In this study, the displacement dependence, strength, and energy dissipation capacity of the steel rod damper were evaluated. The test variables are the number of steel rod dampers and the lateral deformation prevention details. From test results, it was evaluated that the displacement dependence conditions in the structural design code were satisfied. The maximum strength and energy dissipation capacity increased linearly as the number of steel rod increased. In addition, the maximum strength and energy dissipation capacity were evaluated by more than 20 times increased by using of the lateral deformation prevention details.

This study examines the persistent decline of the motorcycle industry despite governmental interventions, using the perspective of path dependency. Drawing from W. B. Arthur's concept of 'Lock-in by insignificant historical events', the research delves into the lock-in phenomena within the industry's life cycle. We identified path dependency lock-in categories: contingency, historicity, and technological lock-in. The industry's licensing production method during its embryonic phase led to limited technological capabilities, establishing a technological path dependency. During the currency crisis and in alignment with China's open-door policy, the industry chose to import cheaper components, opting for economies of scale over technological innovation, intensifying the lock-in. Furthermore, the classification of motorcycle as a free industry before the currency crisis resulted in a lack of governmental support. This neglect has continued, with even modern electric motorcycle facing regulation. In conclusion, to overcome this entrenched path dependency and lock-in, significant governmental policy restructuring is essential.

본 연구의 목적은 청소년의 사회재난에 대해 안전하다는 인식이 학교생활 만족도에 미치는 영향에 있어 우울과 스마트폰 의존의 순차적 매개효과를 검증하는 것이다. 이를 위해 <한국아동·청소년패널 2018> 자료 중 중1패널 3차년도 자료를 활용하였고, Hayes(2013)의 SPSS PROCESS MACRO Model 6를 활용하여 순차적 매개효과 분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 청소년의 사회재난 인식은 학교생활 만족도에 직접적으로 영향을 미치지 않았다. 둘째, 청소년의 사회재난 인식 과 학교생활 만족도와의 관계에서 우울과 스마트폰 의존의 매개효과가 각각 유의미했다. 셋째, 청소년 의 사회재난 인식과 학교생활 만족도와의 관계에서 우울과 스마트폰 의존의 순차적 매개효과가 나타났 다. 요컨대, 사회재난으로부터 안전하다는 인식을 가진 청소년들일수록 우울 수준이 낮았고, 이들은 스마트폰 의존이 낮았으며, 결과적으로 학교생활에 대한 만족도가 높았다. 본 연구는 이 같은 연구결과 를 바탕으로 청소년의 사회재난 안전 인식을 증대하고 학교생활 만족도를 높일 수 있는 정책적·실천적 제언을 하였다.

본 연구는 고등학생의 협동의식에 영향을 미치는 스마트폰 의존, 긍정적 친구관계, 자아존중감의 구조적 관계를 알아보기 위해 수행되었다. 한국청 소년정책연구원의 한국 아동·청소년 패널조사 2018(Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey 2018)의 4차 년도(2021년) 자료를 이용하여 고등학교 1학년에 재학 중인 2,265명을 대상으로 하였다. 본 연구의 자 료는 AMOS 26.0을 이용하여 구조방정식모형을 통해 분석되었다. 분석 결과, 첫째, 고등학생의 스마트폰 의존은 자아존중감과 협동의식에 통계 적으로 유의한 부적 영향을 미쳤다. 둘째, 긍정적 친구관계는 자아존중감 과 협동의식에 통계적으로 유의한 정적 영향을 미쳤다. 셋째, 자아존중감 은 협동의식에 통계적으로 유의한 정적 영향을 미쳤을 뿐 아니라, 스마 트폰 의존과 협동의식 간의 관계와 긍정적 친구관계와 협동의식 간의 관 계를 통계적으로 유의하게 매개하였다. 그러므로 고등학생의 협동의식의 향상을 위해 스마트폰 의존을 줄이고, 긍정적 친구관계를 향상 시키는 전략과 함께 자아존중감을 증진시키는 방안이 강구될 필요가 있다.

There has been growing attention on the well-being of people with disabilities. The purpose of this study was twofold: (1) to investigate the associations between individuals’ socio-demographic and psychological characteristics and clothing expenditure, and (2) to examine the moderated mediation effect of self-efficacy and acceptance of disability on the association between dependency on others and happiness among people with visual impairment. This study was based on secondary analysis of data from the second wave of the 6th Panel Survey of Employment for the Disabled collected by the Employment Development Institute. The results of this study showed that average monthly expenditure on clothing was positively associated with self-efficacy, happiness, and acceptance of disability, while being negatively associated with dependency on others. The results also confirmed that self-efficacy mediated the association between dependency on others and happiness. A conditional direct effect of dependency on others on happiness was found, in which negative associations were significant among people with visual impairment who had low and mean levels of acceptance of disability (but not high levels). In addition, there was a significant conditional indirect effect, in which the indirect and negative effect of dependency on others on happiness via self-efficacy was significant for those with low and average levels of acceptance of disability. These findings support the importance of enhancing the independence and acceptance of disability among people with visual impairment, which ultimately contributes to their happiness.

본 연구는 청소년의 스마트폰 의존이 삶의 만족도에 미치는 영향을 친구관계의 매개효과를 통해 살펴보 았다. 연구를 위해 한국아동·청소년패널조사(KCYPS 2018)에 응답한 전국 2590명의 중학생을 대상으로 하였다. 기술통계, 상관분석, 위계회귀분석 및 매개영향분석 분석방법을 실시했다. 연구결과 첫째, 기술통계 분석결과 삶의 만족도의 평균값이 청소년의 스마트폰 의존과 친구관계보다 낮게 나타났다. 둘째, 독립변수 인 청소년 스마트폰 의존도, 매개변수인 친구관계, 종속변수인 삶의 만족도 간에 정적(+) 상관성이 나타났 고 유의한 통계값이 나왔다. 셋째, 청소년의 스마트폰 의존이 삶의 만족도에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났 고, 친구관계가 부분매개 역할을 하는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 특히 기존의 대다수 선행연구와는 달리 청소년의 스마트폰 의존과 삶의 만족도가 정적(+) 영향 관계에 있다는 것은 적지 않은 함의가 있다고 본다. 즉 단순히 청소년들의 스마트폰 사용을 억제하기보다는 스마트폰이 가진 순기능에 주목해 볼 필요가 있다고 본다. 이 에 본 연구는, 청소년의 대인관계(친구관계)를 강화할 수 있는 방편의 하나로 스마트폰 사용의 순기능을 활용할 수 있는 청소년복지 프로그램 및 정책의 필요성을 제언하였다.

본 연구는 전국 37개 생활권의 미래 총부양비를 전망하는 데에 목적이 있다. 총부양비가 100을 초과하면 부양자보다 피부양자가 많아지는 것을 의미한다. 전국 평균은 2020년 48.6명에서 2050년 141.2명으로 증가하며, 같은 해 경북(동) 권역의 총부양비가 177.7명으로 가장 높고 세종권은 81.6명으로 가장 낮은 전망치를 보인다. 2040년에는 37개 생활권 중 26개 권역에서, 2050년에는 세종특별자치시를 제외한 모든 권역에서 총부양비가 100을 초과하는 것으로 전망되었다. 30년(2020~2050년)에 걸쳐 인천권 총부 양비 증가속도가 259.3%로 가장 빠를 것으로 나타났고, 전남(남) 권역은 73.4%로 가장 느릴 것으로 전망되었다. 본 연구에서 도출한 총부양비를 통계청에서 전망한 총부양비와 직접 비교하는 데 있어서는 제약이 있으나, 통계청 중위 시나리오에 비해 총부양 비가 전국적으로 더 급격하게 증가하는 것으로 나타나며, 이는 한국 사회가 전례 없이 높은 총부양비에 따른 사회경제적 어려움에 더욱 일찍 직면하게 될 것임을 의미한다.

본 연구는 자원의존이론에 기반하여 해외주식시장에 직상장하는 기업들의 자원 제공자에 대한 의 존도가 IPO 저가발행에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 기존 IPO 연구들은 다양한 외부 자원제공자들과 의 네트워크를 전략적 이점으로 제시하여왔으나, 자원에 대한 의존도가 양날의 검처럼 존재함을 간 과해왔다. 따라서 본 논문은 자원 제공자에 대한 의존도는 사업 리스크로 여겨질 수 있음을 제시하 고, 이것이 주식발행가격에 미치는 영향을 분석한다. 더 나아가 외부 자원제공자(공급망 파트너) 와의 관계만을 주로 제시해온 기존 연구들에서 벗어나 기업의 핵심자원역량은 인적자원임에 착안 하여 내부 자원제공자(주요 경영진) 의존도로부터 발생하는 사업 리스크를 제시한다. 또한 자원제 공자에 대한 의존도 및 협상력이 기업이 가지고 있는 자원 경쟁력에 따라 달라질 수 있는 점에 착 안하여 자원 경쟁력의 조절효과를 보여준다. 자원 경쟁력이 높을 수록 외부 자원제공자들에 대한 협상력이 높아져 저가발행의 정도가 낮아지지만, 자원 경쟁력이 높을수록 그러한 자원에 대한 정보 를 소유하고 있는 내부 자원제공자의 중요성이 커지기 때문에 내부 자원제공자에 대한 의존도 위험 은 높아짐을 발견하였다.

The issue of dependency on foreign seafarers in Malaysia has been highlighted in the Malaysia Shipping Master Plan 2017–2022, whereby the number of foreign seafarers on Malaysian ships has been constantly high up to 17,000. A total of 6,000 Certificates of Recognition are issued by the Marine Department annually, which bring a great loss to both economy and career opportunities locally. A policy to reduce dependency on foreign seafarers has been implemented in 2018 as a goal to revitalize shipping for a stronger Malaysian economy. Conflicting priorities between shipping industries and local seafarers while trying to find the best solution to ensure that development efforts are not jeopardized have been a major challenge to the government of Malaysia. This article examines various issues and challenges in managing Malaysia’s dependency on foreign seafarers by using a qualitative research approach. Key stakeholders have been identified through purposive sampling, and face-to-face in-depth interviews have been conducted to identify and understand the issues and challenges faced. The findings show that there are pressing needs to improve maritime governance in Malaysia, especially on system, education, and policy implementation. Fragmented governance arrangements and vague policies are affecting the formulation of effective solutions. It is also argued that an effective and clear management is crucial to reduce dependency on foreign seafarers, as only then can Malaysia’s shipping development efforts be enhanced.

의존성 이론은 불평등한 국제시스템에서 개발도상국의 지속적인 빈곤과 후진의 근본 원인을 설명한다. 이 이론은 국제규칙을 수립하는 과정에서 개발도상국이 선진국의 패권에 맞서 싸울 수 있도록 하는 필수적인 이론적 무기가 되었다. 의존성이론에서 파생된 중국의 의존성 이론은 최 근 몇 년간 일부 서양 학자에 의해 공식화되었으나, 이는 중국과 다른 개발도상국 간의 상호의존관계가 중국의 일방적인 의존성에 의한 것이라 고 말하고 있다. 서양학자들은 본 이론을 통해 중국이 다른 개발도상국의 원자재를 착취하고 열등한 산업제품을 덤핑한다고 지적하고 있다. 또 한 중국이 개발도상국에서 신 식민주의를 행하고 있다고 비난한다. 중국 의존성이론은 많은 개발도상국에 알려져 있으며, 이는 중국의 ‘일대일로’ 구상에 불안정한 변수 중 하나이며 다른 개발도상국과의 관계를 손상시키고 있다. 본 논문은 이러한 배경 하에, 중국 의존성이론을 형성하는 원인과 성장과정 및 영향을 변증적으로 분석하여, 중국 의존성이론을 지지 하는 개발도상국의 일부 학자들의 관점을 논리적으로 비판한 후에, 마지 막으로 중국 의존성이론에 대한 중국 측의 관점을 도출한다.

Prevalent usage of mobile devices among consumers has been well recognized and this is especially imperative among young adult consumers. The mobile phone became the gateway of their communication, media consumption, retail transaction, education, and (virtual) social life. However, there is little empirical research explaining the dynamics behind the psychological underpinning of young adult consumers, specifically Generation Y, to understand their usages and dependency on mobile phones. This study, therefore, aims to unveil antecedents and consequences of Gen Y consumers’ mobile phone dependency from a media psychological perspective. We developed a conceptual model based on theory of self-monitoring (Snyder 1974, 1987), extended self-concept (Belk, 1988), and media dependency theory (Ball-Rokeach & Defluer, 1976). Four hundred ninety-eight students in the U.S. provided usable responses to our pencil-and-paper survey. Causal modeling analysis results demonstrated that both ability to modify one’s behavior and sensitivity to cues for social appropriate behavior dimensions of the self-monitoring tendency positively predicted one’s level of fashion involvement, which in turn positively predicted his/her mobile phone dependency. Individual’s mobile phone dependency, fashion involvement and self-monitoring’s ability dimension exhibited positive and direct impact on one’s perception of the salience of mobile phone case product attributes. Based on the findings, we provided pragmatic and theoretical implications for the industry and academia.

This study aimed to identify specific psychological and brain activation responses relating to the processing of negative emotions in patients with alcohol dependency. The authors hypothesized that patients with alcohol dependency would demonstrate the abnormal functioning of brain regions involved in negative emotions. Eleven male patients diagnosed with alcohol dependence in an inpatient alcohol treatment facility and 13 social drinkers with similar demographics were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) as they viewed film clips that evoked negative emotions. During exposure to negative emotional stimuli, the control group evinced significantly greater activity in the right anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in comparison to patients with alcohol dependency. Correlation analyses demonstrated a negative association in the relationship between beta values from the right ACC and amygdala in participants classified in the control group. No statistically significant relationship was observed for blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) changes between the two regions in the patient group during the elicitation of negative emotions. On the other hand, patients exhibited a greater activation of the amygdala as negative emotions were induced. These results suggest that alcoholism presents pathophysiology of brain activation that is distinct from the responses of healthy individuals functioning as controls.

Export diversification – the extent to which the firm seizes export sales opportunities across different nations and/or geographic regions – is a critical element of export marketing strategy. Yet, knowledge of the export performance consequences of export diversification is lacking. Underpinned by contingency and resource dependence theories, we examine the export diversification-export performance relationship as well as critical contingencies of this link. Based on a sample of UK exporters we find that firms gain the highest export performance benefits when they simultaneously increase national and regional export diversification. Our results also show that the export diversification-export performance link is weaker when firms operate in markets that are very in dynamism. Additionally, the relationship between export diversification and performance is stronger when both resource sharing and interfunctional coordination are high. Such contextual factors provide a better understanding of the diversification-performance relationship.

The purpose of the study was to find grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volume reduction in the brain reward system among patients with alcohol dependency. This study investigated regional GM and WM in chronic alcoholic patients, focusing primarily on the reward system, including principal components of the mesocorticolimbic reward circuit as well as cortical areas with modulating and oversight functions. Sixteen abstinent long-term chronic alcoholic men and demographically matched 16 healthy control men participated in the study. Morphometric analysis was performed on magnetic resonance brain scans using voxel-based morphometry (VBM)-diffeomorphic Anatomical Registration through Exponentiated Liealgebra (DARTEL). We derived GM and WM volumes from total brain and cortical and subcortical reward-related structures. Morphometric analyses that revealed the total volume of GM and WM was reduced and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was increased in the alcohol group compared to control group. The pronounced volume reduction in the reward system was observed in the GM and WM of the nucleus accumbens (NAc), GM of the amygdala, GM and WM of the hippocampus, WM of the thalamus, GM and WM of the insula, GM of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), GM of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), GM of the cingulate cortex (CC), GM and WM of the parahippocampal gyrus in the alcohol group. We identified volume reductions in WM as well as GM of reward system in the patients with alcohol dependency. These structural deficits in the reward system elucidate underlying impairment in the emotional and cognitive processing in alcoholism.

A tensile failure criterion that can minimize the mesh-dependency of simulation results on the basis of the fracture energy concept is introduced, and conventional plasticity based damage models for concrete such as CSC model and HJC model, which are generally used for the blast analyses of concrete structures, are compared with orthotropic model in blast test to verify the proposed criterion. The numerical prediction of the time-displacement relations in mid span of the beam during blast loading are compared with experimental results. Analytical results show that the numerical error is substantially reduced and the accuracy of numerical results is improved by applying a unique failure strain value determined according to the proposed criterion.

This paper investigates the dependency of the critical content for electrical conductivity of carbon powder-filled polymer matrix composites with different matrixes as a function of the carbon powder content (volume fraction) to find the break point of the relationships between the carbon powder content and the electrical conductivity. The electrical conductivity jumps by as much as ten orders of magnitude at the break point. The critical carbon powder content corresponding to the break point in electrical conductivity varies according to the matrix species and tends to increase with an increase in the surface tension of the matrix. In order to explain the dependency of the critical carbon content on the matrix species, a simple equation (Vc* = [1 + 3(γc1/2 − γm1/2)2/(ΔqcR]−1) was derived under some assumptions, the most important of which was that when the interfacial excess energy introduced by particles of carbon powder into the matrix reaches a universal value (Δqc), the particles of carbon powder begin to coagulate so as to avoid any further increase in the energy and to form networks that facilitate electrical conduction. The equation well explains the dependency through surface tension, surface tensions between the particles of carbon powder.

충격 및 폭발하중으로 인한 위험으로부터 구조물의 안정성을 확보하기 위한 필요성의 증대에 따라 고율변형을 받는 콘크리트의 거동은 중요한 연구주제가 되었다. 콘크리트의 고율변형 거동은 정적인 상태와는 다른 독특한 거동을 보이기 때문에 다양한 고율변형모델들이 제안되어 고율변형 상태를 수치해석하는데 사용되고 있다. 이러한 수치해석 과정에서 발생하는 문제가 요소의 크기에 따라 수치해석결과가 크게 변하는 요소의존성 문제이다. 본 논문에서는 파괴에너지이론에 기초하여 요소의존성을 최소화할 수 있는 기준식을 제안하고 HJC(Holmquist Johnson Cook)모델을 이용한 관통수치해석을 통해 기준식을 검증하였다. 그 결과 기준식을 통해 산정된 파괴변형률을 수치해석상에 적용해줌으로써 해석결과의 요소의존성이 감소하였고 해의 정확성 또한 향상되는 것을 파악할 수 있었다.

Rubber laminated bearings with lead core are highly affected by changes in temperature because key materials which are rubber and lead have temperature dependencies. In this study, two full scale LRB(D800, S=5) are manufactured and temperature dependency tests on shear properties are accomplished. The shear properties at the 3rd cycle are used at -10℃, 0℃, 10℃,20℃, 30℃, 40℃ respectively. The double shear configuration, simultaneously testing two pieces, is applied for compression shear test in order to minimize the friction effects due to the test machine, described in ISO 22762-1:2010. Characteristic strength, post-yield stiffness, effective stiffness, equivalent damping ratio are estimated and presented coefficient due to the temperature changes.

Of many approaches to reduce motion analysis errors, the compensation method of anatomical landmarks estimates the position of anatomical landmarks during motion. The method models the position of anatomical landmarks with joint angle or skin marker displacement using the data of the so-called dynamic calibration in which anatomical landmark positions are calibrated in ad hoc motions. Then the anatomical landmark positions are calibrated in target motions using the model. This study applies the compensation methods with joint angle and skin marker displacement to three lower extremity motions (walking, sit-to-stand/ stand-to-sit, and step up/down) in ten healthy males and compares their performance. To compare the performance of the methods, two sets of kinematic variables were calculated using different two marker clusters, and the difference was obtained. Results showed that the compensation method with skin marker displacement had less differences by 30~60% compared to without compensation. And, it had significantly less difference in some kinematic variables (7 of 18) by 25~40% compared to the compensa- tion method with joint angle. This study supports that compensation with skin marker displacement reduced the motion analysis STA errors more reliably than with joint angle in lower extremity motion analysis.