규명하고자 하였 다. 기존 연구가 개별 조상기의 연대 고증이나 도상의 중국화 양상에 국한된 반면, 본 논문 은 조상기와 도상의 상관성을 종합적으로 분석하고, 발원 주체ㆍ신앙 동기ㆍ도상 변화를 유 기적으로 연계시켜 검토했다는 점에서 차별성을 지닌다. 연구 방법으로는 고양동 및 용문석굴 전역에 걸쳐 북조 시기 ‘미륵’ 존명을 명시한 조상기 를 조사하여 발원자의 출가 여부와 신분 계층별 특징을 분석하였고, 이에 대응하는 미륵도상 과 비교ㆍ검토하였다. 또한 교각보살상 하부의 지천(地天) 표현, 보살협시 도상의 변용, 괴 수 도상의 출현 등 세부 도상학적 요소를 교차 분석하여, 경전적 근거와 지역적 특징까지 포 괄적으로 논의하였다. 그 결과, 고양동의 미륵신앙은 황실ㆍ귀족 중심에서 읍의(邑義)와 같은 민간 공동체 중심 으로 이행하며 대중화되었고, 출가ㆍ재가를 막론한 보편적 발원 행위를 통해 미륵신앙과 유 교적 효사상이 결합된 신앙 형태를 보여주었다. 도상적으로는 운강석굴의 도솔천 설법도 전통을 계승하면서도, 보살입상 협시나 지천 도상의 도입 등을 통해 낙양 지역 특유의 도상 체 계를 전개하였다. 이러한 고찰을 통해서 고양동의 미륵도상이 단순히 운강석굴의 영향을 받은 수동적 결과 물이 아니라, 낙양을 거점으로 서안과도 긴밀히 연결되며 미륵도상에 있어서 독자적인 도상 을 형성한 지역임을 알 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구를 통해 북위 후기에 조성된 미륵신앙의 계 층별 수용 양상과 낙양 지역 미륵도상의 전개에 있어서도 구체적으로 파악할 수 있을 뿐 아 니라, 향후 동아시아 불교미술 전반에서 미륵도상의 지역적 전개를 비교ㆍ통합적으로 이해할 수 있는 학술적 토대를 제공한다.

Rhaphidophoridae (Orthoptera: Ensifera), commonly known as cave crickets, are a wingless family and considered the most ancient lineage within Tettigoniidea. However, previous molecular phylogenetic studies and morphological hypotheses have shown inconsistencies. Although their fossils have been found in Baltic amber, their systematic placement remains unrevealed. This study reconstructed a comprehensive phylogeny integrating both extant and fossil lineages. Initially, we revealed relationships within extant lineages through molecular phylogenetics including all extant subfamilies for the first time. Subsequently, using a cladistic approach based on morphology, we confirmed the systematic position of fossil taxa †Protroglophilinae with a report of a new species. Integrating molecular and morphological phylogeney by total evidence tip-dating, we present the comprehensive phylogeny of Rhaphidophoridae considering both extant and fossil groups.

Memorable documents written in Dongba scripts, such as diaries and travels, record events in chronological order, which strongly reflect the value of Dongba applied documents. At present, few documents of this type can be seen. In January 2005, dongba He Xiudong, who comes from Tacheng Township, Lijiang City, Yunnan Province, accompanied Mr. Li Zaizhong to visit Aming Ling cave, after that He Xiudong wrote a travel note in Dongba scripts, which is a typical record. This article translates and interprets this travel note, and studies the writing phenomenon, phonetic complement, different graphs of the same word, multiple words in one graph, homographs and allographs of this document.

Roads in Korea are equipped with PMS (Pavement Management System) computation data that runs on highway, national highway and municipal road. PMS is a program that selects and manages the road pavement optimal maintenance alternative as a indicator of the road pavement structural and functional performance. PMS is a system that has been developed for the primary purpose of maintaining the structural performance of road pavement, and so far does not include any indicators associated with the safety of road users. However, the road cave-in, which have recently become an issue on social networking sites, mass-media, and other issues, should pose systematically because it can make a safety risk to road users, and in particular lead to the structural and functional failure of the PMS program in view of the road pavement. Accordingly, this research has developed a practical use case for developing an integrated road cave-in management program based on the results of various studies on the exploration, analysis, assessment and handling of the existing road cave-in in Korea.

PURPOSES : The objective of this research is establishing system components and optimizing operational procedures in order to systematically manage road cave-ins in urban areas.METHODS: Based on the literature review and alternative comparison, optimization methods is suggested.RESULTS : Throughout the study, location referencing system, database structure, and operation strategy(procedure) were clarified, and the optimization methods for each item were suggested.CONCLUSIONS: Road cave-in management should be focused on user safety rather than focusing on economic aspects. The occurrence of road cave-in should be addressed thoroughly by road management system(location referencing system, database structure, and operation strategy(procedure), and the optimization methods), since they are closely related to road users' safety.

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential risk level of road cave-ins due to subsurface cavities based on the deflection basin measured with falling weight deflectometer (FWD) tests. METHODS: Ground penetrating radar (GPR) tests were conducted to detect road cavities. Then FWD tests were conducted on 13 pavement test sections with and without a cavity. FWD deflections and a deflection ratio was used to evaluate the effect of geometry of the cavity and pavement for road cave-in potentials. RESULTS: FWD deflection of cavity sections measured at 60 cm or a closer offset distance to a loading center were 50% greater than more robust sections. The average deflection ratio of the cavity sections to robust sections were 1.78 for high risk level cavities, 1.51 for medium risk level cavities, and 1.16 for low risk level cavities. The relative remaining service life of pavement with a cavity evaluated with an surface curvature index (SCI) was 8.1% for the high level, 21.8% for the medium level, and 89.8% compared to pavement without a cavity. CONCLUSIONS : FWD tests can be applied to detect a subsurface cavity by comparing FWD deflections with and without a cavity measured at 60 cm or a closer offset distance to loading center. In addition, the relative remaining service life of cavity sections based on the SCI can used to evaluate road cave-in potentials.

이 연구에서는 국내 석회동굴 내부에서 형성되고 있는 종유관에 대한 기재학적 연구를 통해 처음으로 종유관의 특징을 기술하고 그 원인에 대해 논의하였다. 백룡동굴의 주요 굴로부터 북동방향으로 분기하는 가지 굴인 B굴에서 성 장하는 종유관 156개를 대상으로 조사한 결과, 종유관의 평균 길이는 3.05 cm (표준편차 ±1.7 cm), 평균 직경이 약 6.0 mm이다. 이러한 결과는 종유관의 직경이 기존 문헌에 기록된 것보다 약 20% 넓다는 것을 의미한다. 종유관의 끝 부분(tip)으로부터 떨어지는 동굴수의 낙수율(drip rate)은 85.3%의 종유관에서 낙수 1회 당 10분 이상으로 측정되어 매 우 느린 동굴수 공급이 이루어지고 있음을 나타내고 있으나, 전체적으로 종유관에서도 낙수가 발생된다는 것을 보여준 다. 이번 연구를 통해 국내에서는 처음으로 보고되는 종유관의 성장선은 조사된 종유관 중 85.3%에서 관찰되었다. 따 라서 해당 구역의 종유관의 경우, 성장선 형성이 매우 일반적인 종유관의 특징임을 보여준다. 또한, 각 종유관 별로 성 장선 형성 부위 및 조직이 매우 다양하다는 점도 확인되었다. 종유관 내부에 형성되는 2차 침전물(secondary precipitation)의 경우 68.6%의 종유관에서 관찰되었다. 성장선과 2차 침전물의 형성 유무 사이에서는 강한 역의 상관관 계(전체 종유관 중 70.5%)가 관찰되는데, 이는 동굴수 공급의 계절적 불연속성 또는 2차 침전물에 의한 불투명도 증가 에 의한 결과로 해석된다. 각각의 특징을 바탕으로 개별 종유관은 일반적인 종유관 유형과 기형 종유관 유형으로 분류 가 가능하며, 이번 백룡동굴 종유관에 대한 조사결과는 향후 다른 동굴의 종유관 기재를 위한 기초자료 및 종유관의 고기후학적 활용을 위한 선행 연구 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

PURPOSES: This study identifies the causes and the mechanism of the occurrence of underground cavities. METHODS: A case study on cave-in and a series of model tests with a small soil chamber were conducted. RESULTS: A hypothesis about the mechanism of the cave-in in road was established, and the basic influencing factors on underground cavity expansion were identified. CONCLUSIONS: It was found that the characteristics of shear strength of soil and direction of water flow had a larger influence on cavity formation and expansion than the characteristics of internal erosion. In addition, large cavities suddenly expanded when cavities were caused owing to breakage of buried sewer pipe.

A new species of the cave-dwelling springtail Lethemurus coreanus Chang and Bae, sp. n. is described from Korea. Lethemurus coreanus can be distinguished from congeners by the spinelike setae on the tibiotarsus, numbers of dental spines, number of setae on the trochanteral organ, and body macrochaetae chaetotaxy. A key to the species of Lethemurus is provided.

It is known that sewer problems are the major causes of road cave-in. The objective of this study is to analyze the risk of road cave-in due to storm sewer laterals. We investigated 174 storm sewer laterals using a zoom camera at O-dong area in Seoul. The causes of road cave-in were classified into five cases: breakage of rigid pipe, deformation of flexible pipe, out of pipeline alignment, changing pipe material or changing pipe diameter, and a poor linkage between lateral and sewer. In addition, all defects were sorted into five grades based on the severity rating at storm sewer laterals. In this study, the most fragile pipe materials were found to be concrete pipe and polyethylene pipe, which recorded 2.3 and 1.69 defect rates. With regard to the causes of road cave-in, deformation of flexible pipe has a large influence on road cave-in at present. On a long-term basis, the two causes, out of pipeline alignment and a poor linkage between lateral and sewer, could have more influence on road cave-in.

동굴을 잠자리로 이용하는 동굴성 박쥐의 동면생태에 관한 연구를 위하여 2005년부터 2011년까지 6회의 동면기간 동안 수행하였다. 조사기간 동안 박쥐가 출현된 140개의 동면장소에서 관박쥐, 문둥이박쥐, 검은집박쥐, 긴가락박쥐, 관코박쥐, 대륙쇠큰수염박쥐, 흰배윗수염박쥐, 붉은박쥐, 큰발윗수염박쥐, 물윗수염박쥐, 토끼박쥐등 총 13,288개체를 확인하였다. 동굴성 박쥐 7종의 온도선호도는 종 간 차이를 나타냈다. 동굴성 박쥐 7종 가운데 붉은박쥐의 평균 체온은 13.64±0.76℃로 가장 높았고, 다음으로 관박쥐와 긴가락박쥐의 평균 체온은 9.19±2.35℃와 7.83±1.94℃였다. 반면 저온을 선택한 관코박쥐의 체온은 2.64±0.98℃, 토끼박쥐는 2.78±0.98℃, 검은집박쥐는 2.76±1.68℃, 물윗수염박쥐는 4.4±1.1℃로 다른 3종(붉은박쥐, 긴가락박쥐, 관박쥐)의 온도선호도와 차이를 나타냈다. 종 간 차이를 나타낸 7종의 체온은 대기온도(Ta)에 비해 암벽온도(Tr)와 밀접하게 상관되었다. 동굴성 박쥐 7종의 동면장소 별 출현된 박쥐의 종 수는 동면장소의 온도특성에 의해 차이를 나타냈다. 동면장소의 온도가 고온특성을 나타내고 대기온도 범위가 좁은 동면장소(HTR, 동면저의 최저온도가 7℃ 이상)에 출현된 박쥐 종수는 1.44±0.53로 가장 낮았지만, 동면장소의 온도가 저온특성이고 대기온도 범위가 좁은 동면장소(LTR, 최고온도가 7℃ 이하인 곳)에서 출현된 박쥐의 종수는 2.77±1.72였다. 동면장소의 온도가 저온과 고온특성을 모두 포함하는 대기온도 범위가 넓은 동면장소(WR)에서 3.02±1.36종으로 가장 높게 나타났다.

This paper aims at researching the cave concept of the Japanese architect Terunobu Fujimori and the result could be summarised as follows. First, a cave is Fujimori's only theme related to the interior space. He set some design guidelines for practice concerning openings of the wall and finishing materials of the interior, following the two major characteristics of a cave: 'comfortability' and 'homogeneity in material'. And 'fire' was also the premise in the cave as a 'spirit' of the space. Second, Fujimori applied the concrete guidelines to Tanpopo House (1994~95), which had in fact borne the ideas. Yakisugi House (2005~07) that took the cave as its design theme showed the transition of his cave concept, from closedness to openness. Third, though his cave concept might deserve the criticism that it is inclined to 'image' rather than 'essence', it illustrates that he seeks after an archetype of human dwelling before the purity of the original space was tarnished with rationality and abstraction. And the cave idea allows the seemingly contradictory 'sachlich' and 'surrealistic' features to coexist. Summing up, Fujimori's cave concept proves that his architecture is a rejection of the Cartesian modernist ideal and the contemporary architects' desire for dematerialisation. In a fundamental level, however, it is a result of his strategic choice induced by his own primary principle that his building must not be similar to any styles in history or any other architects' works in the world.

Cave-dwelling springtail studies in Korea initiated during 1960s by the Japanese Collembola researcher, R. Yosii, and comprehensive taxonomic studies on Korean Collembola were conducted by B. H. Lee during 1970-1990s wherein the new family Gulgastruridae was established using the type species Gulgastrura reticulosa from the Gossidonggul cave in Gangwon-do, South Korea. Eight families of cave-dwelling Collembola are known in Korea, and the family Tomoceridae is the most abundant and diverse group of cave-dwelling Collembola with 11 known species belonging to 4 genera in Korea. In this study, 12 species of Korean Tomoceridae are reviewed, and 1 new species from the genus Plutomurus and 2 new species from the genus Tomocerus are described.

The Buddhist cave temple carved into the rock provides a large space for the ritual in general in which a structure of Stupa is built in the center of the space purely for religious worship empty of Sarira, and the temple is formed around this Stupa. Relief-Stupa of the cave temple indicates the similar shape that of Relief-religious worship of flat land temple. However, there appears a small difference in representation since the background of formation of the cave temple differs in that of flat land temple. Specially, Caitya Stupa of currently existing cave temples have been damaged to lose of their original shape only possible to be analyzed the stylistic development through Relief-Stupa from which the characteristic of Stupa could be understood. The early cave temple could be characterized with a balanced structure consists of upturn bowl, steeple stone with simple drum & Hamikawasnagae, in which it appears strongly the detail factor characteristics of drum & steeple of having system with Caitya Stupa. In the post cave temple, the subject of worship moved to statue of Buddha due to the influence of Gandhara, Mathura art which reduced the importance of Stupa. This illustrates in Relief-stupa as well the style change as well as changes in detail factor. The sculpture appeared at the limited location either the wall of Caitya shrine or pillar in vihara cave with stronger decorative meaning. Contrast to the Relief Stupa of early flat land temples or the cave temples mentioned above sculptured with symbolism, however, the post cave temple showed the relief structure based on the plan of flat plan.

Early Buddhist rock cave temples of India, in spite of being an origin of Buddhist temples, has little been studied in Korea. After field studies and an interpretation of their forms in conjunction with religious life, precedent theories are supplemented and refuted as follows. Starting from the 2nd century B,C., Buddhist ascetic disciples digged residential rock caves, called vihara, for protection from monsoon rain and hot weather, A typical arrangement was settled -a courtyard type, with 3 side rows of tiny one-person bedroom and a front veranda with columns. Also digged were Chaitya caves, in line with viharas, to worship, which is the tumulus of Buddha's relics. I suggest that the original type of chaitya a simple circle cave with a stupa, suitable for circumambulating ceremonies. I refute the existing theory presenting Barabar caves of Ajivika as a chaitya origin, featuring empty circular room without a stupa. I also interpret a typical apsidal plan as being a simple result of adding a place of worshipping rites in front of the stupa. Enclosing columns around a cylindrical stupa is a result of reinforcing both the divine space and circumambulating ceremonies, with elongation toward hall. Finally the chaitya came to have a grandeur apsidal plan with high vault ceiling nave and a side aisle as in Western cathedrals with large frontal horseshoe arch windows. The Buddha image, which had become a new worshipping object, was integrated into the stupa and interior surface. First the stupa and then the statue was introduced to residential Viharas. Therefore, I suggest that the vihara should be renamed as 'chaitya' as a worshipping place, by establishing statue rooms without bedrooms at all. The functionally changed vihara is similar in form to a 'rectangular type of chaitya', little known and developed in different routes. A columned inner courtyard gradually becama an offering place, like Hindu mandapa, Buddhist caves ware changed to a kind of Tantric and Hindu temple by means of statue worshipping offering rituals.