This study aimed to develop the in vitro method using domestic commercial diets to estimate nutrient digestibility in dogs. The existing in vitro method were tested and compared with literature data to develop new in vitro method. The development of in vitro method progressed as follows: modification of pepsin solution to an activated form and supplementation with 1% lipase. All the in vitro method progressed to 4 hours of stomach simulation and 2 hours of small intestine simulation. In vivo digestibility was measured using the same diets as beagle dogs. The supplementation of lipase methods showed significantly improved (p < 0.05) DM, OM, and EE than the existing and modified pepsin solution methods. The correlation between in vitro and in vivo data in DM, OM, and EE digestibility was high (r2 = 0.889, 0.907, and 0.721, respectively), and the correlation between in vitro and in vivo data in CP and GE digestibility was medium (r2 = 0.681 and 0.536, respectively). The current in vitro method is similar to in vivo digestibility and helps potentially predict digestibility for dogs. In conclusion, this developed in vitro method suggests that it can help estimate the nutrient digestibility of dogs' diets without in vivo experiments.

Porous graphene oxide (P-GO) was successfully synthesized by using a simple glucose mediated hydrothermal method form prepared graphene oxide (GO). Then the P-GO was characterized by X-ray Powder Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared (FITR), Raman, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) analysis to determine the crystallinity, surface functionality, surface defect, surface area and porous nature of the material. For the comparative properties studies with P-GO, the synthesised GO was also characterised using the aforementioned analytical techniques. The formation of macroporous 2D sheet-like structure of P-GO with pore size diameters of 0.2–0.5 μm was confirmed by FESEM and TEM images. The surface area of P-GO was found to be 1272 m2/ g which is much higher compare to GO (i.e., 172 m2/ g) because of porous structure. P-GO was used for the adsorptive removal of F− ions from water using batch adsorption method. The highest adsorption occurs in the pH range of 5–7 with maximum adsorption capacity of 1272 mg/g. The experimental data revealed that the adsorption process obeys Langmuir monolayer isotherm model. The kinetic analysis revealed that the adsorption procedure is extremely rapid and mainly fit to the Pseudo-second-order (PSO) model. The effect of co-existing ions on fluoride adsorption capacity by P-GO decreases in the following order: PO4 3− > CO3 2− > SO4 2− > HCO3 − > NO3 − > Cl−. The mechanism of adsorption of fluoride onto the P-GO surface includes electrostatic interactions and hydrogen bonding.

PURPOSES: Nitrogen oxide (NOx) is a particulate matter precursor, which is a harmful gas contributing to air pollution and causes acid rain. The approaching methods for NOx removal from the air are the focus of numerous researchers worldwide. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and activated carbon are particularly useful materials for NOx removal. The mechanism of NOx elimination by using TiO2 requires sunlight for a photocatalytic reaction, while activated carbon absorbs the NOx particle into the pore itself after contact with the atmosphere. The mixing method of these two materials with concrete, coating, and penetration methods on the surface is an alternative method for NOx removal. However, this mixing method is not as efficient as the coating and penetration methods because the TiO2 and the activated carbon inside the concrete cannot come in contact with sunlight and air, respectively. Hence, the coating and penetration methods may be effective solutions for directly exposing these materials to the environment. However, the coating method requires surface pretreatment, such as milling, prior to securing contact, and this may not satisfy economic considerations. Therefore, this study aims to apply TiO2 and activated carbon on the concrete surface by using the penetration method. METHODS : Surface penetrants, namely silane siloxane and silicate, were used in this study. Photocatalyst TiO2 and adsorbent activated carbons were selected. TiO2 was formed by the crystal structures of anatase and rutile, while the activated carbons were plant- and coal-type materials. Each penetrant was mixed with each particulate matter reductant. The mixtures were sprayed on the concrete surface using concentration ratios of 8:2 and 9:1. A scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray equipment was employed to measure the penetration depth of each specimen. The optimum concentration ratio was selected based on the penetration depth. RESULTS: TiO2 and activated carbon were penetrated within 1 mm from the concrete surface. This TiO2 distribution was acceptable because TiO2 and activated carbon locate to where they can directly come in contact with sunlight and air pollutant, respectively. Infiltration to the concrete surface was easily achieved because the concrete voids were bigger than the nanosized TiO2 and microsized activated carbon. The amount of penetration for each particulate matter reductant was measured from the concrete surface to a certain depth. CONCLUSIONS : The mass ratio on the surface can be predicted from the mass ratio of the particulate matter reductant measurement distributed through the penetration depth. The optimum mass ratio was also presented. Moreover, the mixtures of TiO2 with silane siloxane and activated carbon with silicate were recommended with an 8:2 concentration ratio.

This study aims to establish a seismic resistance performance evaluation method that makes sure to secure the seismic resistance performance of the existing mid-low story reinforced concrete structures. This study focuses on the development of the seismic resistance performance evaluation method for the overall seismic resistance performance evaluation on the buildings by applying fuzzy theory. This seismic resistance performance evaluation method considers the mutual relations among the type of force, the type of member, the type of story, and the states of deterioration of the buildings. The total seismic resistance performance index from this method was calculated by the intensity weight of each evaluation item, fuzzy measure, fuzzy integration. Moreover, the evaluation methodology was established in this study to identify the performance level of the Immediate Occupancy, Life Safe, Collapse Prevention by applying the fuzzy theory.

To improve stability of the water resources that were seriously affected by climate change and various environmental effects and to supply the clean water always, continuous efforts are essential. Provision of measures with respect of hardware is basically essential to improve the water resources stability due to the topographic characteristic in Korea. However, building a new dam becomes gradually very difficult because of a hardship in selecting right places, opposition forces such as environment and local residents, negative publicity for large civil engineering projects, and so on. The present study, therefore, proposes the Blue dam as an alternative for securing the water resources of a new concept considering domestic conditions. To evaluate the effect of the Blue dam, the Hec-ResSim model is used and the probabilistic discharge flow rate is applied. As a result, when Dam Yeongcheon is applied as a study area, securing water resources of 14 million tons are predicted be secured and the flood control of 15.4 million tons is expected, in comparison with operation of the existing dam only. Consequently, Blue dams are supposed to carry out the function of securing water resources, controling flood, maintaining eco-environmental instream flow, generating hydroelectric power, and providing spaces for recreational activities.

Since June 25th 1950, the beginning of the cold war (Korean war), Korean peninsula is still in a state of war. Officially South and North Korean government call a truceafter three years from the beginning day, however both countries are still having several combats in these days. So every Korean citizen male has duty for serving military duty and this lasts even after the serving regular military force, as reserved military. Although South Korea is very small country, the size of military is very large so informing all reserved military takes some time. Since this nation is confronting the enemy and considering the global potential threat, South Korean military needs expedite informing system to call up the reserved military to active duty. In this project, the current informing system has been analyzed and compared with the new method which is using social network service such as Twitter. However mobilization order is very critical. So in our new model there are two ways combined. Using twitter to inform and then use traditional ways to finish the order. This method will provide more efficient and accurate way to cover the call ups.

도로교통 안전진단은 도로의 계획 및 설계단계에서부터 교통사고가 발생할 수 있는 요소를 찾아내 미리 개선하고 건설 후 운영단계에도 도로구조나 안전시설이 사고방지에 적정한지를 평가하는 예방적 차원의 안전성 강화 제도이다. 이 제도는 2000년대 초에 우리나라에 소개된 이래 다양한 사업이 진행되어 왔고 법제화되었으며, 사업의 지속화를 위해 현재까지 진행된 사업에 대한 평가가 필요한 시점이다. 이러한 필요성에 따라 본 연구에서는 공용중인 고속도로의 교통안전진단사업에 대한 효과 평가를 수행하였다. 연구의 공간적 범위는 영동고속도로이며 2005년과 2006년도에 시행된 안전진단사업에 대해 전후 2년을 평가기간으로 하여 분석하였다. 평가방법은 관찰적 사전 사후 평가방법 중 경험적 베이즈 방법을 적용하였다. 효과평가 결과 사업이 시행된 대부분의 구간에서 개선효과가 있는 것으로 나타났으나 일부 구간에서는 효과가 없거나 미미한 것으로 나타났다. 이를 각 구간별 개선조치 내용과 비교하여 검토한 결과 해당 구간에 여러 개선조치가 시행된 경우 효과가 양호하게 나타났으며, 효과가 나타나지 않는 구간은 개선조치가 적거나 단일한 경우가 일반적이었다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 개선효과가 나타나지 않는 구간에 대해서는 구체적인 분석과 대응책 마련이 가능할 것이다. 또한 향후 공용중인 고속도로 안전진단사업의 사업내용 및 방향설정 등에 참고로 활용될 수 있다.

국내 지침에 의하면 성능기준에 적합한 노측용 방호울타리만이 도로 현장에 설치될 수 있다. 그러나 공용중인 고속도로 노측의 상당 구간에는 지침 개정 이전에 설치된 성능이 미흡한 기존 구형 가드레일이 설치되어 있어서 고속도로 운전자의 안전을 위협하고 있다. 구형 가드레일은 전국의 고속도로에 약 2,777km가 설치되어 있으며 일률적으로 동시에 모든 구간의 가드레일을 교체하기란 예산상 어려움이 많아 최소한의 보강을 통해 국내 지침에 만족스럽게 보강개선된 가드레일을 개발하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 본 연구에서는 LS-DYNA 3D를 이용한 충돌시뮬레이션과 실물차량 충돌시험을 통해 철재 노측용 가드레일 보강방안(SB1, 3, 5등급)을 개발하였고 개발된 가드레일 보강개선방안은 차량의 충돌 및 이탈사고의 심각성을 감소시켜 도로의 안전도를 개선, 향상시킬뿐만 아니라 많은 예산절감을 기대할 수 있다.

본 논문에서는 기존 도로교의 합리적이고 일관적인 내진성능향상 방법 선정을 위한 가중치 평가기법을 제안하였다. 한반도의 증가하는 지진위험도를 반영하여, 현재 기존교량의 내진성능향상 작업이 다양한 공법을 이용하여 진행 중이나 최적의 공법을 선정하기 위한 적절한 판단기준이 부재한 형편이다. 이에 제안한 기존가중치 평가기법은 구조적 적합성, 경제성, 환경적 영향, 시공성, 유지관리 측면의 다섯 가지 영향인자의 가중치를 부여하여 최적의 내진 보강방안을 선정하는 방법이다. 제안된 가중치 평가기법을 공용중인 도로교 160개교에 적용한 결과 최고점수는 실제 최종 보강방안과 대부분 일치하여 적절한 가중치로 설정되었다고 판단된다. 제안하는 방법을 기존교량의 내진 보강방안 선정 시에 활용한다면, 사회적 비용을 최소화하는 보다 합리적이고 일관적인 보강이 가능할 것이다.

본 연구에서는 강성골격곡선으로부터 산정한 구조물의 초기 탄성진동주기 T_1와 응답스트럼으로부터 산정한 비선형 유사가속도 A_{1y}/g 및 연성비 {\mu}를 사용하여, 반복적인 계산과정 없이 복합구조물의 내진성능을 평가하는 비선형직접스펙트럼법(NDSM)을 고려한다. 다양한 지진과 복합구조물에 대한 NDSM의 신뢰성과 실용성을 비선형시각이력해석(NRHA) 결과와 비교 검토하였다. 본 연구의 결론은 다음과 같다. (1) NDSM은 강성골격곡선으로부터 기본진동주기와 비선형 항복강도를 구하면, 비선형 응답스펙트럼으로부터 직접적으로 구조물의 비선형 최대응답을 산정할 수 있는 실용적인 방법으로 사료된다. (2) NDSM의 응답을 정산해와 비교한 결과, 대부분의 모델이 단순평균의 관점에서 전체 해석모델 중 3/4이 약 20% 이하의 오차를 나타내었고, 일반적으로 비선형시각이력해석의 응답보다 크게 산정되는 것으로 나타났다.

Before incorporating the earthquake-resistance design in design code(1988), most of existing residential buildings were built without having lateral resistance capacity in addition to their structural peculiarity such as exterior stair ways, exterior elevator room. For these reasons, the retrofitting research demands for existing buildings arise recently and many retrofitting methods are proposed. These tasks are irnportant to reduce the enormous economic loss and environmental issues. The objective of this study is to predict the perforrnance increase due to various strengthen schemes and suggest adequate strengthen methods for wall type apartment buildings not designed to resist earthquake.

This paper deals with Activity Analysis Method that is important procedure in Activity Based Costing System Implementation. There are many existing Activity Analysis Method, for example Interview, Questionnaire, Specialist Discussion and Work Measurement. Activity Analysis Data gained through this method has high reliability but this method bring about high cost. In case that certain company needs a strategic costing system, Activity Analysis Method which has high reliability will be need. But, if companies want the costing system as a internal decision making tool only, they need to design the ABC system fast and cheaply. This paper explains that Activity Analysis using existing finn material is good alternatives. So, this paper show the feasibility of Activity Analysis using existing firm material with comparing between job description, job specification information and Activity Analysis information.

미세먼지 대응기술이 종전의 관리용이성(PM10, 1차 배출) 중심에서 위해성(PM2.5, 2차 생성) 중심으로 패러다임이 전환된 현시점에서, 입자상 물질뿐만 아니라 초미세먼지 2차 생성 전구물질인 질소산화물(NOx) 제거를 통하여 대기오염을 극복할 수 있는 방안이 사회적으로 요구되고 있는 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 도로이동오염원에서 배출되는 질소 산화물을 효율적으로 제거하기 위한 방안으로 미세먼지 전구체 저감 소재를 도로 및 도로변에 설치되어 있는 기존 콘크리트 구조물에 고정화하기 위한 기초연구를 진행하였다.

교량 시설물은 사회적으로 중요한 기반 시설물로서 공용기간 동안 안전한 관리가 중요하다. 도로교량의 많은 비율을 차지하고 있는 강박스거더교량의 경우 허용응력설계법으로 설계되고 내하력이 평가되어 왔으나, 최근 한계상태설계법으로 설계기준이 변경되었음에도 불구하고 내하력 평가에서는 아직까지 허용응력법을 대부분 사용하고 있는 실정이다. 이에 이 연구에서는 2 가지 설계 방법을 이용하여 다수의 교량에 대한 내하율 평가 결과를 비교하고, 기존의 허용응력법에 의한 내하력을 한계상태법에 의한 내하력으로 환산하는 방법을 모색하고자 하였다. 이 결과는 추후 교량을 관리함에 있어 보강 필요성 판단 및 한계상태법에 의한 내하력 평가에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

The article presents an evaluation of geotechnical state on the project construction site and an evaluation of deep excavation impact on the current site development. It also provides an optimal design for the deep excavation, an impact analysis of horizontal shifts in the shoring of excavation, an assessment of bending moments in the shoring and the forces in thebracing structures. The numerical modeling was carried out for developing variants of the deep excavation as well as a preliminary assessment of the impact that the projectedunderground structure produces on the surrounding buildings and constructions. Some recommendations on choosing a reliable variant of the undergroundstructural arrangement and the engineering operational technology are suggested.

In this study, quartile control chart method is tried to apply to determine limit values of existing dams of K-water’s instrumentation data for dam safety, show asymmetric distributed data, and the example of application is presented. The determined limit values of concrete stress meter and concrete non-stress meter by Shewhart method and quartile method show that the determined limit values by Shewhart method indicate that the majority of instrumentation are on abnormal condition, although the measured values are normal behavior. But, in case of the result of quartile method has such an error. Like this, it is judged that the determination of the limit values of dam instrumentation, show asymmetric and abnormal distributed data, by the quartile method is appropriate. Therefor The quartile method is applied to the determination of limit values of existing dam instrumentation of K-water.

부산과 울산의 중심지역에 대해 공기 중의 분진시료를 채취하여, 위상차현미경, 위상차분산현미경, 주사전자현미경 등으로 석면을 분석한 결과, 석면은 검출한계 이하로서 확인되지 않았다. 공기 중의 분진시료에는 섬유상물질이 다수 포함되었으나, 이들은 대부분 유기질 섬유인 것으로 나타났다. 무기질 섬유물질로는 암면, 세라믹섬유, 석고 등이 소량 포함되었으며, 비섬유상인 석영, 방해석, 장석 등의 광물도 가끔 관찰되었다. 국내의 공기 중 분진의 석면분석은 주로 위상차현미경으로 관찰하는 것으로 규정되어 있으나, 이것만으로는 석면의 식별이 불가능한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 일본 JIS법과 같이 저온회화 처리 장치에 의한 유기물질 제거 후에 분산염색법으로 석면을 식별하고 계수하는 것이 효율적인 것으로 사료된다.

Recently, Seismic design criteria for major domestic structures has been being improved constantly, because the importance of seismic design for major public infrastructures is largely recognized. A preliminary assessment of the seismic performance on the existing railway tunnel, a precedent task before conducting a detailed assessment, can be use as the standard of judgement to decide whether to perform a detailed assessment or not. On the other hand, There are no reasonable study in this area. In this study, an assessment method was presented to evaluate a seismic performance of the existing railway tunnels which seismic design are not performed more economically and rationally.

Recently, Seismic design criteria for major domestic structures has been being improved constantly, because the importance of seismic design for major public infrastructures is largely recognized. A preliminary assessment of the seismic performance for the existing rapid-transit railway tunnel, a precedent task before conducting a detailed assessment, can be use as the standard of judgement to decide whether to perform a detailed assessment or not. On the other hand, There are no reasonable study in this area. In this study, an assessment method was presented to evaluate a seismic performance of the existing rapid-transit railway tunnels which seismic design are not performed more economically and rationally.