This study evaluates safety assessment before and after repair of Seonamsa temple seungseon bridge, which refer to the representative Hongye bridge in Korea. In this approach natural frequency of the structure were considered in the modeling procedure. Trial & error method is applied to obtain the approximate natural frequency before and after retrofit construction. Stiffness of the actual structure was examined to account for the dynamic characteristics of Hongye bridge measured in the field and adjusting parameters in computer modeling. The safety and usability of the stone structure in terms of load bearing capacity and displacement were examined.

Recently, the importance of air filters used in air purifiers and ventilation systems is emphasized in Korea. As a result, air filter test reports are required by users to ensure the removal efficiency of particulate matter. However, the tests are conducted for the filter material alone, which lead to a possible discrepancy between the test report and actual efficiency when applied to actual devices. Therefore, in this study, the removal efficiency data of the filter test reports were compared with actual filter efficiency data after application to the ventilation systems for some ventilation systems in the market. For ventilation system A, the field test results using filter leakage test method were slightly lower than those in the test report but nearly the same. For ventilation system B, the field test result was much higher than reported in the test report. This was due to the broad range of particle sizes measured using the filter leakage test method. The field tests using the particle counter method showed that the removal efficiency of ventilation system A for 0.3 μm was under 50% which translates to less than half of those of the filter test reports. For ventilation system B, the removal efficiency was 15%~21%. much lower than reported in the filter test reports. The lower removal efficiencys are mainly assumed to be caused by leakage of the filter installation among other factors. Therefore, the field test methods for the particulate matter removal efficiency of ventilation systems should be established to verify actual efficiency and improve the efficiency in the future.

Fusarim oxysporum에 의한 덩굴쪼김병은 수박 재배에 큰 피해를 일으키는 중요한 병이다. 이 병을 방제하기 위해 덩굴 쪼김병 저항성 박 대목을 이용하는 것이 가장 좋은 방법이다. 본 연구는 박 덩굴쪼김병 저항성 자원을 선발할 수 있는 방법을 확립하기 위해 수행하였다. 효과적인 접종법을 개발하기 위해 접종 후 온도(15, 20, 25, 30°C), 접종 농도(1 X 105, 5 X 105, 1 X 106 and 5 X 106 conidia･mL-1), 접종 시기(파종 7, 10, 13, 16일 후)를 조사하였다. 박 덩굴쪼김병을 접종하였을 때 접종 후 배양 온도나 파종 후 접종 시기의 영향이 적었다. 그러나, 덩굴쪼김병에 저항성인 박의 경우 접종농도가 높을수록 발병이 심하게 나타났다. 따라서, 박 덩굴쪼김병에 대한 효과적인 접종법으로 파종 10일 된 유묘 뿌리를 1 X 105 - 1 X 106 conidia･mL-1 농도로 30분간 접종한 후 감염되지 않은 토양에 옮겨 심고 25°C에서 3주 동안 재배하는 것을 제안한다.

수술이 불가능한 진행성 췌장암 및 담도암 환자에서는 항암 화학 요법이 주 치료 방법이다. 황달이 동반되지 않고 전신 상태가 양호한 경우, 진단 후 1달 이내 항암 치료의 시작을 권고한다. 항암 화학 요법 시작 2-3개월마다 RECIST criteria에 따라 종양 크기 변화를 측정하고, 환자의 항암 화학 요법의 진행 여부를 결정한다. 항암 화학 요법 중 ECOG 3 또는 전신 상태 악화를 보이는 경우, 상의 후 항암 치료 중단을 고려하여야 한다(Fig. 3).

A simulation model of the 2010/11 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) epidemic in the city of Andong, Republic of Korea was constructed to evaluate the epidemiologic effectiveness of FMD-control strategies. Seven FMD-control strategies were evaluated with respect to a number of epidemiologic indicators relating to the outbreak, including the number of infected animals, number of infected farms, and epidemic duration. The FMD-control strategies in the model consisted of pre-emptive slaughtering, movement restriction, and vaccination; however, levels of each control option differed. The constructed model was not perfectly representative of the 2010/11 FMD epidemic, although it was considered to mimic the actual FMD epidemic in its prediction of two outcomes: the median number of simulated FMD-detected farms was 294 (range 207–515), which was close to the number of farms detected (299) during the actual FMD epidemic (x2=87.239, df=98, p = 0.774); and the simulated epidemic curve was visually similar to the actual epidemic curve of the 2010/11 FMD epidemic. The effectiveness evaluation of simulated FMD-control strategies emphasized the amount the FMD outbreak size could have increased if the radius of the pre-emptive slaughtering area or the duration of movement restriction were decreased.

Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) is one of key elements to determine both electrochemical performances and lifetimes of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). PEM is exposed to a variety of dynamic stimuli (e.g., temperature, humidity, pressure, fuel gases and so on) under their operation conditions and meets unavoidable mechanical damages derived from unequal pressure difference between anode and cathode feed gases. Even though there have been approaches to evaluate the mechanical strength of PEM materials, most of the trials could provide static information on their mechanical strength. In this study, a pressure-loaded blister hybrid system connected with gas chromatography was developed to disclose the efficacy of the system as an evaluation tool of dynamic PEM strength under realistic FCEV operation conditions.

The current study identified risk factors associated with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infection on pig farms in the Republic of Korea using a multinomial logistic regression model to evaluate the PCV2 infection status of pigs at different growth stages. Compulsory disinfection of visitors (odds ratio [OR]: 0.019, 95% confidence interval [CI]: <0.001–0.378, p=0.0095), compulsory registration of visitors (OR: 0.002, 95% CI: <0.001–0.184, p=0.0070), regular blood testing (OR: 0.012, 95% CI: <0.001–0.157, p=0.0007), and running on-farm biosecurity learning programs for workers (OR: 0.156, 95% CI: 0.040–0.604, p=0.0072 and OR: 0.201, 95% CI: 0.055–0.737, p=0.0155, respectively) were identified as factors which could reduce the risk of PCV2 infection. However, visitation by a regular veterinarian (OR: 32.733, 95% CI: 3.768–284.327, p=0.0016) was associated with PCV2 infection.

The paper proposes an analytical approach that explores brands in virtual environments by combining indicators of consumer brand alignment with measurements of social engagement. The results illustrated can be useful to devise adjustments to brand communication. The analysis is applied to brands belonging to the fashion industry.

In this study, a system was developed that can evaluate the radon gas removal efficiency of air cleaner filters. The system has three acrylic chambers connected in series;: the 1st chamber, the filter chamber and the 2nd chamber. In the 1st chamber, a radon source and an air pump were installed to create an environment with a constant radon concentration. Radon concentration in the two chambers was continuously monitored by ionization chamber detectors(RD-200, FRD1600, FTLab, Korea) and, in the 2nd chamber, the radon concentration increase of air filtrated by each filter was inter-compared. HEPA filters and two honeycomb type filters were evaluated. Results of HEPA filter, GAC 1 and GAC 2 were 1142 Bq, 7016 Bq and 12053 Bq, respectively. HEPA filter showed a significantly lower capacity for radon removal than the GAC filters. Also, the GAC 2 filter showed a more than 70 % better result compared to GAC 1 due to the difference in filter materials. Therefore, this system can be used to evaluate the radon removal ability of air cleaner filters, by filter type and filter material.

목 적 : 2014년 우리나라의 3대 사망원인 중 하나는 뇌혈관 질환이다. 그 중 큰 비중을 차지하고 있는 뇌혈관 폐색은 venogram으로 진단을 할 수 있다. venogram은 크게 PC기법과 TOF기법으로 나뉘는데 우리는 TOF기법에 대해 연구해 보았다. 2D TOF-MRA는 검사방향과 혈류의 방향이 같을 경우 계속되는 RF pulse의 영향으로 혈액 내 spin들이 포화되어 혈류신호가 감쇄하게 된다. 그래서 2D TOF-MRA검사시 oblique angle을 주고 검사를 진행한다. 이에 본 연구에서는 oblique angle의 유용성을 평가하고자 angle을 0°, 10°, 20°로 변화시켜 가며 각각의 영상을 비교 분석하여 보았다. 대상 및 방법 : 2015년 5월부터 2015년 10월까지 본원 내원해 Brain MRI을 시행한 환자중 뇌에 질병이 없는 30명(남성12명, 여성18, 연령분포 20~55세, 평균연령 35세)을 대상으로 하였다. 사용된 장비는 Skyra 3T(Siemens, Germany)이고 신호수집은 20 channel Head/Neck coil을 사용하였다. TR은 19ms, Thickness는 2.5mm, Matrix는 256×256, TE는 4.56ms, Bandwidth는 219kHz으로 설정하여 사용하였다. axial 단면에서 oblique angle을 0°, 10°, 20°로 주면서 sagittal단면으로 영상을 획득하였다. 결과 분석은 정량적과 정성적 두 가지로 하였다. 정량적 분석은 검사 후 얻은 영상에 세 곳을 정해 SNR을 측정하여 비교하였다. 정성적 분석은 영상의학과 전문의 1명과 전공의 1명 그리고 방사선사 1명이 3가지 평가항목에 대하여 Likert’s 5-point scale로 분석을 하였다. 통계분석은 SPSS 19K를 사용하였다. 결 과 : 정량적 분석의 결과 SSS의 SNR측정치 평균값은 0°-27.4155, 10°-35.4500, 20°- 44.3650으로 각도가 커질수록 SNR값도 증가 되었다. 다중비교결과 세 경우 모두 유의확률이 0.05이하로 각각의 값들이 유의한 차이를 보였다. SSC의 SNR측정치 평균값은 0°-16.6900, 10°-20.2600, 20°-26.6405으로 각도가 커질수록 SNR값도 증가 되었다. 다중비교결과 0°와10°는 0.05이상으로 차이가 없었고, 20°만 0.05이하로 유의한 차이를 보였다. DTS의 SNR측정치 평균값은 0°-82.3150, 10°-86.2850, 20°-92.5200으로 각도가 커질수록 SNR값도 증가 되었다. 하지만 다중비교결과 세 경우 모두 유의확률이 0.05이상으로 각각의 값들이 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 정성적 분석의 결과 SSS는 평가자 1,2,3이 모두 각도가 커질수록 점수가 증가 되었다. 유의확률은 각각의 다중비교 결과 1,3은 유의확률이 모두 0.017이하로 유의한 차이를 보였으나 2만 10°-20°간에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. SSC는 평가자 1,2,3이 모두 각도가 커질수록 점수가 증가 되었다. 유의확률은 각각의 다중비교 결과 1,3은 유의확률이 모두 0.017이하로 유의한 차이를 보였으나, 2만 0°-10°간에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. DTS는 평가자 1,3은 모든값이 같게 나왔고 2만 각도가 커질수록 점수가 증가 되었다. 유의확률은 각각의 다중비교 결과 세 경우 모두 0.017이상으로 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결 론 : 정량적 분석과 정성적 분석 모두에서 대체적으로 각도가 커질수록 영상의 질이 좋아짐을 알 수 있었다. 각도의 변화는 숙련 기간이 필요하지도 않고 특별히 재구성하는 것도 없었으며 검사 시간도 늘어나지 않는다. 뿐만 아니라 검사 영상의 화질도 더 좋아진다. 그러므로 각도를 기존보다 더 크게 20° 주는 방법은 유용한 검사법이라 사료된다.

Most major consumer goods manufacturers market multiple brands within a single product category. Companies may sell brands of different quality levels (e.g., Giorgio Armani, Armani Collezioni, and Armani Exchange). And, within each quality level, companies sell variants of a brand, which differ in functionality (Crest’s cavity protection, tartar control, and whitening toothpastes). With the ultimate goal of securing consumer purchase, companies offer an increasing number of brands, which can result in “overlap” between the brands in a firm’s portfolio. We define overlap from a consumer’s perspective as the degree to which a brand is perceived to offer the same product features as other brands owned by the same firm. The few seminal papers (Aribarg & Arora, 2008; Hui, 2004; Morgan & Rego, 2009) indicate that overlap brings with it a number of compelling advantages and disadvantages, thereby having the potential for positive or negative outcomes. Thus the question arises: When does overlap have a positive or negative effect on consumers’ brand evaluations? We argue that the actual effect of overlap on consumer evaluations depends on two strategic marketing factors: (1) the dominance of the corporate brand versus the product brand in marketing communications of a product, and (2) the type of overlap – vertical (i.e., overlap between products that vary in quality) or horizontal (i.e., overlap between products that vary in functionality). A 2 x 4 between-subjects factorial design was employed to test consumers’ responses to overlap of product extensions under different conditions. The stimulus was developed in two categories: chocolate and wine. The stimulus involved a picture of the packaging for a fictitious product extension for a real parent company (Hershey’s in the chocolate category and Yellow tail in the wine category), accompanied by a descriptor providing product information such as details of its price and features. We collected data using an online questionnaire via Amazon Mechanical Turk. A sample of 366 individual consumers provided data across both the chocolate and wine categories. Our initial results for the chocolate product category indicate that, for the vertical extension, Cocoa Black, consumers evaluated the chocolate bar for which the product brand was dominant more favourably (μ = 5.44) than that for which the corporate brand was dominant (μ = 4.95). This evaluation difference was statistically significant (t = -1.84, p < .05). For the horizontal extension, Peppermint Air Delight, there was a significant difference in evaluation for overlapping products (t = 1.74, p < .05) for which the corporate brand was dominant (μ = 4.60), compared to that for which the product brand was dominant (μ = 3.96). These preliminary results show promise in terms of providing practitioners with prescriptive guidelines for managing overlap to their benefit. The results of this study will be presented in full at the Global Marketing Conference 2016.

Malassezia pachydermatis (M. pachydermatis) otitis is an important infectious disease of dogs throughout the world. In the present study, the presence, diagnosis, clinical signs and chemotherapy of M. pachydermatis were studied in clinical otitic dogs of Lahore and its suburbs. During two-year study period, a total of 200 ear cerumen samples from otitic dogs were examined microscopically. Of these, 46 (23%) were found positive for M. pachydermatis. The difference in the prevalence of infection between the pendulous ear and erected ear dogs as well as sex predilection was found nonsignificant (P>0.05). However, a significantly (P<0.05) higher prevalence (86.90%) was recorded in dogs of more than one years of age group. The animals determined positive for the M. pachydermatis were divided into two groups (A and B) and treated with Clotrimazole and Nystatin, respectively. Efficacy of both the antifungals was evaluated on the basis of reversal of clinical signs scoring and cytological examinations at 7, 14, 21-day post treatment. The overall efficacy of Clotrimazole and Nystatin was 73% and 68%, respectively. Clotrimazole showed better results as compared to Nystatin in accomplishing cure rate from mycological infection. It was concluded that M. pachydermatis is a significant cause of otitis in dogs wherein Clotrimazole proves to be a more effective drug in eliminating the infection in the affected Dogs.