This study examined dietary habits and mental health according to generalized anxiety disorders (GAD) and caffeine consumption in adolescents. The data were collected from the 18th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey with a sample of 51,850 students. The proportion of students in the GAD High-Risk · Caffeine consumption group (GHRCC) who consumed sweet drinks (p< .001), fast food (p< .001), and midnight meals (p< .001) every day was 15.6, 21.9, and 22.4%, respectively. These proportions were higher than those of students who consumed sweet drinks, fast food, and midnight meals 1-2 times a week, 3-4 times a week, or not at all. In addition, the proportions of GHRCC among students who responded “yes” to experiencing sadness and despair (p< .001), suicidal thoughts (p< .001), suicide plans (p< .001), suicide attempts (p< .001), and loneliness (p< .001) were higher than students who responded “no.” The GAD High-Risk group (GHR) had higher odds with the consumption of midnight meals (OR: 2.51, 95% CI: 2.10-2.99), caffeine consumption (OR: 2.46, 95% CI: 2.21-2.74), and fast food (OR: 2.11, 95% CI: 1.75-2.55) than GAD Low-Risk group. Based on the above results, the risk of GHR was higher among students who consumed midnight meals, caffeine, and fast food daily than those who did not.

본 논문에서는 각 축 방향으로 절대값을 취해 더하는 형태의 맨해튼 거리 측정법을 일반화하 여 2차원 및 3차원에 대한 거리 측정 방법을 제시한다. 또한 이를 이용하여 Worley 노이즈 함수에 적용하여 구현하는데 이용한다. 기존의 방법으로는 2차원에 대해서만 계산이 가능했으 나 제안된 방법에서는 2차원과 3차원에 모두 적용 가능하다. 또한 새로 제안된 방법을 사용하 면 맨해튼 거리를 사용하는 Worley noise함수에 적용할 경우 더 광범위한 패턴 변화를 줄 수 있다. 또한 거리 개념은 매우 다양한 분야에 사용하는 기본 개념이므로 이를 일반화하는 것은 매우 중요한 의미를 가진다고 할 수 있다. 기존의 맨해튼 거리가 2차원에 대해서는 마름모 형 태와 3차원에 대해서는 8면체의 형태로 나타나는 점에 착안하여 이를 확장하고자 한다. 제안 된 방법에서는 매우 간단한 방법을 사용하여 2차원과 3차원에 대해 기존의 유클리드 거리와 맨해튼 거리 개념을 확장하여 일반화된 거리 개념을 제시한다. 이러한 확장된 거리 개념을 Worley 노이즈 함수에 적용함으로써 더 풍부하고 다양한 형태를 얻을 수 있으며 이에 따라 Worley 노이즈를 기반으로 한 프로시저럴 텍스처 패턴 또한 더 다양한 결과를 생성할 수 있 게 된다. 본 연구에서는 새로 제안된 방법을 사용하여 얻을 수 있는 패턴을 실험하여 기존의 거리 개념에서 얻을 수 있는 패턴의 확장된 결과의 예시를 보여줌으로써 제안된 거리 계산 방 법의 유용성을 확인할 수 있도록 한다.

본 연구는 청소년의 스트레스와 범불안 관계에서 행복감의 조절효과를 검증하고자 수행되었다. 연구대상자는 2020년 실시된 제16차 청소년건강행태조사에 참가한 중・고등학생 54,948명이다. 자료는 SPSS 24.0과 Process Macro 4.0을 이용하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과 청소년의 스트레스는 범불안에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 스트레스가 높을수록 범불안 수준이 높았다. 그리고 스트레스와 범불안 간의 관계를 행복감이 조절하는 것으로 나타났다. 즉 행복감은 스트레스가 범불안에 미치는 부정적 영향을 완충하는 효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 그러므로 청소년의 범불안을 완화하기 위해 행복감을 향상시킬 수 있 는 다양한 프로그램을 마련하여 시행할 것을 제언한다.

3년 이상 지속된 코로나19 팬데믹이 엔데믹에 들어서고 있다. 그러나 청소년 정신건강 문제는 팬데믹 이전보다 그 정도가 더욱 심각한 상황이다. 이에 본 연구는 코로나19 이후 청소년의 일상생활 및 가정경제 변화가 범불안장애에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고, 청소년 정신건강 보호를 위해 필요한 기초자료를 제공하는 데 목적을 두었다. 이를 위해 라자루스와 포크만(Lazarus & Folkman, 1984)의 스트레스인지이론에 기초 하여 일상생활 변화, 주관적 건강 및 스트레스 인지와 범불안장애 간 관련성을 구조방정식 모형을 통해 분석하였다. 분석자료는 2021년 실시된 ‘제17차 청소년건강행태조사’ 자료를 활용하였다. 분석 결과, 코로 나19 이후 일상생활 및 경제상태가 악화되었다고 인식할수록 주관적 건강상태는 낮아지고, 스트레스를 강 하게 느끼며, 이러한 상태가 범불안장애를 높이는 것으로 나타났다. 이런 분석 결과를 토대로 환경변화가 청소년에게 미치는 영향을 최소화할 수 있는 정책적 지원방안이 필요함을 제안하였다. 아울러 재난 상황에 서 청소년 스스로 일상을 유지할 수 있도록 회복탄력성과 스트레스 대처 능력을 증진시킬 수 있는 프로그램 의 제공이 필요함을 제안하였다.

The 2017 Pohang earthquake afflicted more significant economic losses than the 2016 Gyeongju earthquake, even if these earthquakes had a similar moment magnitude. This phenomenon could be due to local site conditions that amplify ground motions. Local site effects could be estimated from methods using the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio, standard spectral ratio, and the generalized inversion technique. Since the generalized inversion method could estimate the site effect effectively, this study modeled the site effects in the Korean peninsula using the generalized inversion technique and the Fourier amplitude spectrum of ground motions. To validate the method, the site effects estimated for seismic stations were tested using recorded ground motions, and a ground motion prediction equation was developed without considering site effects.

일반적으로 泛义动词란 동사의 결합능력이 확대되면서 본래의미에서 벗어나 넓고 유동적인 의미를 나타낼 수 있는 성분을 말한다. 본 연구는 소위 V2와의 결합을 통 해 본 의미로부터 다소 허화하여 사동 의미를 나타낼 수 있는 ‘弄’, ‘搞’ 2개의 V1에 대해 사동 범의동사(使動泛義動詞)로 정의하고 연구를 진행한다. ‘사동 범의동사구조’ 의 각종 양상들은 어근형태소와 결합하여 대량의 파생어를 만들어 낸다는 점에 있어 서 사동 접사와 비슷한 부분이 많음을 파악할 수 있다. 그렇지만 사동 접사처럼 완 전히 문법적 의미만을 갖는 것도 아니고, 그렇다고 어근처럼 실질적 어휘의미를 발 휘하는 것도 아님에 착안할 때 중국어에도 수많은 어휘를 파생하는 사동파생법이 존재한다는 사실을 확인할 수 있다. 이를 위해 문법화 기제에 의한 범의동사의 범화과 정을 살피고, 이 둘의 구분이 어떤 특징에서 기인하는지 형식적, 문법적, 의미적으로 나누어 중점적 문제들을 다루어 본다

Support vector regression (SVR) is devised to solve the regression problem by utilizing the excellent predictive power of Support Vector Machine. In particular, the є-insensitive loss function, which is a loss function often used in SVR, is a function thatdoes not generate penalties if the difference between the actual value and the estimated regression curve is within є. In most studies, the є-insensitive loss function is used symmetrically, and it is of interest to determine the value of є. In SVQR (Support Vector Quantile Regression), the asymmetry of the width of є and the slope of the penalty was controlled using the parameter p. However, the slope of the penalty is fixed according to the p value that determines the asymmetry of є. In this study, a new ε-insensitive loss function with p1 and p2 parameters was proposed. A new asymmetric SVR called GSVQR (Generalized Support Vector Quantile Regression) based on the new ε-insensitive loss function can control the asymmetry of the width of є and the slope of the penalty using the parameters p1 and p2 , respectively. Moreover, the figures show that the asymmetry of the width of є and the slope of the penalty is controlled. Finally, through an experiment on a function, the accuracy of the existing symmetric Soft Margin, asymmetric SVQR, and asymmetric GSVQR was examined, and the characteristics of each were shown through figures.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of social factors on the use of honorific language by discourse completion test. Participants complete a short discourse by filling in their responses in conversations that may occur in families, schools, and workplaces where the social status and solidarity of the listener is predetermined. Honorific styles of sentence endings of their responses are analyzed by the generalized linear mixed model. The results show that social status and solidarity are statistically significant factors in the use of honorific styles, but their effects are dependent on the discourse situation. The ratio of using honorific styles gradually increases as the formality of situation increases (i.e., family < school < workplace). Interestingly, when the solidarity is low at the workplace, the ratio of using honorific styles is consistently high regardless of the social status of the listener. These results show that the use of Korean honorific styles is pragmatically changing according to the discourse situation.

본 논문은 범불안장애의 지속에 관한 메커니즘들을 검토하여 범불안장애의 지속 메커니즘의 특성을 파악하기 위하여 연구하였다. 각 메커니즘들은 범불안장애를 경험하는 사람들이 회피하고자 하는 위협요인들과 범불안장애의 지속에 미치는 영향력의 영역은 전부 다르게 설명하고 있지만, 위협요인들을 회피하기 위한 회피 수단으로 대부분 걱정을 이용한다고 설명하고 있다. 그러나 각 메커니즘들은 걱정의 기능에 대한 이해는 달랐고, 걱정의 과도한 사용으로 불안을 적절히 해결하지 못하고 오히려 불안을 증가시키는 악순환의 결과를 초래하고 있다고 설명하고 있다. 본 연구는 이론적으로 범불안장애의 지속 메커니즘에 대한 특성을 명확히 밝혔다는 데에 의의가 있다. 그리고 실무적으로 범불안장애를 경험하는 사람들을 대상으로 한 상담과 치유 전략을 수립하는 데에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다. 또한 향후 본 연구결과를 토대로 실제 상담과 치유 현장에서 실증적으로 검증하는 연구가 이루어질 필요가 있다고 여겨진다.

본 논문은 고전적인 오일러-베르누이 보의 집중소성힌지 모델링을 위한 일반유한요소법을 제안한다. 이 기법에서 소성힌지는 해의 약불연속을 묘사하는 적절한 확장함수에 의해 모델링되며, 요소간의 연결성을 변화시키지 않으면서 임의의 위치에 소성힌지를 삽입하는 것이 가능하다. 대신 소성힌지는 이미 존재하는 요소에 위계적으로 자유도를 추가함으로써 형성된다. 제안된 기법의 유효성을 검증하기 위해 수치해석 예제에 대해 h-, p-확장과 같은 수렴성 해석을 수행하였다. 수렴성 해석의 결과가 제안된 기법이 소성힌지가 절점 및 요소 내의 임의의 위치에 존재하는 두 가지 경우 모두에 대하여 유한요소이론에 의한 수렴속도를 얻을 수 있음을 보여주어 기법의 정확성을 입증하였다.

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to compare applicability, explanation power, and flexibility of traffic accident models between estimating model using the statistical method and the machine learning method. METHODS: In order to compare and analyze traffic accident models between model estimated using the statistical method and machine learning method, data acquisition was conducted, and traffic accident models were estimated using statistical methods such as negative binomial regression model, and machine learning methods such as a generalized regression neural network (GRNN). Then, the fitness of model as R2, root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), accuracy, etc., were determined to compare the traffic accident models. RESULTS: The results showed that the annual average daily traffic (AADT), speed limits, number of lanes, land usage, exclusive right turn lanes, and front signals were significant for both traffic accident models. The GRNN model of total traffic accidents had been better statistical significant with R2: 0.829, RMSE: 2.495, MAPE: 32.158, and Accuracy: 66.761 compared with the negative binomial regression model with R2: 0.363, RMSE: 9.033, MAPE: 68.987, and Accuracy: 8.807. The GRNN model of injury traffic accidents also showed similar results of model’s statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Traffic accident models estimated with GRNN had better statistical significance compared with models estimated with statistical methods such as negative binomial regression model.

(주)파인텍에서 개발한 제올라이트 4A 분리막을 이용하여 물/알코올의 단일및 혼합성분의 투과증발 실험을 수행하였다. 다양한 온도 및 농도 조건 실험을 통해 물/메탄올(분리계수 250 이상) 물/에탄올(3,000 이상), 물/이소프로필알코올(1,500 이상), 물/부탄올 (1,500 이상) 혼합물로 부터 물을 선택적으로 분리할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 활동도계수-퓨개시티 모형, GMS 모형 및 Dusty Gas 모형을 이용하여 단일성분 및 혼합물의 투과증발 거동을 모사하였으며, GA (Genetic Algorithm) 및 SQP (sequential quadratic programming)를 이용한 상수추정을 통하여 제올라이트 활성층의 흡착 및 확산 상수를 구하였다.

Preference Reversal and Discounting Everyone has experienced “procrastination”, for example, in the context of diet, quitting smoking, doing homework, etc. Despite a desirable goal in the long term perspective, people often divert their course for a minor gain of immediate future. “Marriage blue” is a typical example of such preference reversal along a temporal dimension. Wedding seems so desirable when it is planned. But as the wedding date approaches, one starts to focus minor issues in reality and becomes hesitant to get married. Such preference reversal along a time dimension has been considered as irrational behavior, and is often referred to as present bias or time inconsistency. Fields of Behavioral Economics and Behavioral Decision Theory try to explain the phenomenon using “discounting” along a time axis. Previous research has shown three well-known properties of “discounting over time”. (1) Invalidity of exponential discounting A discount rate is not constant, but decreases rapidly at first and later more gradually. (2) Amount effect A discount rate is larger for a small amount of money than for a large amount. (3) Sign effect A discount rate is larger for gain than for loss. The first property is used to explain “procrastination”. Exponential discounting, which assumes a constant discount rate over time, cannot explain the phenomenon because two utility curves, one for a large gain in further future and the other for a small gain in near future, never cross each other over time. On the other hand, hyperbolic discounting, with a declining discount rate over time, permits the crossing, thereby explaining “procrastination”. How about “marriage blue”? Unfortunately, neither exponential nor hyperbolic discounting can explain this phenomenon. By interpreting the initial desirability as gain and the minor issues as loss, the sign effect cannot explain the reversal, either. Perhaps more complicated discounting models are necessary. However, there exist many criticisms and complications for introducing complex discounting models. Construal level theory (CLT) with a minor twist can explain “marriage blue” in a simple manner, as will be shown. What is Construal Level Theory (CLT) ? CLT, which has been receiving increasing attention in Social Psychology and Consumer Behavior Studies, posits that people’s evaluation toward items and incidents differs by the psychological distance between oneself and the object. When the distance is close, people mentally construe the object in terms of low-level, detailed, and contextualized features. In contrast, when the distance is far, they construe the same object in terms of high-level, abstract, and stable characteristics. Such difference in mental construal leads to different evaluation and behavior, and thus preference reversal. Fiedler (2007) discusses different types of psychological distances, including temporal, spatial, social, certainty-related, informational, experiential, affective, and perspective distances. Using these general notions of “distance”, CLT becomes a powerful tool to explain various preference changes. Along social distance, choice of souvenir can differ whether it is for a work supervisor or for a family member. Along spatial distance, excitement toward bungee jump in the birth country of New Zealand when leaving airport in Tokyo can change to uneasiness when arriving at Oakland airport. Along experiential distance, an advanced medical treatment, which seems attractive from an outsider’s viewpoint, can change to anxiety for risk and side effect when you are the one to receive. Because “discounting” is used to explain preference reversal with varying time distance, it is rather natural to introduce this idea into CLT with appropriate adaptation. First, discounting applies not only to time distance but also to psychological distance in general. Then, the second property, “the difference in discount rates between low versus high amount of money” shall be translated to “the difference in discount rates between low versus high construal levels”. This conceptualization, which I refer to as GCLT, can explain “marriage blue” in a straightforward manner, when the high and low construal levels of wedding are interpreted, respectively, as the initial motive and the detail issues. Generalized Construal Level Theory (GCLT) Let us summarize the three propositions of the generalized construal level (GCLT). (1) [Generalization of distance] “Discounting” applies to psychological distances including time. (2) [Amount effect] Discount rate varies depending on the construal level: the higher the construal level, the smaller the discount rate. (3) [Sign effect] Discount rate is smaller for loss than for gain. The relationship between GCLT and CLT are as follows. 1) GCLT models the consequences of CLT using the idea of discounting. It does not mean GCLT can explain what CLT cannot. 2) GCLT introduces the notion of gain and loss into CLT. 3) While CLT usually discretizes the construal level (high vs. low), GCLT regards the construal level as continuous by nature. By modeling the input and output of CLT, GCLT bypasses the complicated and arguably controversial inner mechanism/process of human perception. GCLT can predict preference and behavior shift more easily as distance varies. There is no need to specify the functional form of discounting, such as exponential or hyperbolic. When the distance is limited to time and the construal level is limited to monetary amount, GCLT becomes consistent with the ordinary “discounting” of BDT, as it should. Empirical Studies The survey asks participants to choose one of two lotteries with the same expected return: one with a higher prize amount and the other with a higher winning probability. The reason for selecting a lottery is that attributes resulting in high and low construal levels are clearly defined and same for everyone. Previous research found that, in lottery choices, prize amount and winning probability lead to high and low construal levels, respectively. In other context, it is often ambiguous what attributes result in high and low construals. Moreover, such attributes can differ by people. We investigate how lottery choice changes when the psychological distance with the subject varies. We manipulate time distance through a lottery whose outcome is announced either tomorrow (short) or one month later (longer). We manipulate social distance through a lottery which is purchased either for yourself (short) or for a prize in a party at work (long). Proposition 1 The survey asks a respondent to choose either Lottery A or B, both of which have the same expected winning outcome of 1,000 yen. A half of the sample are asked to consider two cases of time distance (tomorrow and one month later), and the other half are asked to consider two cases of social distance (for yourself and for a prize in a party at work). The design is a within-sample study. The paired McNemar test is conducted to statistically check whether the proportion of respondents valuing prize amount (high construal) over winning probability (low construal) varies by distance. The result confirms the prediction by CLT, in which, for both time and social distances, respondents’ construal levels are higher when the distance is far and vice versa. Proposition 2 A respondent is asked to choose either Lottery A or B when Lottery R, an originally intended for purchase, is unavailable. Both Lotteries A and B have the same gain or loss in expected outcome of 1,000 yen. The difference is whether the gain or loss is due to the change in the prize amount or the winning probability. A half of the sample are asked to respond to two cases of time distance (tomorrow and one month later), and the other half are asked to respond to two cases of social distance (for yourself and for a prize in a party at work). Again, the design is a within-sample study. The paired McNemar test is conducted to statistically check whether the proportion of respondents valuing prize amount (high construal) over winning probability (low construal) varies by distance. The result shows that, for social distance, the respondents’ construal levels are higher when the distance is far and vice versa, under both gain and loss. It implies higher discount rate for a low construal level. For time distance manipulation, however, changing distance did not result in the construal level change under either gain or loss. Proposition 3 A respondent is asked to choose either Lottery A or B with the same expected winning outcome when the distance is far. The survey then asks whether she would switch from her initial choice when the distance becomes close. Switch from Lottery A to B trades off the loss in prize amount over the gain in winning probability. Likewise, switch from B to A trades off the gain in prize amount over the loss in winning probability. According to GCLT, switch is likely to occur from A to B but not in the other direction. This is because discounting of a high construal level (prize amount) in loss is small whereas discounting of a low construal level (winning probability) in gain is large, the net of the loss and the gain is likely to result in sign reversal as the distance becomes close. The chi-square test is conducted to statistically check whether the proportions of respondents switching from A and from B are the same. The result shows that, for both time and social distances, there are more switches from A to B than from B to A as the distance becomes close, thereby supporting Proposition 3. Conclusions Using two samples, students and web users, the survey study largely supports the three propositions of GCLT. The only exception is the amount effect in time distance. Our study could not confirm it using neither students nor web users.

Finite element analysis is to approximate a geometry model developed in computer-aided design(CAD) to a finite element model, thus the conventional shape design sensitivity analysis and optimization using the finite element method have some difficulties in the parameterization of geometry. However, isogeometric analysis is to build a geometry model and directly use the functions describing the geometry in analysis. Therefore, the geometric properties can be embedded in the NURBS basis functions and control points so that it has potential capability to overcome the aforementioned difficulties. In this study, the isogeometric structural analysis and shape design sensitivity analysis in the generalized curvilinear coordinate(GCC) systems are discussed for the curved geometry. Representing the higher order geometric information, such as normal, tangent and curvature, yields the isogeometric approach to be the best way for generating exact GCC systems from a given CAD geometry. The developed GCC isogeometric structural analysis and shape design sensitivity analysis are verified to show better accuracy and faster convergency by comparing with the results obtained from the conventional isogeometric method.

In this paper, we consider a single-manufacturer single-buyer supply chain problem where a single manufacturer purchases and processes raw materials into a family of items in order to deliver a family of items to a single buyer at a fixed interval of time for effective implementation of Just-In-Time Purchasing. An integrated multi-item lot-splitting model of facilitating multiple shipments in small lots between buyer and manufacturer is developed in a JIT Purchasing environment. Previous research on the integrated model assumed that the manufacturer orders raw materials m (integer) times for every production run (lot multiplier policy for the raw material). In this paper, we consider a generalized policy in the replenishment of raw materials, allowing lot multiplier policy and lot splitting policy. An iterative solution procedure is developed to find the order interval for finished goods and raw materials, and number of shipments between buyer and manufacturer. We show by numerical example that when the integrated policy is adopted by both buyer and manufacturer in a cooperative manner, both parties can benefit.

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