Wolsong Unit 1, a domestic heavy water reactor nuclear power plant, was permanently shut down in December 2019. Accordingly, Wolsong Unit 1 plans to prepare a Final Decommissioning Plan (FDP), submit it to the government by 2024, receive approval for decommissioning, and begin full-scale decommissioning. One of the important tasks in the decommissioning of Wolsong Unit 1 is to determine the decommissioning strategy. It is necessary to decide on a decommissioning strategy considering various factors and variables, secure the technical background, and justify it. The selection of a decommissioning strategy is best achieved through the use of formal decisionmaking assistance techniques, such as considerations related to influencing factors. It is very important to understand the basic decommissioning strategy alternatives and whether sufficient consideration has been given to situations where only a single unit is permanently shut down in a multi-unit site like Wolsong Unit 1, while the remaining units are in normal operation. As a process for selecting a decommissioning strategy, first, all considerations that could potentially affect decommissioning presented in the KINS Decommissioning Safety Review Guidelines were synthesized, influencing factors to be used in the decision-making process were determined, and the concept was defined. In order to select the most appropriate decommissioning strategy by considering various evaluation attributes of possible decommissioning alternatives (immediate dismantling and delayed dismantling), the Wolsong Unit 1 decommissioning strategy was evaluated by reflecting the AHP decision-making technique.

The Korean administration assumed that the amount of low and medium level waste generated during the decommissioning of nuclear facilities in Korea was 14,500 drums (based on 200 L) and designed the LILW repository accordingly. Accordingly, it is necessary to separate the nuclear power plant decommissioning waste into clearance waste by mobilizing means such as decontamination and cutting as much as possible, and to deregulate it together with non-radioactive waste. As a result, clearance waste and non-radioactive waste are dominated by concrete and metal, and it is necessary to evaluate how to recycle them. Many existing studies have conducted research on each recycling method, and accordingly, it can be judged that the technological maturity is sufficient. Accordingly, we would like to propose a method for comprehensive management and evaluation of concrete. By applying the decision matrix proposed in IAEA TRS No. 401, it will be possible to compare the 5 factors (cost, technical feasibility, risk, availability of disposal, and full cycle impact). However, in the case of concrete, if the existing construction waste recycling methodologies are fully used, the technical feasibility can be considered equal. Therefore, it was judged that it would be good to introduce the aspect of public acceptance as an evaluation item instead of technical feasibility. The amount of waste that can be generated when decommission a nuclear power plant is only insignificant compared to the total amount of waste concrete that is generated during the year. Accordingly, one option is to fully integrate the waste concrete recycling system and utilize it for road construction. Next, it is possible to suggest the option of recycling in the construction of shields in the nuclear industry, as suggested in previous studies, and the method of using it as a backfill material such as for a decommissioned NPP site or other sites. As an example, and a draft stage, this study was evaluated based on existing studies after all options were equally weighted. When the profit and loss was evaluated in a way that a maximum of 5 points were given to each option, the case of using it as a backfill in various applications was evaluated as the best option. Unlimited recycling, such as road construction, was evaluated to be highly damaging in terms of public acceptance.

When compact HVAC is applied to a building, various variables exist in performing the functions of air conditioning, ventilation, and hot water supply of the building, and various experimental and empirical evaluations according to the energy performance evaluation method of the building occur. We are going to present research data for preparing domestic evaluation standards for energy evaluation methods for compact HVAC and zero-energy buildings to be applied in the future.

울산항 정박지는 정박지 수요 대비 충분한 넓이의 면적이 확보되어 있지 않으나 이를 객관적으로 평가할 수 있는 기준이 명확하게 정의되어 있지 않은 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 현행 정박지 밀집도와 가동률 개념의 문제점을 개선한 일반식과 정박지 적정성 평가를 위한 새로운 평가 기준을 제안하였다. 그리고 이 기준을 울산항 E 정박지에 적용하여 정박지 규모의 적정성을 평가하였다. 울산항 E1 정박지의 밀집도와 가동률은 각각 129 %, 122 %로 두 평가 기법 모두 100 %를 초과하는 것으로 나타나 평가 기준에 따라 정박지 확장이 필요한 것으로 분석되었다. 이에 울산항 입출항 선박의 통항 패턴과 도선지점과의 거리를 고려하여 울산항 제1항로 끝단에서 부채꼴 모양으로 35도를 개방한 정박지 확장 방안을 제시하였고, 해상교통 항적도, 정박지 밀집도, 그리고 가동률 평가 기준을 적용하여 적정성을 검증하였다. 검증 결과 울산항 E3 정박지 남측의 확장 해역과 해상교통 항적이 일부 겹치는 부분은 존재하나 매우 미미하여 해상교통에 영향을 미칠 가능성은 희박한 것으로 분석되었다. 또한 정박지 모두에서 정박지 규모의 적정성이 확보되었음을 확인하였다.

This study was carried out to evaluate the restoration effect in the restored Yangjae stream and to draw up an adaptive management plan based on the results. As the result of evaluation on the restoration effect, the restored Yangjae stream was evaluated with low naturalness in both terms of the morphology of the stream and the composition and spatial distribution of vegetation. The diverse functional groups were introduced in the vegetation restoration, but the flooding regime, which is significant in the spatial distribution of riparian vegetation, were not correctly reflected. Exotic species or species that were not ecologically suitable for the location were introduced on the embankment and thus a measure to improve those problems is required. As the ecological principle was not reflected in the restoration plan, the stream was constructed as the double terrace structure. Therefore, the width of the waterway was narrowed further, and the waterfront was not designed to accommodate changes from flooding disturbance, making the micro-topography of the stream simpler and the naturalness lower. The adaptive management plan was prepared to improve those problems, and a plan for creating an ecological network was recommended to enhance the restoration effect.

The resilience performance evaluation method of a structure can evaluate the ability to recover after an earthquake disaster, and this study deals with the consideration and introduction of the resilience performance evaluation method. The resilience evaluation method can be expressed as a quantified number by constructing a loss estimation model and a recovery evaluation model. The recovery evaluation model should consider downtime in addition to the repair time, and the loss estimation model should consider not only direct loss to structures and non-structures, but also indirect loss due to functional loss of the building. In addition, to build a loss estimation model, the structure should be simplified to perform an efficient analysis. Therefore, in this study, the equivalent terminal induction system proposed cantilever-type and rahmen-type SDOF, and it is evaluated somewhat conservatively compared to the example structure, and it is judged that there is a need to improve the hysteresis characteristics by applying the stiffness reduction factor of the SDOF model.

본 연구는 국내 최초로 국가지질공원으로 인증 받았으며, 2025년 5월 울릉도 사동항구 공항완공예정으로 관광객이 급격히 증가할 것으로 예상되는 울릉도·독도 방문객을 대상으로 한 자원가치평가 및 개발우선순위 평가를 통해 지질공원의 바람직한 개발 방향을 제안하는데 가장 큰 목적을 두었다. 연구결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 12개의 만족도 지표 중 교통편리, 편의시설, 도로상태가 낮게 평가되었다. 다음으로 울릉도·독도를 이용한 이용자들의 전체적인 만족도에 미치는 요인을 알아보고자 다중회귀분석을 수행한 결과를 바탕으로 숙박시설, 관광자원의 체험, 교통 편의성 등 유의한 지표를 중심으로 한 울릉도·독도 개발계획 방향을 제안하였다. 숙박시설에는 현포1리 해안주변과 태하1리 산악주변으로 선정하였으며, 관광 및 체험에서는 현포리와 태하리의 해양체험지구, 천포리와 울릉읍을 잇고 있는 등산로는 산악레포츠 공간으로 제시하였다. 그리고 국가지질공원 명소벨트, 지질트레킹벨트, 울릉옛길, 해안경관벨트를 제시하였다. 마지막으로 도로는 죽암몽돌해안 주변의 도로확장과 도로정비, 구암터널, 남양~남통터널, 통구미터널확장, 통구미터널 주변 마을의 도로확장 등을 제시하였다. 이와 같이 본 연구는 기존의 공급자 위주 개발계획이 아닌 방문객들의 방문 만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 바탕으로 개발계획을 위한 기초자료로서 활용가치가 높을 것으로 판단된다. 그리고 향후 이용자뿐만이 아니라 실제 거주하고 있는 주민들의 의견을 반영한 구체적인 개발계획의 마련이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

This study developed an evaluation system of adaptation countermeasures for climate change in the water resources sector using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), and the assessment procedures were applied to the Second Chungcheongnam-do Climate Change Adaptation Implementation Plan (Chungnam Implementation Plan). Firstly, the evaluation criteria are composed of two levels according to the hierarchical structure, and AHP gives priority to 4 evaluation criteria of the first level and 16 alternative indicators of the second level. Secondly, after the importance of the evaluation criteria or indicators has been determined, the significance of each measure was evaluated by applying it to the water-sector measures of the Chungnam Implementation Plan, and the effectiveness of the evaluation system was validated. The Chungnam case study shows that the evaluation system will be more effective and efficient when it is applied during development phase rather than after the implementation plan is finalized. It is also expected that the evaluation system will be used to evaluate and prioritize climate change adaptation policies in other regions, and then to compare the means of adaptation to climate change in various regions and to select recommendation policies.

The early Korean church had experienced rapid growth and revival. What caused this phenomenon? What are its driving forces? Though so far there have been many papers on the quantitative growth of the Korean church, there are almost none which deals with it from the perspective of church planting. Therefore, in this paper, I tried to evaluate the Nevius Plan as a church planting theory that enabled the early Korean church to grow rapidly. As a result of this study, I found that the Nevius Plan as a church planting method has some strengths and weaknesses.The Nevius Plan is positive in that it enhances greatly the spontaneity of believers on the basis of Three-self Principle─self-support, self-governance, and self-propaganda. However, it is not an absolute principle that can unconditionally be applied in every condition. In addition, it is wrong to place the responsibility of evangelism and church planting on only native people. Such interpretation is a distortion of the Nevius Plan. This would be demonstrated by the supportive argument that when considering Adams Evangelistic Fund, the Nevius Plan did not collide with strategic fund supports. When the Nevius Plan based on Three-self Principle was introduced to missionaries in Korea, it was indigenized into a church planting method focused on self-support and self-propaganda. As a church planting theory, it regarded the church as an organic community full of vitality and pursued establishing indigenous churches in their own culture. Three-self Principle functioned as a concrete method for church planting. However, it should not be recognized as an end in itself or an absolute theory, rather it should be applied appropriately in a certain circumstance in which local churches existed. In his writing, John Nevius also agrees that supporting fund should be invested to several ministries such as school, and to hire paid workers in case of need. Therefore, to believe that the Nevius Plan insists on leaving the responsibility of evangelism and church planting to native people without any outer fund, is a distorted interpretation. As the Nevius Plan was applied all over the country, Adams Evangelistic Fund, which had a marked effect on church planting ministry in Taegu area, demonstrates how the Nevius Plan as a indigenous church planting theory could be harmonized with fund support. Three-self Principle is the important foundation for indigenous church planting. The Nevius Plan makes church planting not a humanistic enterprise but a dynamic work led by the Holy Spirit. On the other hand, if funds in the strategic church planting support workers devoted to the Three-self spirit, it will heighten the intensity of effect more than the case of when everything is left to only native people will. It is of course that beneficiaries’ sense of independence is necessary in this case.

하천은 다양한 생물이 어우러져 공존하는 공간이며, 육상 생태계와 수상생태계를 연결하는 추이대(Ecotone)로서 생 물다양성이 우수한 생물서식처이자 생태통로이다. 그러나 근래의 급속한 산업화와 도시화로 인해 하천 환경은 훼손되 었고 생물서식처로서의 기능이 악화되었다. 이는 종래의 하 천관리가 치수와 이수 중심으로 진행되면서 하천은 직강화 되었으며, 하천을 공원으로 이용하면서 각종 이용 시설물이 설치되었기 때문이었다. 이로 인해 하천 내부의 생태적 단 절 및 생물다양성의 감소가 초래되었다. 날로 악화되어 가고 있는 도시환경 속에서 도시를 관통하 는 하천은 도시의 환경 개선 및 생물서식 측면에서 매우 중요하게 인식되어, 자연성이 훼손된 하천의 생태적 복원을 통한 하천 생태계의 회복이 시급한 실정이다. 하천의 생태 적 복원을 위해서는 현재 상태에 대한 정밀한 조사와 평가 가 수반되어야 한다. 그러나 기존의 하천 평가는 수질개선 측면의 수질 평가로 편중되어 하천 생물서식처 구조 및 서 식생물에 대한 평가는 적은 편이었다. 따라서 본 연구는 하 천 자연성 평가를 통해 생물서식기능을 진단하고 평가 결과 를 반영한 하천 공간구분 및 적정 관리방향 제시를 목적으 로 하였다. 연구대상지는 한강의 주요 지류인 중랑천으로 경기도 양 주시에서 발원하여 의정부시를 거쳐 서울시 성동구에서 한 강과 합류하며, 총 길이는 45.3㎞이다. 중랑천은 하폭이 비 교적 넓고 의정부시와 서울시 등 고밀화된 도시 내부를 관 통하고 있어 도심의 중요한 생태적 공간이다. 그러나 중랑 천 둔치와 제방에 걸쳐 동부간선도로가 위치하고, 인접 시 가지에서 유입되는 오염물질로 인해 하천이 오염되었으며, 둔치는 자전거도로, 대규모 체육시설, 동부간선도로 소음 및 오염물 등으로 인해 생물서식 조건이 열악한 상황이다. 중랑천 자연성 평가는 하천환경에 영향을 끼치는 제내지 영향요인에 대한 평가는 배제하였고, 제외지에 한정하여 둔 치, 수생태계, 하안에 대한 평가를 실시하였다. 둔치 자연성 평가항목은 비오톱 자연성, 우점종 자생성, 서식 잠재성이 었고, 평가기준은 비오톱 자연성은 자연/인공 비오톱, 우점 종 자생성은 습지/건조/귀화(외래)식생, 서식 잠재성은 야생 조류 출현빈도이었다. 수생태계 자연성 평가 중 야생동물은 어류 건강성, 저서성대형무척추동물 환경질, 야생조류 다양 성과 풍부성을 평가항목으로 선정하였다. 어류 건강성 평가 기준은 국내 종수 및 개체수/여울성 저서종수/민감 종수/내 성종 개체수/잡식종 개체수이었고, 저서성대형무척추동물 환경질 평가기준은 ESB(저서성 대형무척추동물의 생태점 수)지수를 활용하였으며, 야생조류 다양성은 출현 종수, 풍 부성은 출현 개체수를 기준으로 평가하였다. 수생태계 자연 성 평가의 물리적 구조는 유수 물리적 자연성을 평가하였 고, 평가기준은 하천 합류부/모래톱/수면/저수로 횡단구조 물(보)이었다. 하안 평가의 평가항목은 하안구조 자연성과 식생으로 선정하였고, 하안 자연성 평가기준은 자연하안/자 연형하안/인공하안, 식생 평가기준은 식생발달 유무이었다. 중랑천 둔치 자연성 평가 결과 우수지역은 회룡천 합류 ∼호장교, 상계교 하류∼녹천교, 군자교∼청계천 합류부, 한강 합류부 일대였으며 비오톱 자연성이 우수하고, 습지식 생이 우점하는 지역이었다. 체육시설지 밀집 구간 중 우수 지역이 산재된 구간은 월릉교 하류, 이화교 하류∼중랑교, 장안교 일대로 체육시설지는 평가등급이 낮은 인공시설물 이나 주변 지역에 자생식물이 생육하여 자연성과 자생성이 높았고 다양한 야생조류가 출현하여 서식 잠재성이 높았다. 불량지역은 둔치 폭이 넓은 중하류 지역의 도로 및 체육시 설지 인근에 밀집되었다. 이들 지역은 둔치에 이용시설 및 귀화(외래)초본이 우점하여 자연성과 자생성이 낮은 교란 지역으로 야생조류 출현도 적어 둔치 평가등급이 낮았다. 따라서 식생복원 및 인공시설지 개선 등을 통한 자연성 및 자생성 회복이 필요하였다. 중랑천 수생태계 평가 결과 우수지역은 서울 경계∼도 봉천 합류부, 방학천 합류부, 우이천-묵동천 합류부, 군자교 하류∼청계천-한강 합류부 등이었다. 주로 중랑천 본류와 지천이 합류되는 지역으로 어류의 종 및 개체수가 많고 수 질이 깨끗한 지역에 출현하는 저서성대형무척추동물이 다 수 출현한 지역이었다. 군자교 하류∼청계천-한강 합류부 지역은 유속이 느리고 다양한 서식환경으로 인하여 야생조 류의 출현이 많은 지역으로 철새보호구역으로 지정된 곳이 었다. 불량지역은 의정부 구간, 당현천 합류부∼월릉교, 장 평교∼군자교 등 지역이었다. 의정부 구간은 수질은 양호하 였으나 유속이 빠르고 하천 폭이 좁은 지역으로 저서성대형 무척추동물에 의한 환경질은 양호하였으나 야생조류 다양 성과 풍부성이 부족하였다. 서울 구간 불량지역은 대체로 하천 내에 어류 및 환경질이 높은 저서성대형무척추동물이 출현하지 않았고 서식구조가 단순하여 야생조류가 출현하 지 않았다. 중랑천 하안 자연성 평가 결과 식생 발달한 자연형 하안 인 등급 Ⅰ지역이 전체 길이의 92.5%로 대부분이 해당되었 다. 식생 없는 자연형 하안인 등급 Ⅱ지역은 6.7%, 인공하 안인 등급 Ⅲ지역은 0.7%이었다. 중랑천 하안은 대부분 하 안 정비 후 오랜 시간이 지나면서 토사 퇴적된 구간에 식생 이 발달한 자연형 하안이었다. 일부 식생 없는 자연형 하안 은 최근 시공된 구간으로 과도한 돌쌓기로 인해 식생발달이 저해 받는 구간이었다. 중랑천 자연성 평가 결과에 따라 생태적 개선을 위한 계 획방향 및 관리권역을 설정하였다. 둔치 평가 우수지역은 보존 및 복원, 불량지역은 생태계 회복 및 이용 영향 저감을 계획 방향으로 설정하였다. 수생태계 평가 우수지역은 물새 류 및 어류 서식처로 보존하며, 주요 야생동물 출현지역은 자연교육장소 활용을 계획 방향으로 설정하였다. 불량지역 은 생태계 회복 및 이용 영향 저감을 계획 방향으로 설정하 였다. 중랑천 하안 평가결과 일부 구간에 자연하안 또는 식 생하안으로 구조 개선이 필요하였다. 권역설정은 생태하천, 친수하천, 경관하천의 3개 권역으 로 구분하였다. 생태하천 권역은 하천 둔치 자연성이 높은 구간, 수생태계가 안정된 구간, 하천 합류부 등 생태계 연결 성이 높은 구간으로 신의교∼호장교 구간, 상계교∼월계 1교, 군자교∼한강 합류부 지역이 도출되었다. 계획방향은 자연성이 양호한 생물서식공간 보전 및 복원으로 설정하였 다. 친수하천 권역은 하천 둔치 인공성이 높은 구간, 수생태 계 교란 구간, 자연성 평가 등급이 낮은 구간인 이화교∼군 자교 구간이 도출되었다. 계획방향은 도시민의 환경친화적 레크레이션 유도로 설정하였다. 경관하천 권역은 생태하천 과 친수하천의 중간 성격으로 생태적 보전 및 복원과 친환 경적 이용의 조화가 필요한 구간, 중랑천 고유 경관요소가 풍부한 구간으로 자연성 평가에서 다양한 등급이 혼재된 암매교∼신의교, 호장교∼상계교, 월계 1교∼이화교 구간 이 도출되었다. 계획방향은 다양한 경관의 보전·복원을 통 한 자연체험으로 설정하였다.

It is well known that the test and evaluation plan (TEP) is very crucial in the successful development of safety-critical systems. As such, this paper discusses an approach to the development of the TEP for a system that should meet safety requirements in the systems development process. It is studied how to incorporate the result of preliminary hazard analysis (PHA) in generating the safety requirements. It is also discussed how to deal with them when the system requirements (i.e., functions, performance, constraints, components, etc) and the safety requirements are integrated into one model. While doing so, we have constructed the required traceability among them, which is necessary and very useful when the safety requirements need to be corrected or be changed. The use of the traceability makes it possible to easily check out whether and how the safety requirements are properly incorporated in the system design process. Furthermore, without the verified traceability, the system cannot be changed or upgraded later. In order to implement the model on a computer-aided tool, we have constructed a database (DB) schema. As a result, the implemented model/DB allows to automatically generate TEP which can be used to measure the performance and safety level of the developed system.

A local hazard mitigation plan (LHMP) or emergency plan is one of the most effective contributions for the mitigation of future local natural disasters. Since different regions are vulnerable to different natural disasters, each community should prepare their own plan based on their specific conditions. In Kumamoto, chronic flood damage and landslides are the most common hazards. In 2012, rapid heavy rain resulted in substantial property damage, casualties, and even fatalities. Studies indicate that Japanese communities have many volunteer groups to manage natural hazards and that their average risk reception is higher than in any other country. It can be said that Japanese government policy regarding natural disasters is good. However, it is time to reconsider our approach and reconfirm our fundamental commitment of designing an LHMP. This paper presents comparison research for Kumamoto hazard mitigation planning around 10- year time series, a longitudinal study. We used a flood mitigation plan coding protocol to better understand the Kumamoto City hazard mitigation plan. Indicators used in the study mostly focus on situations that the city has recently faced. Ultimately, the purpose of this research is twofold: 1) to assess the current mitigation efforts for a local flood event through a comparison study, and 2) to improve the LHMP more practically. To increase credibility and reliability, each researcher in this project checked the LHMPs three times. Eventually, through this study, it should be possible to enable the local government of Kumamoto to help establish a community resilient to its chronic natural disasters. Specific goals include determining which parts in the LHMP should be reinforced and whether improving the community resilience to flooding is possible

This research aimed to grasp the recognition of the amenity of the university students residing in Gyo-dong residential area in Gangneung city, the local residents residing in Daehag-ro which is near Jungang-ro in downtown and the public servants related to city development in Gangneung city office and thereby propose a plan to improve the amenity of Gangneung city. Based on the result of the research, the university student group around Gyo-dong residential area mostly recognized the amenity and the local residents around Daehag-ro showed insufficient recognition of the amenity and some of related public servants were found to be ignorant of the term amenity. Also, the priorities of amenity indexes identified from these 3 groups commonly showed aliveness requiring green lands and watercourses on top but 2nd priority of each group tended to be different from each other. Through the research result as above, we would like to propose the plan to improve as follows. First, the recognition of the concept of amenity is necessary. Second, green lands and watercourses that were selected by all of the 3 groups as ranking no. 1 should be secured. Third, the value of amenity resources should be evaluated. Gangneung city is a city where mountains and the sea are harmonized together granting abundant god blessed natural resources. But if Gangneung city would imprudently reclaims the excellent god blessed natural environment under the good title of city and housing lands development, its ranking in city competitiveness evaluations will be expected to continue descending. Therefore, as proposed in this research, the thing that has to be implemented with first priority for amenity Gangneung city is the execution of amenity policy to secure the identity of Gangneung city and the aspect of regulations or systems should also be pursued together with the policy.