최근 기후변화와 화석연료 고갈 문제로 지속 가능하고 환경 친화적인 기술이 필수적으로 여겨진다. 이러한 이유 에서 탄소를 배출하지 않고 에너지를 생산하는 기술인 연료전지에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있으며, 그중 에너지 효율이 높은 수소이온 교환막 연료전지에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 하지만, 이를 구성하는 소재인 Pt/C 촉매가 매우 고가이기 때문에 trial and error 기반 반복 실험을 수행하기에는 경제적으로 부담이 크다는 한계가 있다. 이를 보완하고자, 컴퓨터를 통 해 성능을 분석하는 지배 방정식 기반 다중물리 시뮬레이션 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 다중물리 시뮬레이션은 1차원 (one-dimensional, 1D)부터 3차원(three-dimensional, 3D)까지 해석이 가능하지만, 각 차원의 한계가 명확하기 때문에, 이에 대 한 규명이 필요하다. 본 연구 그룹에서는 사전 연구를　통해　고온 수소이온 교환막 연료전지 기반 1D 및 2D에 대한 해석을 수행하였으며, 2D에서 유량 최적화가 가능하다는 것을 규명하였다. 본 연구에서는, 이를 확장하여 고온 수소이온 교환막 연 료전지 기반 3D 모델을 제작하고, 2D와의 차이를 보고자 한다.

This study proposes supplementary performance indicators to support approach-level interpretation within the current Smart Intersection System (SIS) evaluation framework, and examines their interpretive characteristics through real-world case studies. While existing Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) performance evaluation standards assess the accuracy at the lane-level direction unit, practical traffic operations often require a comprehensive understanding of the performance at the approach level. To address this limitation, three supplementary indicators were developed: traffic-weighted approach accuracy (TWAA), which reflects the average performance considering traffic exposure; bottleneck-based approach score (BAS), which identifies the lowest-performing lane-level direction unit; and the approach reliability index (ARI), which evaluates the overall operational stability based on threshold compliance. Case study results demonstrate that the proposed indicators provide complementary insights using the same raw data. The TWAA reflects the operational influence of dominant traffic flows. The BAS reveals localized deficiencies that may be masked by average-based measures. The ARI identifies whether the performance is consistently maintained across lane-level direction units. Rather than replacing existing evaluation standards, the proposed indicators serve as a multidimensional framework that enhances the usability of performance data in decision making. These indicators can be applied in a complementary manner depending on the evaluation objectives, such as administrative acceptance, operational efficiency, and maintenance prioritization. Future research should further validate the framework under diverse traffic and geometric conditions, and extend its application to intersection-wide and network-level analyses.

We developed a device that can screen for shape and surface defects that may occur during the manufacturing process, and can be used for quality inspection during the production process. A non-contact vision system was used for shape quality inspection to check sphericity and concentricity. Shape size was measured to determine whether the defects were within acceptable limits. Even for products that passed shape quality inspection, surface defects could prevent valve sealing. Therefore, the sealing performance of the armature was verified by examining the pressure changes in the air supply section using high-pressure air pressure applied to each assembled valve. To assess the reliability of the inspection device for tip-type armature defects, various defective products were artificially mixed and tested in random order. The results showed that the 100% detection rate for armature defects confirmed its suitability for tip-type armature quality inspection.

본 연구에서는 농업시설에서 활용되고 있는 안개분무시스 템의 냉각 효과를 모의할 수 있는 CFD 모델을 개발하고, 자연 환기식 우사에서 측정한 냉각 효과를 통해 CFD 모델을 적용 가능성을 평가하였다. 현장 실험 결과, 안개분무시스템 가동 시 복도 내 기온은 최대 약 2.5°C 감소하였으며, 상대습도는 평균적으로 약 7% 증가하였다. 이는 이론적으로 달성 가능한 최대 냉각 효과의 약 36%에 해당하였다. 개발된 CFD 모델은 노즐에서 분사된 물방울의 이동 경로와 증발 과정을 잘 모의 하였으며, 실내 평균 기온과 상대습도의 변화 경향이 실측값 과 유사하게 나타나 CFD 모델의 신뢰성이 확인되었다. CFD 모델의 결과로부터 실내에서의 증발 냉각 과정을 살펴보면, 공간적인 냉각 효과는 불균일하게 나타났으며, 최대 4°C 이상 의 온도 편차가 확인되었다. 특히, 물방울의 분포는 분사 영역 에 국한되어 나타났으며, 분사된 물방울 중 약 20% 이상은 외 부로 유출되거나 벽체에 퇴적되어 손실되는 것으로 확인되었 다. 따라서 순환팬 등 보조장치의 운영을 병행하면, 분무 된 물 방울의 공간적 분포를 확장하고, 균일화하여 축사 내부 냉방 효과를 극대화 하는 데 효과적일 것으로 사료된다. 또한 본 연 구에서 개발된 CFD 모델을 활용하여 노즐의 배치와 분무 특 성을 최적화하여 안개분무시스템의 성능을 개선할 수 있는 방 안을 도출하는 데 기여할 수 있을 것으로 판단되며, 기존에 경 험에 기반한 설치와 운영 방법에 가이드라인을 제시하는 주요 한 모델로 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

Permeable blocks are effective in improving urban water circulation and alleviating heat islands and floods. However, they cause environmental problems owing to their dependence on cement and natural aggregates. In this study, a permeable block was developed, and its performance was verified using ferronickel slag (FNS) as a substitute. The block applied with FNS met the KS F 4419 standard, and an average flexural strength of 4 MPa and a permeability coefficient of 0.1 mm/s or more were secured. This study confirmed that natural aggregate collection could be suppressed, resource efficiency could be improved, greenhouse gas reduction could be achieved, and high value-added industrial byproducts could be used.

Current portable reference equipment used to evaluate the performance of vehicle detectors can collect traffic volume and speed only for the outermost lanes in each direction. Passing vehicles on the other lanes are manually counted by reviewing the recorded videos. Consequently, only traffic volume—without vehicle speed—is used as a reference value. This method is time-consuming for comparing the performance data from the equipment with the reference data and can compromise the performance evaluation. This study aims to enhance the efficiency of vehicle detection system (VDS) performance evaluations by developing multilane portable reference equipment that can accurately collect traffic information for lanes beyond the outermost lane or for more than two lanes. This study introduced the core technologies of multilane portable reference equipment and compared and analyzed the measurement accuracy of the developed equipment against data from fixed reference equipment operated by the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) Certification and Performance Evaluation Center, following ITS performance evaluation criteria. The data from the fixed reference equipment were considered the true values, providing a basis for evaluating the accuracy of the measurements by the developed equipment. First, the accuracy of the vehicle length was determined by driving four test vehicles, each measuring 7,085 mm in length, 24–29 times in each lane. The accuracy was calculated by comparing the vehicle length data obtained from the fixed reference equipment with the actual vehicle length. A confidence interval was established for this accuracy. To assess the accuracy of the speed and occupancy time in relation to the accuracy of the analyzed vehicle length, we evaluated the error range of the vehicle length according to variations in speed and occupancy time. This analysis was based on the following relationship equation: “vehicle length = speed × occupied time – sensor spacing.” The analysis used data from approximately 16,000 vehicles, including the speed, occupancy time, and vehicle length, collected between 8:00 am and 12:00 pm on August 8, 2024. The principle behind measuring traffic volume and vehicle speed using multilane portable reference equipment involves detecting a vehicle by analyzing the time difference between the driver and passenger tires. The vehicle speed was calculated using the installation angle of the tire detection sensor and trigonometric functions. An analysis of the measurement accuracy revealed that the traffic volume accuracy of the outermost lane (the fourth lane) was 100% during both day and night. The speed accuracy was 98.8% during the day and 97.7% at night, representing the highest performance in these metrics. Additionally, the traffic volume accuracy for the innermost lane (the first lane), as measured by the detection sensor from the third lane, was more than 99.3% at all times, with a speed accuracy exceeding 96% during the day and night, that also demonstrated excellent results. The analysis results indicated that the multilane portable reference equipment developed in this study was suitable for evaluating the VDS performance. This equipment allowed the collection of traffic volume and speed data from all lanes, rather than only the outermost lanes. This capability enabled consistent analysis for each lane and enhanced efficiency by reducing the analysis time. Additionally, this is expected to improve the reliability of the performance evaluations.

본 연구는 국내에서 아직 식품색소로 지정되지 않은 zeaxanthin과 citranaxanthin에 고성능 액체 크로마토그래피 (HPLC)를 적용하여 최적화된 동시 분석법을 개발하고, 이 분석법을 검증하기 위해 수행되었다. 최적의 분석법을 확립하기 위해, 기존에 보고된 다양한 국외 문헌 시험법의 HPLC 분석법을 비교 검토하였다. 그리고 분석 조건 선정 시 선형성, 검출한계(LOD), 정량한계(LOQ), 정확성, 반복 성, 실험실 간 검증 등의 주요 검증 항목을 고려하여 다 양한 식품에 적용 가능한 최적 전처리법을 개발하였다. 개 발된 분석법은 우수한 선형성(R20.999)을 나타내었으며, 식품 매트릭스 내에서 zeaxanthin과 citranaxanthin에 대한 검 출한계(LOD)는 각각 0.11-0.32 mg/kg 및 0.14-0.20 mg/kg, 정량한계(LOQ)는 각각 0.33-0.96 mg/kg 및 0.42-0.60 mg/kg 으로 확인되었다. 기존 연구에 보고된 전처리 방법은 다 양한 식품군에 적용하는 데에 한계를 보였으나, 본 연구 에서 개발된 분석법은 카로티노이드 착색료가 사용되는 주요 식품군에서 모두 적용이 가능하였다. 특히 이 방법 은 적용성 평가에서 zeaxanthin과 citranaxanthin에 대해 모 든 식품군에서 90% 이상의 우수한 동시 회수율을 나타내 었다. 또한, 새로운 HPLC 분석법을 적용한 두 물질의 정 확도(회수율) 및 정밀도(%RSD)는 식품의약품안전처(MFDS) 가이드라인에서 제시한 기준 범위에 부합하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 개발된 동시 분석법은 식품 중 zeaxanthin과 citranaxanthin을 신뢰성 있고 정확하게 분석할 수 있는 방 법으로 판단되었다.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different feeding levels of domesticated barnyard millet and imported Bermuda hay on the growth performance and structural development of female and male growing goats. A 4×4 Latin square design was used, involving 8 goats with an average age of 3 months: 4 females and males with an initial body weight (BW) of 10.6 kg and 16.0 kg, respectively. Goats were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments: T1 (1.5% BW barnyard millet), T2 (1.5% BW Bermuda hay), T3 (2.0% BW barnyard millet), and T4 (2.0% BW Bermuda hay) over a 22-week period. Results indicated that the highest final body weight (FBW) was significantly observed at the highest feeding level (T4), with females reaching 14.9 kg and males 20.9 kg, while the highest average daily gain (ADG) values were recorded for females in T3 at 75.7 g/d and males in T4 at 81.0 g/d (p<0.05). Dry matter intake (DMI) was highest in the T4 group for both females (437.4 g/d) and males (635.9 g/d), with significant differences observed across treatments (p<0.05), whereas the feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed an improving trend, particularly with a value of 6.0 for females in T4. For structural development, the highest feeding levels led to significant increases in body length, body depth, chest width, and chest girth of both sex. Female and male in T4 achieved body lengths of 53.5 cm and 61.8 cm, and body depths of 45.2 cm and 54.8 cm, respectively. Chest width and girth reached 15.9 cm and 66.5 cm in males, and 13.5 cm and 56.5 cm in females. In conclusion, higher feeding levels, especially with Bermuda hay, may positively influence the growth performance and structural development of goats.

This study developed an integrated performance evaluation framework for rural development Official Development Assistance (ODA) projects in Korea and validated its effectiveness through practical application. Based on the FAO’s SAFA (Sustainability Assessment of Food and Agriculture Systems) Tool, the framework enables a balanced assessment across economic, social, environmental, and governance dimensions. The methodology incorporates the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) to measure the importance and performance of objectives and indicators. The developed framework serves as a tool for Project Design Matrix (PDM) development, monitoring, and evaluation throughout the project’s planning, implementation, and completion phases. During planning, it systematically incorporates stakeholder input in setting objectives and indicators. During implementation, it facilitates real-time monitoring for immediate decision-making and resource reallocation. At completion, it supports comprehensive performance evaluation. Application of the framework to the “Rural Development Programme in Tuyen Quang Province, Vietnam” demonstrated its effectiveness in systematizing excessive indicators and clarifying the hierarchical and logical connections between objectives. This performance evaluation framework can enhance project transparency and accountability by overcoming the limitations of current PDM approaches and providing systematic methods for incorporating stakeholder feedback. It is particularly applicable to multi-sectoral rural development programs and is expected to contribute to integrated development in target areas. However, validation through a single case study presents limitations, necessitating future application across diverse regions and project types to verify generalizability.

Sustainable development is a critical global priority, as showed by United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Effective logistics are crucial for achieving several SDGs so that improvements in Logistics Performance Index (LPI) often align with progress in SDG scores. For ASEAN countries, they may fall short of achieving 90% of their targeted SDGs and struggle to challenges of LPI fluctuations. By calculating the correlation between LPI and SDG scores in R software, this study seeks to explore the relationship between logistics performance and progress toward the SDGs in ASEAN countries from 64 secondary observations. As a result, the increasing logistics performance can greatly impact on the population well-being, accessibility, new energy approach, infrastructure formation, and sustainable production and consumption (G1, G3, G7, G9, G12) in ASEAN countries. The study contributes a background for national policymakers in the region to develop the sustainable logistics.

Performance-Based Seismic Design (PBSD) is an approach that evaluates how structures will perform under different levels of seismic activity. It focuses on ensuring that buildings not only withstand earthquakes but also meet specific performance objectives, such as minimizing damage or maintaining functionality after the event. Unlike traditional methods, PBSD allows for more tailored, cost-effective designs by considering varying degrees of acceptable damage based on the structure's importance and use. PBSD was introduced in Korea in 2016 to replace elastic design, which is inevitable to over-design to cope with all variables such as earthquakes and winds. When PBSD is applied to the structural design new building, One of the challenges of PBSD is the complexity involved in creating accurate inelastic analysis models. The process requires significant time and effort to analyze the results, as it involves detailed simulations of how structures will behave under seismic stress. Additionally, organizing and interpreting the analysis data to meet performance objectives can be labor-intensive and technically demanding. In order to solve this problem, a post-processor program was developed in this study. A post-processor was developed based on Excel program using Visual Basic for Applications(VBA). Because analysis outputs of Perform-3D, that is a commercial software for structural analysis and design, are very complicated, generation of tables and graphs for report is significant time and effort consuming task. When the developed post-processor is used to make the seismic design report, the required task time is significantly reduced.