청주와 증평에서 채집한 섬서구메뚜기(Atractomorpha lata)의 발생과 온도(20°C, 25°C, 30°C)에 따른 령기별 발육기간, 성충수명, 산란수 및 부화율 등을 조사하였다. 섬서구메뚜기는 5월 말부터 부화약충이 나타나기 시작하여 7월말부터 성충이 출현하고 8월 중순에 성충의 밀도가 가장 높았다. 청주와 증평에서 채집된 모든 령기에 대한 야외개체의 암수 비율은 각각 0.49와 0.45로 유사하게 조사되었다. 섬서구메뚜기 암컷은 6령까 지의 약충기를 거쳐 성충이 되지만 수컷은 5령 약충기만으로 성충이 되었다. 령기별 약충의 발육기간은 온도가 높아질수록 짧았으며 암컷이 수컷보 다 모든 온도에서 더 길었다. 성충의 수명은 온도가 높아질수록 암수 모두 감소하였고 암컷과 수컷 모두 20°C에서 각각 158.9일과 127.3일로 가장 긴 기간 동안 생존하였다. 온도가 높아질수록 산란전기는 짧아졌으나, 산란수는 반대로 증가하였다. 그러나 난괴당 산란수는 온도별 큰 차이를 보이 지 않았다. 섬서구메뚜기의 알은 30°C이상에서만 부화하여 52.0% 부화율을 보였다. 본 연구결과는 섬서구메뚜기를 방제하기 위하여 발생과 발육 에 관한 기초자료로써 활용가능 할 것으로 생각된다.

This study was conducted to secure basic data for developing technologies to reduce the generation of odor substances by investigating the effects of environmental temperature on growth performance and the generation of odor substances from feces in growing pigs. A total of 16 pigs (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc, average body weight 56.49±0.47kg) were randomly assigned to two treatments: thermal-neutral (TN) and heat stress (HS) conditions. The experiments were conducted for two weeks, with average temperature-humidity indices of 68.91±0.09 for TN and 85.98±0.08 for HS. The results showed that HS significantly decreased average daily feed intake (ADFI, 33.3%) and average daily gain (ADG, 25.8%) compared with TN (p<0.05). Non-esterified fatty acid in serum was lower (36.2%) in HS compared with TN (p<0.05). However, protein, blood urea nitrogen, cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, and IgG in serum showed no difference between HS and TN. Phenol (350.0%) and skatole (416.3%) were significantly higher in HS than in TN (p<0.05). The decrease in growth performance is attributed to reduction in ADFI. The increase in phenol and skatole in HS is presumed to be due to the effect of HS on the metabolism of intestinal microbial composition. Digestion rate, intestinal microbial composition, and urine emissions are known to affect odor substances. Further research on the content of odor substances in urine, nutrient digestion rate, and intestinal microbial composition is considered necessary to determine the exact associations.

We investigated the effects of fluctuating temperature on development and fertility of M. persicae at different temperature conditions, 10, 15, 20, 25, 28, and 30±5℃, respectively. In this study, we collected detailed data on development periods, and fertility of M. persicae at six different temperatures. We analyzed the life table parameters of M. persicae using age-stage, two-sex life table program. The intrinsic and finite rate of increase were the highest at 25±5℃. The fertiltiy was the highest at 20±5℃.

질경이택사(Alisma plantago-aquatica L. subsp. orientale (Sam.) Juz.)는 습지에서 자라는 여러해살이 풀로 질경 이택사는 덩이줄기를 약용으로 사용하며, 이뇨작용, 고혈압, 고지혈증 등에 효과가 있다. 국내에서는 전남 순천 에서 주로 재배되고 있으며, 8월 중ㆍ하순에 벼를 수확하고 같은 논에 후작으로 육묘한 택사를 이모작으로 심어 소득을 올리고 있다. 2022년 8월 전남 순천에서 재배중인 질경이택사에 진딧물이 발생하였으며 수생식물에 주로 발생하는 연테두리진딧물로 확인되었다. 연테두리진딧물(Rhopalosiphum nymphaeae)은 노린재목 진딧물과에 속하는 곤충으로 몸체는 황색, 황갈색 또는 적갈색을 띄고, 알로 월동하고, 질경이택사, 연꽃, 수련 등의 수생식물 로 이주하여 흡즙가해한다. 연테두리진딧물을 5개 온도(15.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, 35.0℃), 65±5%, 16L:8D의 조건에서 발육기간을 조사하였다. 약충의 발육기간은 각각 10.8, 8.2, 5.5, 4.7일이었고, 35℃에서는 발육하지 못하였다. 성충의 생존기간은 각각 29.2, 28.2, 17.2, 8.6일이었고, 35℃에서는 발육하지 못하였다.

본 연구의 목적은 컨테이너 육묘 시스템을 활용한 참외 접목 묘의 안정적인 생산 가능성을 평가하는 것이었다. 이를 위해, 컨테이너 육묘 시스템과 고온 조건의 플라스틱 온실에서 육묘 한 접수와 대목, 접목묘의 생육을 비교 분석하였다. 접목활착 후 육묘 환경에 따른 참외 접목묘의 생육과 묘소질을 0일, 4일, 7일, 11일, 14일째에 비교하였다. 컨테이너 육묘 시스템에서 는 주야간 온도를 25/20°C, 상대습도를 70%로 설정하여 재 배기간 동안 안정적으로 유지하였으며, 플라스틱 온실 내의 주야간 평균온도는 28.1/15.4°C로 주야간 온도차(DIF)가 더 크게 나타났다. 조사기간 동안 참외 접목묘의 초장은 플라스 틱 온실 육묘 처리구에서 컨테이너 육묘 시스템 처리구보다 더 길게 나타났다. 참외 접목묘 조직의 충실도는 지상부 건물 중을 초장으로 나누어 계산하였다. 육묘장에서 접목한 묘는 접목 후 7－10일 경과하여 활착이 완료되고 초장이 10cm 내 외일 때 출하하여 정식에 이용되게 된다. 본 연구에서 접목활 착 후 7일째에 컨테이너 육묘 시스템에서 재배된 묘의 충실도 는 44.9±2.64mg/cm으로 나타났으며, 플라스틱 온실 육묘 처 리구에서는 24.4±1.56mg/cm로 나타났다. SPAD 평균은 플 라스틱 온실 육묘에서 30.5, 컨테이너 육묘 시스템에서 41.1 로 측정되었다. 이러한 결과는 컨테이너 육묘 시스템의 활용 이 고온기 또는 저일조 시기와 같은 육묘 환경에서도 고품질 모종을 안정적으로 생산할 수 있는 것을 확인하였고, 인공광 을 이용한 육묘 시스템의 활용 범위가 앞으로 더 확대될 것으 로 기대된다.

This study was conducted to identify the optimal root zone temperature for paprika cultivation, with an aim to increase the heating and cooling energy efficiency and prepare for extreme weather conditions. The greenhouse air temperature was maintained at 20oC and 25oC during the daytime (12 hours) and at 18oC during the nighttime (12 hours). The plant height did not show any significant differences between the treatment with air temperature and root zone temperature. The root length was highest under an air temperature of 25oC with root zone temperatures of 25oC and 30oC, and it was the lowest at 15oC. The leaf number was the highest when the root zone temperature was adjusted to 25oC and 30oC across all air temperatures. The leaf area increased with higher root zone temperatures, but considering the compactness of the seedlings, a root zone temperature of 25oC was found to be the most effective. The fresh and dry weight of the shoot increased with higher root zone temperatures at an air temperature of 25oC, while the fresh and dry weight of the roots tended to be higher when the root zone temperature was adjusted to 25oC and 30oC across all air temperatures. The compactness was most effective when the root zone temperature was adjusted to 20oC and 25oCC across all air temperatures. Based on the above results, adjusting the root zone temperature to 25oC at an air temperature of 25oC was found to be effective for the early growth of Paprika. The results of this study suggest that not only can growth be promoted through the regulation of root zone temperature, but it also contribute to the establishment of root zone temperature control technology, which can prevent an excessive drop and rise in the root zone temperature.

This study was conducted to develop a model for predicting the growth of kimchi cabbage using image data and environmental data. Kimchi cabbages of the ‘Cheongmyeong Gaual’ variety were planted three times on July 11th, July 19th, and July 27th at a test field located at Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do (37°37′ N 128°32′ E, 510 elevation), and data on growth, images, and environmental conditions were collected until September 12th. To select key factors for the kimchi cabbage growth prediction model, a correlation analysis was conducted using the collected growth data and meteorological data. The correlation coefficient between fresh weight and growth degree days (GDD) and between fresh weight and integrated solar radiation showed a high correlation coefficient of 0.88. Additionally, fresh weight had significant correlations with height and leaf area of kimchi cabbages, with correlation coefficients of 0.78 and 0.79, respectively. Canopy coverage was selected from the image data and GDD was selected from the environmental data based on references from previous researches. A prediction model for kimchi cabbage of biomass, leaf count, and leaf area was developed by combining GDD, canopy coverage and growth data. Single-factor models, including quadratic, sigmoid, and logistic models, were created and the sigmoid prediction model showed the best explanatory power according to the evaluation results. Developing a multi-factor growth prediction model by combining GDD and canopy coverage resulted in improved determination coefficients of 0.9, 0.95, and 0.89 for biomass, leaf count, and leaf area, respectively, compared to single-factor prediction models. To validate the developed model, validation was conducted and the determination coefficient between measured and predicted fresh weight was 0.91, with an RMSE of 134.2 g, indicating high prediction accuracy. In the past, kimchi cabbage growth prediction was often based on meteorological or image data, which resulted in low predictive accuracy due to the inability to reflect on-site conditions or the heading up of kimchi cabbage. Combining these two prediction methods is expected to enhance the accuracy of crop yield predictions by compensating for the weaknesses of each observation method.

가송이(Tricholoma bakamatsutake Hongo)는 주름버섯목(Agaricales), 송이과(Tricholomataceae)에 속 하는 외생균근성 버섯류의 하나로, 송이(T. matsutake)와 일반적인 외형이 거의 비슷하며, 송이향과 맛이 강하게 나기 때문에 이 두 균종은 쉽게 혼동되며, 실제 분류 및 계통발생학적으로도 가송이와 송이는 유연 관계가 있는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 가송이는 한국, 일본, 대만, 중국의 신갈나무 등과 같은 활엽수림에 분포하는 것으로 알려져 있으며, 최근에는 제주도 구실잣밤나무림에서 발견되었다. 가송이는 균사생장이 매우 느려 연구에 어려움이 많아 균사배양 최적 조건을 구명하고자 본 연구를 실시하였다. 온도에 따른 가송이 균주 별 균사생장 특성을 조사한 결과, 모든 균주에서 25℃에서 가장 균사생장속도가 가장 빨랐으며, 특히 3833 균주가 다른 균주에 비해 약 1.5배 빠른 것으로 조사되었다.

Spodoptera litura is an omnivorous pest that damages more than 120 types of crops. It is widely distributed throughout the tropics, subtropics, and temperate zones. It is a major pest that causes damage by explosively increasing in density in a short period of time due to its excellent mobility and reproductive ability. S. litura was studied at five constant temperatures (15.0, 20.0, 25.0, 30.0, and 35.0℃), 65±5% relative humidity (RH), and 14L:10D photoperiods. The development period for eggs and larvae tended to become shorter as temperature increased. The growth period of egg, larva, and pupa by 25℃ temperature was 4.0, 32.3, and 12.6 days, respectively.

백은무(Kalanchoe pumila)는 돌나물과(Crassulaceae)에 속 한 다육식물의 일종이다. 이 종은 학술적으로는 알려진 바가 거의 없는 미지의 식물이나 군생하여 자라며 분홍색 꽃을 개화 하기 때문에 관상가치가 높다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 온도 처리에 따른 백은무의 생육과 개화특성에 대해서 조사하였다. 온도는 주간/야간의 온도를 20/15, 24/19, 28/23, 32/27℃ 의 네 가지 단계로 설계하였다. 결과에서 백은무는 20/15℃ 처리구에서 초폭, 줄기의 지름, 피복면적, 엽수, 엽장, 엽폭, 지상부와 지하부의 생체중과 건물중, 꽃대의 길이, 꽃수, 화 장, 화폭이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 백은무는 상대 적으로 저온의 환경에서 더 많은 탄소동화작용을 수행하는 것 으로 보인다. 한편, 24/19℃ 처리구에서는 초장과 정규식생지 수를 나타내는 normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났으며, 28/23℃ 처리구에서 는 근장과 안토시아닌 반사 지수 2를 나타내는 anthocyanin reflectance index 2(ARI2)가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 32/27℃ 처리구에서는 대부분의 매개변수가 가장 낮은 것으 로 나타났으며, 생육이 거의 정지된 것으로 판단된다. 특히 과 거 연구에서 스트레스 지수로 활용된 매개변수인 CIELAB L* 과 b*는 32/27℃ 처리구에서 가장 높게 나타났다. 상관관계 분석에서는 L*은 지상부와 지하부의 생체중 및 건물중과 음의 상관관계를 가지는 것으로 나타나 잎의 명도(lightness)가 높 을수록 식물의 생육에 부정적인 것으로 평가되었다. 추가적으 로 b*도 이와 유사한 결과를 나타내었다. 결과적으로 백은무 의 식물체 크기를 유의미하게 증대시키고 개화 품질을 촉진시 켜 관상가치를 극대화하기 위해서는 20/15℃ 수준에서 재배 할 것을 권고한다.

Cyanobacteria Pseudanabaena strains are known to produce 2-MIB (odorous material) in freshwater systems, thereby causing problems in water use. However, their physiological responses to environmental factors in relation with 2-MIB production is not well explored. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of temperature on the growth and 2-MIB production of Pseudanabaena redekei. The experimental cyanobacteria strains were separated from the Uiam Reservoir (North Han River) and cultured in the BG-11 medium. Temperature was set to 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30℃ for the experiment, in the reflection of the seasonal water temperature variation in situ. For each temperature treatment, cyanobacterial biomass (Chl-a) and 2-MIB concentration (intra-cellular and extra-cellular fractions) were measured every 2 days for 18 days. Both maximal growth and total 2-MIB production of P. redekei appeared at 30℃. While intra-cellular 2-MIB contents were similar (26~29 ng L-1) regardless of treated temperatures, extra-cellular 2-MIB concentration was higher only in high temperature conditions (25~30℃), indicating that the extents of 2-MIB biosynthesis and release by P. redekei vary with temperature. The 2-MIB productivity of P. redekei was much higher in low-temperature conditions (10~15℃) than high temperature conditions (25~30℃). This study demonstrated that temperature was a critical factor contributing to 2-MIB biosynthesis and its release in cell growth (r=0.605, p<0.01). These results are important to understand the dynamics of 2-MIB in the field and thereby provide basic information for managing odorous material in drinking water resources.

This study was conducted in an indoor cultivation room and chamber where environmental control is possible to investigate the effect of temperature and irrigation interval on photosynthesis, growth and growth analysis of potted seedling cucumber. The light intensity (70 W·m-2) and humidity (65%) were set to be the same. The experimental treatments were six combinations of three different temperatures, 15/10℃, 25/20℃, and 35/25°C, and two irrigation intervals, 100 mL per day (S) and 200 mL every 2 days (L). The treatments were named 15S, 15L, 25S, 25L, 35S, and 35L. Seedlings at 0.5 cm in height were planted in pots (volume:1 L) filled with sandy loam and treated for 21 days. Photosynthesis, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance at 14 days after treatment were highest in 25S. These were higher in S treatments with a shorter irrigation interval than L treatments. Total amount of irrigation water was supplied evenly at 2 L, but the soil moisture content was highest at 15S and lowest at 25S > 15L > 25L, 35S and 35L in that order. Humidity showed a similar trend at 15/10℃ (61.1%) and 25/20℃ (67.2%), but it was as high at 35/25°C (80.5%). Cucumber growth (plant height, leaf length, leaf width, chlorophyll content, leaf area, fresh weight and dry weight) on day 21 was the highest in 25S. Growth parameters were higher in S with shorter irrigation intervals. Yellow symptom of leaf was occurred in 89.9% at 35S and 35L, where the temperature was high. Relative growth rate (RGR) and specific leaf weight (SLA) were high at 25/20℃ (25S, 25L), RGR tended to be high in the S treatment, and SLA in the L treatment. Water use efficiency (WUE) was high in the order of 25S, 25L > 15S > 15L, 35S, and 35L. As a result of the above, the growth and WUE were high at the temperature of 25/20℃.

This study aims to select eggplant cultivars adaptive to the hot temperature period greenhouse climate by water consumption, and growth performance of plants and fruits of different European eggplant cultivars, including ‘Bartok (BA)’, ‘Bowie (BO)’, ‘Black Pearl (BP)’, ‘Ishbilia (I)’, ‘Mabel (M)’, ‘Vestale (VE)’ and ‘Velia (VL)’, in substrate hydroponic cultivation under hot and humid greenhouse conditions. On the 118 DAT, the leaf number and stem dry weight were highest in ‘VL’, followed by ‘M’, and there was no significant difference in leaf dry weight among cultivars. The marketable fruit number per plant was 16.4 for ‘M’, which was higher than other cultivars, and ‘VE’ and ‘VL’ were 8.5 and 8.8, respectively. The weight per fruit was low for ‘M’ at 136 g, and the highest in ‘VE’ and ‘VL’ at 332 and 281 g, respectively. There was no significant difference in fruit production per plant. In this study, ‘M’, which has high water use efficiency and a large number of fruits, and ‘VL’, which required less quantity to water consumption for producing 200 g of fruit and had a high product weight, will have excellent adaptability in the UAE greenhouse condition.

Temperature is a crucial environmental factor for rice cultivation due to the climate change and can influence the rice growth and development. Therefore, the effect of temperature on plant growth characters was examined during the vegetative growth stage. Plants were grown under three different temperatures: 23°C/13°C for 18°C, 26°C/16°C for 21°C and 29°C/19°C for 24°C in the phytotron. The temperature was treated after transplanting and ended in early panicle initiation stage. Heading date of the two varieties were strongly affected by the temperature and were delayed in the 18°C. The plant height in the 18°C was 21 % shorter than the 21°C and 24°C and the tiller and leaf number were increased in the 18°C. All the growth rates of the characters were the slowest in 18°C. The stem dry weight was significantly increased in 18°C. Nitrogen content was increased in the leaves of 18°C whereas available phosphate and potassium contents was found to be increased in the stems of 21°C and 24°C. OsNRT2.1 was overexpressed in the leaves and stems of 18°C and OsNRT2.3a could be expressed in 18°C and 21°C temperatures whereas more expressed in 21°C. OsPT1 and OsPT6 could be expressed in the leaf of 18°C and 24°C but could be expressed more in the stem of 18°C. OsHAK1 and OsHAK5 could be overexpressed in the leaves and stems of 18°C. For hormone, OsCKX2 gene was found to be up regulated in the leaves of 18°C and OsIAA1 gene could expressed more in the stem of 24°C.

The physiological characteristics, growth, and yield of each regional rice variety (‘Odaebyeo’, ‘Saechucheong’, ‘Ilmibyeo’) were investigated depending on the impact of changes in temperature and CO2 concentration. Experiments were conducted with a control group, which reflected atmospheric CO2 concentration and temperature, and treatment groups, in which the CO2 concentration and temperature were increased by 250 ppm and 2.0℃ from those in the control group. The results showed that the increase in CO2 concentration and temperature reduced the growth and yield of the rice ‘Odaebyeo’, but did not substantially change the productivity of the ‘Saechucheong’ and ‘Ilmibyeo’. The increase in CO2 concentration and temperature increased stomatal conductance and rate of transpiration of the ‘Odaebyeo’ variety, thereby decreasing its water use efficiency (WUE). In contrast, the increase in CO2 concentration and temperature increased the photosynthetic rate and WUE of the ‘Saechucheong’ and ‘Ilmibyeo’ varieties. The gradual change in climate is considered to directly affect growth and development of rice and diversely affect the productivity of each variety. Therefore, it is necessary to implement technological development, select regionally optimal rice varieties, develop new rice varieties, as well as conduct long-term monitoring of each rice variety for climate adaptation to counter global warming.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of different water temperatures (8, 11, 14 and 17°C) on growth, survival and hematological parameters of juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) for eight weeks. At the end of the experiment, at 14°C, the final body weights of the O. keta group were the highest compared to the other groups. Also, the O. keta showed a higher tendency in the 14°C group than the 8, 11, and 17°C groups in terms of growth performances, including specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR), feed efficiency (FE), weight gain (WG), and condition factor (CF). The survival rate (SR) was 100% at 8 and 11°C groups, 96% at 14°C group and 98% at 17°C group. In the plasma components, the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was significantly decreased at 17°C group, whereas there was no significant change in the albumin (ALB), total protein (TP), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+) and chloride (Cl-) levels. Among the whole-body composition of salmon, moisture, crude protein, and ash were not significantly affected by water temperature. However, crude lipid in the 8°C group was significantly higher than in other water temperature groups. The results of this study demonstrated that the optimal temperature to stable growth performance for juvenile O. keta was 14°C.

본 연구는 저염분 상태에서 수온 및 사육밀도와 같은 환경요인이 흰다리새우(Litopenaeus vannamei)의 성장에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 연구 결과, 흰다리새우는 저 염분 상태에서 전반적으로 수온이 높을수록 생존율이 높게 나타났고, 사육밀도가 낮을수록 생 존율이 높아졌다. 사료효율에 관한 연구에서는 수온이 높을수록 증체량(WG)이 증가하였고, 사 육밀도가 증가할수록 증체량은 감소하였다. 수온이 높을수록(수온 31℃) 성장 속도가 빨랐다. 또한 사육밀도에 따른 성장도의 평가에서도 사육밀도가 낮은 상태에서 성장 속도가 빨라지는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구 결과를 흰다리새우의 최적 성장을 위한 적정 사육밀도 및 사육수온 의 결정에 유용하게 적용되리라 사료된다.

배양실험을 바탕으로 다양한 수온과 염분 조건에서 유독 와편모조류 Alexandrium pacificum (LIMS-PS-2611)의 생장속도와 마비성 패독(PST)의 변화를 조사하였다. A. pacificum는 수온 25℃, 염분 30 psu 조건에서 최대생장속도를 보였으며, 최대생장속도의 70% 이상은 수 온 20~25℃, 염분 25~35 psu 구간에서 나타났다. A. pacificum 체내의 PST 주요성분은 N-sulfocarbamoyl계의 C1+2와 GTX5이었으며, 미량성분 은 carbamate계의 neoSTX이었다. 수온과 염분에 따른 독함량의 변화를 보면, A. pacificum는 수온 20℃, 염분 30 psu의 조건에서는 비교적 낮 은 독 함량을 보였다. 염분의 증가에 따라 독 함량이 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 그러나 최대생장속도를 보였던 수온과 염분 조건에서는 낮은 독 함량을 보였다. 따라서 6월 수온이 20-25℃ 범위일 때 발생하는 이매패류 독화현상은 A. pacificum에 의한 영향일 가능성이 있다.