KAERI has been developing a new decontamination process that does not contain any organic chemicals in the decontamination solution and minimizes the use of ion exchange resin in the solution as a purifying step. The process is hydrazine based reductive metal ion decontamination for decommissioning (HyBRID) and consists of N2H4, H2SO4 and Cu+ ions. The primary system of the LWR is composed of materials with high corrosion resistance, such as stainless steel and Inconel, but among the materials, the feeder and header of the primary system of the PHWR are composed of carbon steel (SA106Gr.B) with low corrosion resistance. Therefore, when decontamination of PHWRs, attention should be paid to corrosion of carbon steel. Since Fe3O4, a contaminating oxide film formed on the surface of carbon steel dissolves faster than ferrite or chromite formed on the surface of Inconel or stainless steel, the base material is exposed to the solution and is corroded during decontamination. When a large amount of iron ions is eluted into the decontamination agent due to corrosion of carbon steel, not only the soundness of the base metal is adversely affected, but also the amount of decontamination waste increases. The purpose of this study is to develop inhibitors that can minimize corrosion of carbon steel when decontamination of PHWRs using the HyBRID decontamination process. CG, 570S and PP3 were selected as corrosion inhibitors. In addition, corrosion tests of carbon steel were conducted in the HyBRID solution with corrosion inhibitors. The best corrosion inhibitors and optimal operating conditions were selected, and HyBRID decontamination agents with corrosion inhibitors were much better in corrosion resistance than existing commercial decontamination agents.

Performance and safety assessments for deep geological disposal are often conducted over a longterm time scale, such as from hundreds of thousands to a million years. During this period, it is expected that the surface environment will be changed significantly. Uplift-subsidence and erosion-deposition are thought to be included as the main causes of the changes, and it is necessary to evaluate their expected effects. In this study, the conceptual processes of the changes in the surface environment components were to be presented by identifying the uplift-subsidence and erosion-deposition processes and analyzing their effect on the surface environment components. For inferring the long-term change process of the surface environment due to the internal activities of the Earth, the process of uplift and subsidence caused by crustal movements that change the subsurface environment through the deep and sallow underground was briefly presented in the form of a chain flowchart. Uplift-subsidence is mainly caused by diastrophism due to tectonic movement, such as subduction at the boundary of plates. They can change the geomorphology by affecting sealevel change and erosion-deposition. The changed geographical features have an influence on the distribution of surface water and the flow path of groundwater. They also have an impact on the scale and processes of local uplift and erosion, which can be the main factors of pedogenesis and vegetation in the local site. The results of this study can be helpful for formulating scenarios related to long-term evolution in the surface environment required for performance and safety assessments of deep geological disposal.

Once systems, structures and components (SSCs) of dry storage systems are classified with respect to safety function or safety significance (i.e., safety classification), appropriate engineering rules can be applied to ensure that they are designed, manufactured, maintained, managed (e.g. aging management) etc. In Unites States, the systems, structures and components (SSCs) consisting DSSs are classified into two or several grades (i.e., class A, B and C or not important to safety, and important to safety (ITS) or not important to safety (NITS)) with respect to intended safety function and safety significance. This classification methods were based on Regulatory Guide 7.10 (i.e., guidance for use in developing quality assurance programs for packaging). Also, in Korea, SSCs of DSSs should be classified into ITS and NITS in much the same as method based on Regulatory Guide 7.10. In that guidance, for providing graded approach to manage the SSCs of packaging, they were trying to classifying SSCs in accordance with radiological consequences. But there was limitations that the provided classification criteria was still qualitative, so that it was not enough for managing the SSCs according to graded approach. On the other hand, in some other nuclear facilities (i.e., nuclear power plant, radioactive waste management facility and disposal facility etc.), quantitative criteria relevant to radiological consequence (i.e., radiation doses to workers or to the public) or inventory of radioactivity are existed so that it can be applied for classifying safety classes. In summary, the study on the application safety classification that applied quantitative criteria to perform safety classification of SSCs in DSS is inadequate or insufficient. The purpose of this study is proposing the preliminary framework for estimating safety significance of SSCs in DSS which can be utilized in our further advanced studies. In this study, a framework was established to estimate the safety significance of SSCs related to radiation shielding and confinement using MCNP® 6.2 and Microsoft Excel. Referring to the methodology of IAEA Specific Safety Guide 30, we assumed severity for failures of components that could lead to degradation of the SSC’s performance. The safety class of SSC was decided based on the impact of SSC’s failure on consequences.

This study selected the optimal conditions for enzyme treatment that can promote the extraction of functional components from Salvia plebeia (SP) and confirmed solubilization characteristics, functional component contents, and applicability evaluation in pilot-scale, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activity. The optimal conditions of pectinase, 1%, and 2 h (P) were determined through the enzyme treatment of SP. The water-soluble index and total polyphenol content were the highest in P compared to 100oC reflux condition for 2 h (CON). Component analysis performed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that flavonoid contents were increased 6.6-9.5 times in the P compared to CON. There was no difference in component content when comparing the measurement lab-scale and pilot scale. CON and P indicated cytoprotective effect against H2O2-induced RAW 264.7 cells. CON and P pre-treatment also reduced the production of nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Furthermore, P showed higher antioxidant and anti-inflammation activities than CON. These results suggested that P has a higher concentration of bioactive compounds through enzyme treatment than that obtained from CON. Thus, it can be used as a primary material for industrial utilization, such as developing functional food materials using SP.

In this study, the design of fuel tanks for SUVs (sports utility vehicles) was dealt with through structural analysis. Fuel tank analysis was performed to evaluate safety, and improvement plans for weak areas were found and reflected in the design. In addition, strength analysis and pressure analysis were performed in parallel to solve the problem of oil leakage around the lower part of the fuel tank and the rear mounting that occurred during the endurance test, and the analysis results were reflected in the design. As a result of analysis through various design changes, it was possible to present an appropriate reinforcement flange shape. In addition, when the thickness of the fuel tank was changed from 1.0mm to 0.8mm, the stiffness of the fuel tank decreased by approximately 30%, and reinforcement was required.

In order to investigate the optimal UVB (ultraviolet B) treatment conditions for vitamin D2 enhancement of freeze-dried ear mushroom, sample size (below 300 μm~whole), UV treatment temperature (30~60℃), treatment density (6.25~50.0 mg/cm2) and the samples mixing frequency (1~32 times) were treated differently. After that, chromaticity, vitamin D2 and ergosterol (vitamin D2 precursor) contents were investigated. As a result of the investigating, effective UVB treatment conditions for vitamin D2 enhancement are as follows. The sample sizes were 2~4 mm and finely crushed pieces. The treatment temperatures were 50℃ and 60℃. The treatment density was 12.5 to 25.0 mg/cm2, and the number of sample mixing was 8 times or more. As the amount of vitamin D2 increased by UVB treatment, the ergosterol content generally tended to decrease. However, under some UVB treatment conditions, the vitamin D2 content was not high despite the decrease of ergosterol content. Under the conditions set in this experiment, it was possible to obtain ear mushrooms with enhanced vitamin D2 up to 26,968.7 μg/100 g. Therefore, it is thought that the ear mushroom is highly likely to be used as a vitamin D source and nutritionally fortified food ingredient.

북한의 군사전략에 대해 기존대로 한반도 전 지역을 석권한다는 군사전 략이 지속되고 있다는 주장과 변화하고 있다는 주장이 아직도 맞서 고 있는 상황이다. 연구 목적은 최근 안보환경의 변화와 김일성－김정일 －김정은으로 이어지는 집권자의 변화 기간 동안 북한 군사전략의 변화 를 분석하고, 핵무력 완성 이후 경제건설에 집중하겠다는 북한의 군사전 략의 변화를 제한전 하 군사전략으로 전망해 보고자 하였다. 연구 방 법은 문헌조사를 통한 질적연구를 주로 실시하였고, 김일성 집권 이후부 터 현재까지의 시기를 망라하여 군사전략의 구성요소를 중심으로 분석하 였다. 연구 결과 김정은은 체제안정을 최우선으로 기존의 전면전 보다는 핵무기 사용을 위협하며 제한전을 추구하는 군사전략을 채택할 것으로 분석되었고, 이를 군사전략의 구성요소를 중심으로 전망해 보았다. 이에 대비하여 한국군은 기존의 전면전 중심에서 북한의 제한전 하 군사전략 에 대응하는 군사전략을 병행하여 발전시킴이 요구되고 있다.

Structures of high-rise buildings are less prone to earthquake damage. This is because the response acceleration of high-rise buildings appears to be small by generally occurring short-period ground motions. However, due to the increased construction volume of high-rise buildings and concerns about large earthquakes, long-period ground motions have begun to be recognized as a risk factor for high-rise buildings. Ground motion observed on each floor of the building is affected by the eigenmode of the building because the ground motion input to the building is amplified in the frequency range corresponding to the building's natural frequency. In addition, long-period components of ground motion are more easily transmitted to the floor or attached components of the building than short-period components. As such, high-rise buildings and non-structural components pose concerns about long-period ground motion. However, the criteria (ASCE 7-22) underestimate the acceleration response of buildings and non-structural components caused by long-period ground motion. Therefore, the characteristics of buildings’ acceleration response amplification ratio and non-structural components were reviewed in this study through shake table tests considering long-period ground motions.

붕어(무게 28.1±3.7 g, 길이 10.0±1.0 cm)에 0, 2.0×104, 2.0×105, 2.0×106, 2.0×107 CFU/ml의 Aeromonas hydrophila를 주사 후 2주간 실험을 실시하였다. A. hydrophila로 인위감염한 Carassius carassius의 2주 뒤 반수치사농도는 19.776×105 CFU/ml이었다. 혈액학적 지표에서는 A. hydrophila에 의해 혈색소와 적혈구 수가 유의하게 감소한 반면, 적혈구 용적은 유의적 변 화가 없었다. 마그네슘, 칼슘과 같은 혈장 무기 성분은 유의적으로 감소하였다. 유기 혈장 성분 에서 A. hydrophila 인위감염에 의해 혈장 포도당과 콜레스테롤이 유의하게 증가한 반면, 총 단 백질은 유의하게 감소하였다. 혈장 효소 성분인 ALP는 A. hydrophila 인위감염에 의해 유의하 게 증가하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 C. carassius에 대한 A. hydrophila의 인위감염이 치명적인 병원성 세균으로 혈액학적 성상 및 혈장 성분에 유의한 생리학적 변화를 유도하였음을 의미 한다.

붕어(무게 42.4 ± 9.0 g, 길이 15.0 ± 1.0 cm)를 96시간 동안 0, 5, 10, 20, 40 및 80 mg Zn2+/l의 수 인성 아연에 노출시켰다. 수인성 아연에 노출된 붕어의 96시간 반수치사농도(LC50)는 51.58 mg Zn2+/l였다. 혈액학적 지표에서 48시간에 40 mg Zn2+/l 농도에서 RBC 수치가 유의하게 감소 한 반면, 헤마토크릿은 아연 노출에 의해 유의하게 증가하였다. MCV (μl)와 MCH (pg)는 40 mg Zn2+/l 농도에서 48시간에 유의하게 증가하였다. 칼슘, 마그네슘, 포도당, 콜레스테롤, 총 단백질 및 ALT와 같은 혈장 성분은 아연 노출에 의해 크게 변화되었다. 본 연구의 결과는 붕어에 대한 아연 노출이 독성으로서 혈액학적 매개변수 및 혈장 성분의 유의한 생리학적 변화를 유발함을 시사한다.

본 실험은 붕어(Crucian carp, Carassius carassius)(무게 39.7±3.1 g, 전장 14.8±0.5 cm)의 수인 성 니켈 0, 10, 20, 40, 80 및 160 mg Ni2+/l 농도로 96시간 급성 노출을 실시하였다. 수인성 니 켈에 노출된 붕어의 반수치사농도(LC50)는 117.69 mg Ni2+/l으로 나타났다. 혈액학적 성상에서 RBC count는 수인성 니켈 96시간 급성 노출 중 48시간에서 유의적으로 증가한 반면, 96시간에 서 유의적 감소가 나타났다. MCV와 MCH는 96시간에서 80 mg Ni2+/l 농도에서 유의적으로 증 가했다. Calcium, magnesium, glucose, cholesterol, total protein, AST, ALT 및 ALP 와 같은 혈장 성분은 수인성 니켈 노출에 의해 유의적 변화가 나타났다. 이 연구의 결과는 수인성 니켈 노출 에 따른 붕어의 생존율, 혈액학적 성상 및 혈장 성분의 변화를 확인하고 이는 수인성 니켈의 독성에 의한 것으로 판단했다.

This study analyzed Tuber melanosporum, Tuber aestivum,and Tuber magnatum, specifically the content of β-glucan, amino acids, nucleic acid-related substances, vitamin C, and ergosterol. The β-glucan content was highest in T. magnatum (20.54%). The free amino acid content was highest in T. aestivum, with the major amino acids being cystine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid. The total amino acid content was the highest in T. magnatum, the primary amino acids being cystine, glutamic acid, and lysine. The content of nucleotide related compounds was the highest in T. magnatum (5.09 mg/100 g). The highest content of vitamin C (10.15 mg/100 g) and ergosterol (596.91 mg/100 g) was found in T. magnatum, which had the highest useful component content among the three truffles. Additional studies investigating the variation in useful components according to collection time and growth environment are needed.

This study aimed to evaluate the germination characteristics, -glucan and antioxidant contents, and antioxidant activity of naked oat according to germination temperature (20, 25, and 30oC) and time (24, 48, and 72 h). Sprout length was highest at 25oC, and the rotten degree was increased as the germination temperature and time increased. The -glucan content of naked oat increased after 24 h of germination at all temperatures and then decreased by 72 h of germination. Total polyphenol content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity increased as the germination temperature and time increased.

This study was conducted to determine the proximate compositions, nutritional components, and antioxidant effects of white and brown enoki mushrooms (Flammulina velutipes). The crude protein and carbohydrate contents were higher in the brown than white mushrooms, whereas the moisture, crude ash, crude lipid, and dietary fiber levels were lower. The mineral contents of the white mushroom was higher than levels obtained in the brown mushroom for the detected components (Ca, Cu, K, Mn, Na, and P). The amount of vitamin B3 in the brown mushroom was 1.51 mg/100 g, which was 4.5 times higher than that in the white mushroom. The major fatty acids detected were palmitic acid, linoleic acid, and α-linolenic acid. The total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were highest in 70% ethanol extracts of the white and brown mushrooms, respectively. For the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, a 70% methanol extract of the white enoki mushrooms showed an activity of 76.4% (p<0.05). For the ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) activity, a 70% methanol extract of the brown enoki mushrooms showed the highest value. Further, the total flavonoid contents were significantly correlated with the DPPH and FRAP activities.

Since the first development of the high-yield variety ‘Tongil’ that led to the self-sufficiency of rice production in Korea, plant architecture has improved steadily to increase yield components. The purpose of this study was to analyze the chronicle shift of agronomic traits of high-yield rice, to provide future breeding goals. The culm length increased sharply from 65 cm in the 1970s to 80 cm in the 1990s, and then decreased slightly to 77 cm in the 2010s. The panicle length increased continuously from 22.8 cm in the 1990s, to 24.3 cm in the 2010s. The average number of seeds per panicle increased from 118 in the 1970s, to 142 in the 1990s, and decreased continuously to 119 in the 2010s. The ripening ratio increased from 75% in the 1970s to 83% in the 1980s, and decreased to 77% in the 1990s and after that, held steady at 85%. Thousand-grain weight was lowest in the 1980s at 20.9 g and sharply increased to 25.8 g in the 1990s, and decreased continuously to 23.3 g in the 2010s. The production of high-yield varieties increased significantly from the 1970s from 510 kg/10a to 769 kg/10a in the 2010s.

As the importance of public health increases with the spread of infectious diseases, functionality has become a factor affecting consumers’ purchase of mushrooms. Therefore, the bioactive components of button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus), which are generally known to promote button mushroom consumption, were analyzed. White and brown button mushrooms were compared and white beech mushroom (Hypsizygus marmoreus) were used as a control. White button mushrooms had higher sugar and inorganic potassium concentrations than brown button mushrooms, whereas sodium, magnesium, and vitamin C concentrations were not significantly different between the different button mushrooms. Moreover, there was approximately twice as much ergosterol in white button mushrooms than brown button mushrooms. Brown button mushrooms had higher concentrations of β-glucan and oxalic acid than white button mushrooms, but there was no significant difference in total organic acid content between the two mushroom types. High concentrations of the essential amino acids, ergothioneine, isoleucine, and leucine and the non-essential amino acids, glycine and alanine, were observed. Concentrations of the vitamin B group and total polyphenols were also high.

As earthquakes have increased in Korea recently, people are paying attention to the seismic performance of buildings built in the past. Many school buildings in Korea were built based on standard drawings before the seismic design was applied. However, since school buildings are often designated as emergency evacuation facilities in case of disasters such as earthquakes, seismic evaluation and retrofit must be done quickly. This study investigated the failure modes among structural components (beams, columns, and joints), focusing on 1980s standard drawings for school buildings. The effects of column axial force, partial masonry infills, and different material strengths for concrete and rebar were considered for detailed evaluation. As a result, most of the joints were found to be the weakest among structural components. Column axial forces tended to make the joints more vulnerable, and partial masonry infills increased the possibility of joint failure and shear failure in columns.

식중독 세균에 의한 biofilm 형성을 억제하는 효과를 시 험하기 위하여 cinnamon, clove 및 lemongrass 정유의 휘 발성 성분을 분석하였다. 또한 정유의 주요 항균활성 성 분이 polyethylene과 stainless steel 표면에서 식중독 세균 에 의한 biofilm 형성을 억제하는 효과에 대하여 조사하였 다. Cinnamon 정유의 주요 휘발성 성분은 cinnamaldehyde (38.30%), linalool (9.61%), β–caryophyllene (8.90%) 및 1,3,4-eugenol (8.19%)로 동정되었다. Clove 정유의 주요 휘발성 성분은 1,3,4-eugenol (61.84%)로 분석되었다. Lemongrass의 주요 휘발성 성분은 citral의 이성질체인 geranial (19.11%)과 neral (19.23%)로 검출되었으며, citral 은 isomeric acyclic monoterpene aldehydes로서 geranial (trans-citral, 19.11%)과 neral (cis-citral, 19.23%)의 혼합물 로 분석되었다. Cinnamon, clove 및 lemongrass의 주요 성 분 중 cinnamaldehyde, linalool, eugenol 및 citral이 disc diffusion assay에 의해 시험한 6종의 식중독 세균에 대하 여 강한 항균활성을 나타냈다. Eugenol (0.1%)과 citral은 polyethylene 및 stainless steel coupon 표면에서 식중독 세 균에 의해 형성된 biofilm에 대하여 강한 억제 작용을 나 타났다. Cinnamaldehyde (0.1%)는 Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19112와 Staphylococcus aureus KCCM 11812에 의 해 형성된 biofilm에 대해 장한 억제 작용을 나타냈다. 연 구 결과 cinnamaldehyde, eugenol 및 citral 처리에 의해 식 중독 세균에 의한 biofilm 형성을 억제가 가능할 것으로 판단된다.